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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب 3D Printing in Oral Health Science - Applications and Future Directions Prabhat Kumar Chaudhari, Dinesh Bhatia, Jitendra Sharan Editors
![كتاب 3D Printing in Oral Health Science - Applications and Future 3_d_p_15](https://i.servimg.com/u/f61/15/36/74/14/3_d_p_15.jpg) و المحتوى كما يلي :
Contents 1 An Introduction to Three-Dimensional (3D) Printing in Oral Health Science . 1 Ritu Duggal and Isha Duggal 1.1 What Is 3D Printing (3DP)? . 1 1.2 How Does 3D Printing Process Work? 1 1.2.1 3D Digital Model Acquisition . 2 1.2.2 3D Digital Image Processing 2 1.2.3 The 3D Printing 2 1.2.4 Post-processing 3 1.3 Brief History of 3D Printing Development . 3 1.4 Contemporary Applications and Limitations of 3D Printing in Oral Health Science . 3 1.5 Summary . 5 References . 5 2 Principles and Applications of Various 3D Scanning Methods for Image Acquisition for 3D Printing Applications in Oral Health Science . 7 Yoon-Ji Kim, Nayansi Jha, Shalini Gupta, Alon Zvirin, Andis Qendro, Edlira Zere, Ramandeep Kaur Sokhi, K. S. Naveen, Jitendra Sharan, Suraj Sinha, Swaroop Anil, and Prabhat Kumar Chaudhari 2.1 Noninvasive, Nonionizing Surface Imaging 8 2.1.1 Intraoral Scanning 8 2.1.2 Desktop Scanning 19 2.1.3 Facial Scanning 26 2.2 Ionizing Surface Imaging . 33 2.2.1 Cone Beam Computed Tomography Imaging . 33 References . 41 3 Commonly Used 3D Printing Technologies in Oral Health Science 47 Ramandeep Kaur Sokhi, Nitika Monga, Kelly Kathering Achachao Almerco, Dipti Shastri, Manish Bajracharya, Ujjwal Pyakurel, Mohammad Mohammed Alam, and Prabhat Kumar Chaudhari 3.1 Introduction . 48 3.2 Brief History 48x 3.3 Basic Terminologies . 49 3.3.1 2D Printing 49 3.3.2 3D Printing 49 3.3.3 Additive Manufacturing 50 3.3.4 Subtractive Manufacturing (Computer-Aided Manufacturing or Milling) 50 3.3.5 Intraoral Scanning 50 3.3.6 Desktop Scanning 50 3.3.7 STL File (Stereolithographic File or Standard Tessellation Language File) . 50 3.3.8 Stereolithography (SLA) . 50 3.3.9 Stereophotogrammetry . 50 3.3.10 Computer-Aided Design (CAD) . 50 3.3.11 Resolution 50 3.3.12 Accuracy . 51 3.4 Various 3D Printing Technologies for Oral Health Applications: Principles and Applications 51 3.4.1 Stereolithography (SLA) . 52 3.4.2 Digital Light Processing (DLP) 53 3.4.3 Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) . 54 3.4.4 Inkjet 3D Printing/PolyJet Photopolymerization (PPP) . 54 3.4.5 Selective Laser Melting (SLM) and Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) 54 3.4.6 Electron-Beam Melting (EBM) 55 3.4.7 Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM) 55 3.5 Commonly Used 3D Printers in Different Branches of Oral Health Science . 55 3.5.1 Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 61 3.5.2 Orthodontics . 61 3.5.3 Implantology and Prosthodontics 62 3.5.4 Restorative Dentistry 63 3.5.5 Endodontics . 63 3.5.6 Periodontics . 63 3.6 Summary and Key Points . 64 References . 65 4 An Overview of 3D Printable Materials for Dental and Craniofacial Applications 69 Nikhil Belsure, Sagar Parekh, and Nimesh Soni 4.1 Introduction to 3D Printed Materials 69 4.2 Classification of 3D Printing Materials 70 4.2.1 Liquid-Based Materials 70 4.2.2 Powder-Based Materials . 70 4.2.3 Solid-Based Materials . 71 4.2.4 AM Technologies and Materials Matrix . 71 Contentsxi 4.3 Digital Dentistry with 3D Printed Materials: A Broad Perspective . 71 4.3.1 Prominent Use Cases for Dental Applications in Additive Manufacturing 72 4.3.2 Factors for Adopting 3D Printed Materials in Digital Dentistry . 76 4.4 Liquid-Based Materials 77 4.4.1 Introduction to Liquid Material-Based 3D Printing Technologies . 77 4.4.2 Dental Applications of Liquid-Based Materials . 78 4.5 Powder-Based Materials . 81 4.5.1 Introduction to Powder Material-Based 3D Printing Technologies . 82 4.5.2 Dental Applications of Powder-Based Materials . 83 4.6 Solid-Based Materials . 85 4.6.1 Introduction to Solid Material-Based 3D Printing Technologies . 85 4.6.2 Dental Applications of Solid Materials 85 4.7 Advancements in Materials for Oral Healthcare . 86 4.7.1 Biomaterials with AM for Dental Applications 86 4.7.2 3D Printed Ceramics for Dental Applications . 87 4.7.3 Other Novel Materials: PEEK, Nitinol 87 4.8 Summary . 88 References . 88 5 Fundamentals of Computer-Aided Design (CAD) in Dental Healthcare: From Basics to Beyond . 93 Ahmad Al-Hassiny 5.1 Introduction . 93 5.1.1 A Brief History of Computer-Aided Designing and Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) . 93 5.2 CAD/CAM Workflow in Dentistry . 94 5.2.1 Open vs. Closed Systems . 94 5.2.2 3D File Formats 95 5.2.3 Chairside vs. Laboratory CAD/ CAM . 95 5.3 3D Surface Data Acquisition for Computer-Aided Designing . 96 5.3.1 Laboratory Desktop Scanners . 96 5.3.2 Chairside Intraoral Scanners 98 5.3.3 Scanning of Edentulous Jaws 99 5.4 Computer-Aided Designing (CAD) for Dental Applications 100 5.4.1 Exocad . 101 5.4.2 3Shape . 103 5.4.3 CEREC Software and inLab CAD Software 104 5.4.4 Implant Planning Software . 106 5.4.5 Virtual Articulator 107 5.4.6 Jaw Motion Tracking 108 Contentsxii 5.4.7 Digital Smile Design 108 5.4.8 Digital Orthodontics . 111 5.4.9 Digital Denture Design 112 5.5 Computer-Aided Manufacturing for Dental Applications 114 5.5.1 Chairside vs. Laboratory CAM 114 5.5.2 Dry and Wet Milling 115 5.5.3 Material Processing . 116 5.6 Summary . 116 References . 117 6 3D Printing and Its Applications in Maxillofacial Surgery . 121 Ajoy Roychoudhury and Bhaskar Agarwal 6.1 Introduction . 121 6.2 Virtual Surgical Planning (VSP) . 122 6.3 3 Dimensional Printing (3D Printing) . 126 6.4 Types of 3D-Printed Models 127 6.4.1 Training Models 127 6.4.2 Planning Models . 130 6.4.3 Simulation Models 131 6.4.4 Patient-Specific Surgical Guides . 132 6.5 Patient-Specific Implants (Custom Implants) . 133 6.6 Limitations and Areas of Research . 133 6.7 Future Perspectives and Summary 134 References . 134 7 Applications of 3D Printing in Periodontal Tissue Regeneration 135 Kunaal Dhingra, Kanika Makker, Flora Verma, and Bhumika Gumber 7.1 Introduction . 135 7.2 Methodology 136 7.2.1 Protocol 136 7.2.2 Literature Search Strategy 136 7.2.3 Selection Criteria for Inclusion/Exclusion of Studies . 136 7.2.4 Data Extraction 136 7.2.5 Quality Assessment of Animal Studies 137 7.2.6 Outcomes Evaluation 137 7.3 Results . 137 7.3.1 Animal Studies . 138 7.3.2 Human Studies . 144 7.4 Discussion 144 7.4.1 Overview of Reported Studies . 144 7.4.2 Scaffold Materials and Design . 144 7.4.3 Biomolecules 146 7.4.4 Printing Technologies . 146 7.4.5 Periodontal Tissue Regeneration . 147 7.4.6 Merits and Demerits . 147 7.4.7 Summary and Future Prospects 147 References . 147 Contentsxiii 8 Contemporary Applications of 3D Printing in Prosthodontics 151 Aditi Nanda, Shankar Iyer, Mathew T. Kattadiyil, Veena Jain, Harsimran Kaur, and Dheeraj Koli 8.1 3D Printing Applications in Prosthodontics . 151 8.2 3D Printing for Complete Denture Fabrication 153 8.2.1 Procedural Details of 3D Printing in Removable Complete Dental Prosthodontics . 153 8.3 Fixed Prosthodontics 166 8.3.1 3D Printed Casts and Dies 166 8.3.2 Metal Frameworks of Tooth-Supported and Implant-Borne FDPs . 166 8.3.3 Prosthesis Fabricated in Ceramics and Zirconia . 172 8.3.4 Provisional Crowns/Bridges Fabrication by 3D Printing . 174 8.4 3D Printing in Implant Dentistry . 175 8.4.1 Surgical Guide/Template and Models . 175 8.4.2 Implant Abutments and Subperiosteal Implants . 178 8.5 Maxillofacial Prosthesis Fabricated by 3D Printing 179 8.5.1 Extraoral Defects (Facial Prosthesis and Cranial Implants) 179 8.5.2 Intraoral Defects (Mandibular and Mandibular) . 181 8.6 Metal-Based Partial Dentures . 183 8.6.1 Accuracy of Metal Printed Partial Dentures 184 8.6.2 Retentive Force of AM Printed Clasps . 185 8.6.3 Internal Porosity and Surface Roughness 186 8.6.4 Patient Satisfaction 186 8.7 Occlusal Splints and Miscellaneous Appliances . 186 8.7.1 Fabrication of Splints, Overlays, and Interim Appliances by AM 187 8.7.2 Appraisal of Properties of Appliances Fabricated by AM 187 8.8 Summary . 188 References . 189 9 3D-Printed Surgical Positioning Rib Graft Jig in Combined Orthodontic-Surgical Management of Pruzansky/Kaban Type IIB and Type III Hemifacial Microsomia 199 Dror Aizenbud, Tal Capucha, Hagai Hazan Molina, Edlira Zere, Dekel Shilo, Omri Emodi, and Adi Rachmiel 9.1 Introduction . 200 9.2 Three-Dimensional Planning and Printing 201 9.3 The Surgical Technique 204 9.4 The Orthodontic Technique . 205 9.5 Discussion 207 9.6 Summary . 208 References . 208 Contentsxiv 10 Bioprinting Applications in Craniofacial Regeneration . 211 David T. Wu, Hieu M. Pham, Owen Tao, Kevin Y. Wu, and Simon D. Tran 10.1 Introduction 212 10.2 3D Bioprinting Process . 212 10.2.1 Pre-bioprinting Phase . 212 10.2.2 Bioprinting Phase 213 10.2.3 Post-bioprinting Phase 213 10.3 3D Bioprinting Armamentarium 214 10.3.1 Cellular Component 214 10.3.2 Biomaterials 216 10.3.3 Regulators . 221 10.4 3D Bioprinter Technology . 221 10.4.1 Inkjet 3D Bioprinting . 221 10.4.2 Light-Assisted 3D Bioprinting 222 10.4.3 Extrusion 3D Bioprinting 223 10.5 3D Bioprinting Clinical Applications 223 10.5.1 Dental Pulp and Whole-Tooth Regeneration . 224 10.5.2 Periodontal Regeneration 225 10.5.3 Craniofacial and Maxillofacial Regeneration 226 10.6 Limitations and Areas of Research 227 10.7 Future Perspectives and Summary . 228 References . 228 11 3D-Printed Metal Implants for Maxillofacial Restorations 233 Bhanupratap Gaur, Samrat Sagar, Suraj Naik, Nakul Parasharami, Adil Gandevivala, Srivalli Natrajan, Rupesh Ghyar, and Ravi Bhallamudi 11.1 Maxillofacial and Orbital Restoration 233 11.1.1 Introduction 233 11.1.2 Maxillofacial Restoration 234 11.1.3 Orbital Reconstruction and Restoration . 234 11.1.4 Current Challenges . 235 11.2 Design of Patient-Customized Maxillofacial Implants . 235 11.2.1 Maxillofacial Imaging and Modeling 236 11.2.2 Implant Design Considerations . 236 11.2.3 Design Verification and Validation . 238 11.3 Fabrication of Customized Implants . 240 11.3.1 Biocompatible Materials 240 11.3.2 Metal 3D Printing of Implants 240 11.3.3 Post-processing of Implants 241 11.3.4 Inspection and Testing 242 11.4 Case Studies 243 11.4.1 Maxillofacial Restoration 243 11.4.2 Orbital Restoration . 245 11.5 Regulations and Future . 248 11.5.1 Regulatory Landscape 248 11.5.2 Future Trends . 249 References . 250 Contentsxv 12 3D Printing in Endodontics 253 Sidhartha Sharma, Vijay Kumar, Amrita Chawla, and Ajay Logani 12.1 Introduction 253 12.2 Guided Endodontic Access 254 12.3 Guided Endodontic Microsurgery . 260 12.4 Tooth Models for Education, Training and Research 261 12.5 Autotransplantation 263 12.6 Regenerative Endodontics . 264 12.7 Summary 264 References . 264 13 3D Printing: Limitations, Safety, and Regulatory Considerations for Oral Health Science 269 Rong-Fu Kuo, Yu-Sheng Lin, Tai-Hua Yang, and Anh-Thu Nguyen 13.1 Introduction 269 13.1.1 Role of 3D Printing in Digital Dentistry Workflow 270 13.1.2 Emergence of 3D Printing Technologies and Its Procedure 270 13.1.3 Clinical Applications of 3D Printing in Oral Health Science 271 13.2 Limitations of 3D Printing in Dentistry . 273 13.3 Pros and Cons of 3D Printing in Dentistry 273 13.3.1 Pros of 3D Printing in Dentistry 273 13.3.2 Cons of 3D Printing in Dentistry 276 13.4 Safety of 3D Printing in Dentistry . 279 13.4.1 Risk of Fire and Burn . 279 13.4.2 Pinch Points Injuries . 280 13.4.3 Scraper Blades 280 13.4.4 Electric Shocks from Printer . 280 13.4.5 Removing Support Structures from Finished Prints 281 13.4.6 Dangers from Materials: Health Impacts from Ultrafine Particles (UFPs) and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) . 281 13.5 Regulatory Issues in 3D Printing in Dentistry: International and National Perspective . 282 13.5.1 The United States 282 13.5.2 EU . 283 13.5.3 China . 284 13.5.4 Japan . 284 13.5.5 India 284 13.6 3D Printing in Dental Training and Education . 284 13.6.1 Benefits . 284 13.6.2 Applications of 3D Printing in Education Today 285 13.6.3 Dental Education in the Future . 287 Contentsxvi 13.7 Future Trend of 3D Printing in Dentistry 287 13.8 Summary 288 References . 288 14 Future of 3D Printing in Oral Health Sciences 293 Dinesh Bhatia, Harnoor Dhillon, and Laishram Bijaya Devi 14.1 Introduction 293 14.2 Future of 3D Printing in Prosthetic and Restorative Dentistry 295 14.2.1 Fixed Restorations . 295 14.2.2 Dental Implants . 296 14.2.3 Dentures . 297 14.3 Future of 3D Printing in Orthodontics 298 14.3.1 In-House Aligners . 299 14.3.2 Presurgical Orthopedics . 300 14.3.3 3D Printing in Conventional Orthodontics 300 14.4 3D Printing in Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery 301 14.4.1 Orthognathic Surgery . 301 14.4.2 Patient-Specific Implants and Plates . 301 14.4.3 Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration 303 14.5 Dental Education and Training . 303 14.6 Low-Cost Digital Workflow 304 14.7 Metamaterials and 4D Printing . 305 14.8 Summary 306 References . 307 Contentsxvii Editors ,#3D,#Printing,#3D_Printing,#3D-Printing,#3DPrinting,#الطباعة_ثلاثية_الأبعاد,
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