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 |  موضوع: كتاب Thermoplastic Material Selection - A Practical Guide الأربعاء 19 أبريل 2023, 3:18 am | |
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أخواني في الله
أحضرت لكم كتاب
Thermoplastic Material Selection - A Practical Guide
Eric R. Larson
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
1.1. The Stone Age
1.2. The Age of Metals
1.3. Other Materials
1.4. The Industrial Revolution
1.5. Mass Production
1.6. Materials Science
1.7. The Plastics Age
1.8. Plastics—The Other Synthetic Material
1.9. Plastics Material Selection
1.10. How This Book Can Help You
2. Why Use Plastic?
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Plastics as Raw Materials
2.3. Plastic Processing Technologies
2.4. Process Comparison
2.5. Plastics in Manufacturing
2.6. Advantages of Thermoplastics
2.7. Disadvantages of Thermoplastics
2.8. The Uniqueness of Thermoplastics
2.9. And the Answer Is…
3. Understanding Thermoplastics
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Materials Science
3.3. Polymer Science
3.4. The Resin Industry
3.5. Thermoplastic Classification Methods
3.6. A Final Word about Property Data
3.7. The Amazing World of Thermoplastics
4. An Overview of Thermoplastic Materials
4.1. Key Thermoplastic Materials
4.2. Thermoplastic Elastomers
4.3. Meet the Family
5. Material Selection Based on Performance
5.1. What is Performance?
5.2. Predicting Performance
5.3. How Material Selection Affects Performance
5.4. Environmental Effects
5.5. Key Mechanical Properties
5.6. Measuring Toughness
5.7. But Is It Tough Enough?
5.8. Surface Properties
5.9. Key Electrical Properties
5.10. Properties of Form
5.11. Some Final Guidelines
6. Material Selection Based on Cost
6.1. What is Cost?
6.2. Why is Cost Important?
6.3. The Language of Cost
6.4. Evaluating Cost
6.5. Reducing Material Costs
6.6. Reducing Processing Costs
6.7. Total Manufacturing Cost
6.8. A Final Word on Cost
7. Material Selection Based on Feel
7.1. What Is Feel?
7.2. Why Is Feel Important?
7.3. The Language of Feel
7.4. Evaluating Feel
7.5. Sight
7.6. Hearing
7.7. Touch
7.8. Smell
7.9. Taste
7.10. A Methodology
7.11. A Final Word about Feel
8. Bringing It All Together
8.1. Material Selection
8.2. Material Specification
8.3. The Plastics Supply Chain
8.4. Industry Infrastructure
8.5. Working with Suppliers
8.6. Troubleshooting
8.7. Finale
Index
A
Acetal, 109–111
copolymer, 110
disposable lighters molded from,
111, 112f
homopolymer, 110–111
Acrylic, 98, 106t–107t. See also
Polymethyl methacrylate
(PMMA)
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS),
108–109
Age of Metals, the, 3–7
bronze object, 4, 5f
copper ore, 3, 4f
iron ore, 4–5, 6f
Alloys, 86–87
Amorphous, 66
versus semicrystalline, 92–93
Amortization, 213
B
Benchmarks, 146
Bending, 58, 59f, 60
and stiffness, 61–62, 61f–62f, 166
Blends, 86–87
Blow molding, 37
extrusion blow molding, 37
injection blow molding, 38
for plastic bottle, 39f
preforms, 38f
Boat anchor (slang), 214
C
Cantilevered beam with end load, 153, 153f
Capital, 213
Capital asset, 213
Capital investment, 213
Cellulose, 13
Cellulose acetate, 271
hair barrette made from, 271, 271f
Ceramics, 7–8
Charpy test, 171, 172f
Clays, 7–8
Commodity plastics, 105, 106t–107t
acrylic, 98
ethylene propylene diene monomer
(EPDM), 102
polyacrylates, 98
polyethylene (PE). See
Polyethylene (PE)
polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA),
98–100, 116
polypropylene (PP).
See Polypropylene (PP)
polystyrene (PS), 102–103
polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 103–104
thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), 105
Compression, 58, 59f, 165, 165f
Compression molding, 31
antique waffle iron, 31, 31f
Conductive plastics, 191
Copolymer, 64–66, 110
Correlation
correlation model, 148, 148f
in predicting performance, 148–149
Cost of goods, 213
Costs, 207–209, 208f
evaluating, 214–219
adding up numbers, 219
cycle times, 217–219
material cost, 215–216
process rates, 216–217, 218t
processing cost, 216
importance of, 209–212
bottom line on cost, 211–212, 211f
business perspective, 210–211
measuring cost, 210
relationship to performance, 210
language of, 212–214
reduction. See Material costs, reducing;
Processing cost, reducing
in thermoplastic material selection, 208
Note: Page numbers followed by “f” and “t” indicate figures and tables respectively.340 Index
Cracking, 151
initiation and propagation, 168
Critical material properties, 203
Cross-linking process, 23–24
D
Design, 214
D F X (design for initiative),
230–231
importance of, 152–154
options, and manufacturing
costs, 243
for speed, 241–242
Drop testing, 174–175, 175f
E
Elastic deformation, 58–59
Elastic modulus, 60–61
Electrical impulses, in sensing
sound, 273, 275
smell, 293–294
taste, 300
touch, 282
Electrical properties, 191
conductive plastics, 191
insulating plastics, 191
Electromagnetic waves, 160
spectrum, 161f
Engineering plastics, 108–119,
119t–120t
acetal, 109–111. See also Acetal
acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS),
108–109
polyamide. See Polyamide (PA)
polyester, 116–118
polyethylene terephthalate,
116–117
polyphenylene oxide (PPO),
118–119
Ethylene propylene diene monomer
(EPDM), 102, 137
Ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE),
125–126
Expandable foam molding, 36
coffee cups, 36, 36f
Extrusion, 29–30
extruded drinking straws, 29f
Extrusion blow molding, 37
F
Failure mode and effects analysis
(FMEA), 199
Feel, 251–253
evaluating, 265–266
human senses, 266. See also Human
senses, in evaluating feel
physical equipment, 266
importance of, 253–256
product performance, 253–254
language of, 256–265, 258f
comparative analysis, 265, 265f
human response, 259–263, 260f, 262f
imprecise language, 264
non-engineering, 263–264, 264f
sensory input, 257–259
sales and market share, 254–255, 255f
bottom line on feel, 256
technical validity, 255–256
thermoplastic material selection,
methodology, 302–307
flow chart based on feel, 306, 307f
infrastructure, 303–304
process, 304–306
suggestions, 306–308
touch, 251–252, 252f–253f
Flammability, 160
Flexural modulus, 61, 61f, 166–167
Flexural strength, 61, 61f
Fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP),
126, 134t–135t
Fluoropolymers, 124–125, 134t–135t.
See also Fluorinated ethylene
propylene (FEP); Perfluoroalkoxy
alkane (PFA)
Foam molding
expandable, 36
structural, 35–36
Fordism, 10
Form properties, 192–197
appearance, 195–197
material samples, standard colors of,
196–197, 197f
shape, 194–195
size, 192–194
Herman Miller Equa chair shell, 192,
193f
micromolding, 194, 194f
Fracture mechanics, 168Index 341
G
Gamma rays, 161–162
Gardner impact testing, 172–173
Glass, 7–8
Glass transition temperature, 67–68
H
Hardness, 289–291
data comparison, 290, 290f
Heat deflection temperature
(HDT), 156, 199
High-speed tensile tests, 173–174
Homopolymer, 64–66, 110–111
Housings, in Apple products, 45–46
Human senses, in evaluating feel, 266
hearing, 273–279
acoustics, 274–275
human response, 277
material selection based on,
277–279, 279f
music, 276–277
opportunities, 279
psychoacoustics, 275–276
sheet music, 276, 277f
sound, 273–274
sound waves, 273–274, 274f
vibrations, 274
sight, 266–273
color, 269–270, 270f
light, 267–269
material selection based on,
271–273, 272f
opportunities, 273
optical data, 267, 268t
patterns, 270–271, 271f
smell, 293–299, 294f
human brain, 294–295, 295f
human response to odor, 298
material selection based on, 299
new car smell, 297, 297f
odor detection, 294–296
odor in thermoplastics, 296–298
opportunities, 299
taste, 300–302
material selection based on, 301–302
opportunities, 302
touch, 279–293
hardness, 289–291
material selection based on, 292–293
movement, 287–289, 289f
opportunities, 293
pressure, 286
size and shape, 280
slipperiness, 291–292, 292f
temperature, 282–286
texture, 291
vibration, 286–287
weight and density, 280–282,
281f–282f
Hydroslide, 180
I
Industrial Revolution, 8–10
Aubin forging mills, 8–9, 9f
Industry infrastructure,
317–320
education, 318–319
information providers, 319
plastic testing, 319
service providers, 319–320
trade organizations, 318, 318f
Injection blow molding, 38
Injection molding, 32–33, 213
different screws for, 32–33, 33f
reaction injection molding, 34
Instrumented impact tests, 173
Insulating plastics, 191
Izod test, 170
schematic diagram of pendulum test,
170, 171f
J
Job production, plastics
manufacturing, 44
K
Kevlar (aramid fiber), 122–123
L
Leaf blower, 181, 181f
Liquid crystal polymer (LCP),
126–127
multipin connectors molded
from, 127f
M
Mass production, 10–11
Material cost, 213342 Index
Material costs, reducing, 219–230
effective specifications, 222–224
exploiting competitive advantages,
227–229
Ethafoam, 229
Mach 7 product line, 229, 230f
SRAM IBS shifters, 227–228, 227f
Surlyn, 229
exploiting material, 224–226
BIC lighters, 225, 225f
Fresnel lens, 226, 226f
optimizing structure, 220–222
five-legged office chairs,
220, 221f
optimizing wall thickness, 224
reducing processing cost, 230–242.
See also Processing cost, reducing
Material properties effects analysis
(MPEA), 200, 201t–202t
Material selection, 311–313
based on
hearing, 277–279, 279f
sight, 271–273, 272f
smell, 264
taste, 301–302
touch, 292–293
data, evaluating, 312–313
development, 313
environmental effects, 156–164
chemicals, 159–160
four horsemen of plastic apocalypse,
157, 157f
radiation, 160–162
temperature, 158–159
time, 162–164
infrastructure. See Industry
infrastructure
key criteria, establishing, 312
manufacturing process,
selecting, 312
material candidates, list
developing, 312
material, selecting, 313
opportunities
hearing, 279
sight, 273
smell, 264
taste, 302
touch, 293
and performance, 150–156, 151f
design, importance of, 152–154, 153f
processing, importance of, 154–155
property data. See Property data
specification of. See Material
specification
supply. See Supply chain, plastics
Material selection and cost, 207–250
costs, 207–209, 208f. See also Costs
evaluating, 214–219
importance of, 209–212
language of, 212–214
reducing costs. See Material costs,
reducing; Processing cost,
reducing
in thermoplastic material selection,
208
total manufacturing cost, 243–247. See
also Total manufacturing cost
Material specification, 313–315
approved suppliers, 314–315
Materials science, 3, 11–12, 58–64
anisotropic behavior, 60–61
nonlinear behavior, 62
professional societies, 12
role of chemistry in, 8
stiffness, 62–63, 62f
strength of materials, 58–60
stress–strain curves, 59, 59f
types of load, 58, 59f
toughness, 63–64, 63f. See also
Toughness
Mechanical properties, 164–170
stiffness, 166–167
strength, 164–166
types of loads, 165, 165f
toughness, 167–170. See also
Toughness
Melt cycle, 69
Melt temperature, 68
Melting temperature, 68
Model T, 10
factory, 11f
Molding, 25
blow molding. See Blow molding
closed mold, 26f
compression molding, 31
foam molding. See Foam molding
injection molding. See Injection moldingIndex 343
open mold, 25f
plastic molding, 30
rotational molding, 32
transfer molding, 34–35
Molecular weight, 68
distribution, 68
Moment of inertia, 153
Monomers, 64
propylene monomer, 65f
N
Nomex (aramid fiber), 122
Noryl, 119
Notch sensitivity, 168
window glass, 168f
Nylon (polyamide), 13, 112, 184
amorphous nylon, 114
nylon 11, 114
nylon 12, 114
nylon 6, 113
nylon 6/10, 113
nylon 6/12, 113
nylon 6/6, 113
effects of oven aging on, 162, 163f
hose mender parts, molded from,
326, 327f
nylon chemistry, 114
parachute, 14f
O
Odor
human response to, 298
in thermoplastics, 296–298
Off-spec, 77, 77f
Optical data, 267, 268t
Optical grade, 77
Optimization
for reducing material costs
of structure, 220–222
of wall thickness, 224
for reducing processing costs, of
geometry, 231–233
P
Paleoanthropology, 1–2
PBS NOVA program, 5–6
Perfluoroalkoxy alkane (PFA), 126
Performance, 145–147, 147f
and material selection, 150–156, 151f.
See also Material selection
design, importance of, 152–154,
153f
processing, importance of, 154–155
property data. See Property data
predicting, 147–150
correlation, 148–149
disruptive innovation, 149–150
wrong criteria, 149
Phono preamplifier with tubes, 278,
279f
Physiology, context of sound, 275
Plastic Age, the, 12–14, 17
Plastic behavior, 19, 19f
Plastic deformation, 19, 58–59
Plastic processing technologies, 24–38
blow molding, 37
casting, 30–31
compression molding, 31
expandable foam molding, 36
extrusion, 29–30
extrusion blow molding, 37
injection blow molding, 38
injection molding, 32–33
plastic molding, 30
plastic welding, 28–29
plastics forming, 26
plastics tooling, 25
pressure forming, 27–28
process comparison, 39
common processing techniques, 39,
40t–41t
reaction injection molding, 34
rotational molding, 32
structural foam molding, 35–36
transfer molding, 34–35
vacuum forming, 26–27
Plastics, 1, 12, 14–15, 20
in manufacturing, 42–46
batch production, 43–44
job production, 44
manufacturing processes, 44–46
mass production, 42–43
market use, 70, 71f
material selection, 15–16
processing technologies, 24–38. See also
Plastic processing technologies
as raw materials, 20–24
thermoplastics. See Thermoplastics
thermosets. See Thermosets344 Index
Plastics, academia
Auburn University, 335
Ferris State University, 336
Lehigh University, 336
Pennsylvania College of Technology, 336
Erie-Behrend College, 336
Stevens Institute of Technology, 336
University of Akron, 336
University of Massachusetts
Amherst, 337
University of Massachusetts Lowell, 337
University of Southern Mississippi, 337
University of Tennessee, 337
University of Wisconsin, 337
Plastics publications
Plastics Business (magazine), 331
Plastics Engineering (magazine), 331
Plastics News, 331
Plastics Technology (magazine), 331
Plastics technology, 13–14
Plastics tooling, 25
Plastics websites
plastics.com, 332
plasticsguy.com, 332
Polyacrylates, 98
Polyamide (PA), 111, 114
cable tie, 115f
polyamide 11, 114
polyamide 12, 114
polyamide 6, 113
polyamide 6/10, 113
polyamide 6/12, 113
polyamide 6/6, 113
Polyamide-imide (PAI), 129
Polyarylate (PAR), 127
Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT),
116–118
hot melt glue gun, 118, 118f
Polycarbonate, 115, 184
football helmet, 148–149
modern fighter jets, 116f
Polycyclohexylenedimethylene
terephthalate, 117
Polyester block copolymers (PBC),
138–139
constant-velocity (CV) joint, 139, 139f
Polyester, 116–118
Polyether-block-amide elastomer, 140
Polyetherimide (PEI), 129
Polyethersulfone, 133
Polyethylene (PE), 100–102
bubble wrap packaging, 101, 101f
polymers, 100–101
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), 116–118
hot melt glue gun, 118, 118f
Polyethylene terephthalate, 116–117
Polyimide (PI), 128–129
flexible printed circuits, 128f
Polyketone (PK), 130
Polymer molecule, 20, 20f
Polymer science, 64–69
amorphous, 66
crystallinity, 66
molecular model of, 67f
crystallization, 66–67
glass transition temperature, 67–68
melt cycle, 69
melt temperature, 68
melting temperature, 68
molecular weight, 68
distribution, 68
polymer chemistry, language, 65f, 66
resin, 66
Polymerization, 64
Polymers, 12–13
and monomers, 64
polypropylene polymer, 65f
Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA),
98–100, 116
in aquariums, 100, 100f
Polymethylpentene (PMP), 130
laboratory glassware, 131f
Polyolefin blend elastomers (POE),
137–138
Polyphenylene oxide (PPO), 118–119
Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), 130–131
Polyphenylsulfone, 133
Polyphthalamide (PPA), 131–132, 132f
Polypropylene (PP), 102
copolymer, 102
block copolymer, 102
impact-modified copolymer, 102
random copolymer, 102
recycling bin molded from, 102, 103f
homopolymer, 102
monomer of, 123fIndex 345
Polystyrene (PS), 102–103
CD cases made from, 103, 104f
Polysulfone (PSU), 132–133
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), 124–125
thread sealing tape made from, 125, 125f
Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT), 117
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 103–104
vinyl LP records, 104f
Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), 126
Pressure forming, 27–28
used in conjunction with vacuum, 27, 28f
Processing cost, 213
Processing cost, reducing, 230–242
design for speed, 241–242
effective specifications, 233–237
parts and assembly, 237, 238f
precision and price, 234, 235f
exploiting materials, 239–241
optimizing geometry, 231–233
uniform wall thickness, 238–239
chair base design, 239, 240f
Professional societies
American Chemical Society
(ACS), 332
American Society of Mechanical
Engineers (ASME), 332
SAE International, 332
Society for the Advancement of
Material and Process Engineering
(SAMPE), 333
Society of Plastics Engineers
(SPE), 333
Blow Molding Division, 333
Thermoforming Division, 333
Projectile testing, 174
Property data, 155–156
evaluation, 152
Psychology, and perception, 276
Q
Qualitative analysis, 176
Quantitative analysis, 199–200
R
Radiofrequency (RF) spectrum, 161
Rates
cost rates, 217, 218t
process rates, 216–217
Reaction injection molding (RIM), 34
Resin, 66
Resin industry, 69–90
alloys and blends, 86–87
oil and vinegar blend, 86, 87f
fillers, 82
performance modifiers, 83–84
processing aids, 81–82
reinforcements, 82–83
glass fiber “chopped strands”, 83, 83f
resin distribution, 71–75
bag, 72, 73f
boat load, 74
bulk box, 72, 73f
railcar, 72–74, 74f
truckload, 72
resin grades, 75–79
food grade, 75, 76f
generic prime, 75, 76f
industrial, 77
medical grade, 76
off-spec, 77, 77f
optical grade, 77
postconsumer waste, 78
preconsumer waste, 78
prime, 75
recycled, 77–78, 78f
regrind, 78
reprocessed, 77
virgin, 78, 79f
resin modification, 79–81
compounding, 80
cube blending, 80, 81f
dry blending, 80–81
melt blending, 80
resin production, 70–71
resin versions, 84–86
Risk priority number (RPN), 199
Rotational molding, 32
molded parts, 32, 32f
S
Semiotics, 276
Sensation, touch, 251–252, 252f–253f,
279–293
hardness, 289–291
material selection based on, 292–293
movement, 287–289, 289f346 Index
Semiotics (Continued)
opportunities, 293
pressure, 286
size and shape, 280
slipperiness, 291–292, 292f
temperature, 282–286
texture, 291
vibration, 286–287
weight and density, 280–282,
281f–282f
Shear, 58, 59f, 165, 165f
Smell, 293–299, 294f
material selection based on, 299
odor
detection, 294–296
human brain, 294–295, 295f
human response to, 298
new car smell, 297, 297f
in thermoplastics, 296–298
opportunities, 299
aroma of freshly molded plastics,
299, 299f
Sound, 273–274
sociology, 276
sound waves, 273–274, 274f
reception of, 273–275
transmitted by tuning fork, 287f
Specialty plastics, 134t–135t, 122–133,
134t–135t
aramid, 122
speaker cone fabricated from, 124f
fluorinated ethylene propylene
(FEP), 126
fluoropolymers, 124–125
liquid crystal polymer (LCP), 126–127
perfluoroalkoxy alkane (PFA), 126
polyamide-imide (PAI), 129
polyarylate (PAR), 127
polyetherimide (PEI), 129
polyethersulfone, 133
polyimide (PI), 128–129
polymethylpentene (PMP), 130
polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), 130–131
polyphenylsulfone, 133
polyphthalamide (PPA), 131–132, 132f
polysulfone (PSU), 132–133
polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE),
124–125
polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), 126
ultrahigh molecular weight
polyethylene (UHMWPE), 133
Specification, 223
effective, 233–237. See also Material
specification
Sporting goods, 185–186
SRAM (manufacturer), 185–186
Shupe test, 187–188
Standards organizations
American National Standards Institute
(ANSI), 333
ASTM International (ASTM), 334
International Organization for
Standardization (ISO), 334
Underwriters Laboratories (UL), 334
Stiffness, 62–63, 153, 166–167
versus weight, 47
to withstand bending, 23f, 25f, 61–62
Stiffness factor, 153–154
Stone Age, the, 1–3
sample of early stone tools, 1–2, 2f
Structural foam molding, 35–36
trash receptacle, 35, 35f
Stryofoam , 103
Styrene
ABS, 108–109
monomer of, 123f
Styrene acrylonitrile (SAN), 104–105
Styrenic block copolymers (SBC), 136
Suppliers
approved, 314–315
working with, 320–322
communication, 322
determining capabilities, 320–321
determining right fit, 321
managing relationship, 322
project participation, 321
Supply chain, plastics, 315–317, 315f
compounders, 316
converters, 316
equipment suppliers, 316
product manufacturers, 317
resin suppliers, 316
toolmakers, 317
Surface properties, 188–190
friction, 189
hardness, 190Index 347
lubricity, 189–190
wear, 190
Synthetic materials, 13–15
man-made materials, 55
T
Taste, 300–302
material selection based on, 301–302
taste of plastic, 301, 301f
opportunities, 302
edible plastics, 302, 302f
Tear resistance, 168, 169f
Teflon, 1, 101
Tension, 58, 59f, 165, 165f
Terpolymer, 64–66
Thermal conductivity coefficient (TCC),
282, 284–286
of metal horseshoe, 285, 285f
of plastics and other materials,
283t–284t
Thermoforming, 126–127, 139, 155
Thermoplastic classification methods,
90–94
amorphous versus semicrystalline,
92–93
chemical family, 93
cost versus performance, 93–94
elasticity, 94
tree of life, 91f
Thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs), 97–98,
135–140
collage of items made from, 135f
elastomeric alloys, 138
iDive housing, 137, 137f
polyamide elastomers, 139
polyester block copolymers (PBC),
138–139
polyether-block-amide elastomer, 140
polyolefin blend elastomers (POE),
137–138
styrenic block copolymers
(SBC), 136
Thermoplastic materials, 97–133,
311–312
commodity plastics, 98–105
examples of products, 97–98, 99f
engineering plastics, 108–119. See also
Engineering plastics
industry infrastructure. See Industry
infrastructure
material selection. See Material
selection
price–performance–volume chart, 97,
98f
specialty plastics, 122–133. See also
Specialty plastics
troubleshooting, 322–328
origin, determination, 324–326
problem solving, 328, 329f
real problem identification, 323–324
team assembling, 323
understanding root cause, 327–328
Thermoplastic materials, guidelines,
197–203
critical material properties, 203
manufacturing team, 198
mathematical tools, 199–200
Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), 105
automotive dashboards, 105
Thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPV). See
Polyolefin blend elastomers (POE)
Thermoplastics, 21–22
advantages of, 46–49
cost, 48–49
near-net-shape manufacturing, 47
performance, 46–47
processing options, 47
safety, 48
disadvantages, 49–55
heat resistance, 49
human behavior, 54–55
perception, 53–54
repairing broken parts, 52, 53f
structural inconsistencies, 51–52
temperature variations, 51
time-dependent behavior, 49–50, 50f
and thermosets, 22–24
uniqueness of, 55
Thermosets, 21
common examples of, 23, 23f
and thermoplastics, 22–24
3D printing, 46
Timber, 7
Tooling, 213
Tooling maintenance, 214
Tooling ownership, 214348 Index
Torsion, 58, 59f
Total manufacturing cost, 243–249
calculating, 243–244, 245t–246t
flow chart to, 247, 248f
explore design options, 243
inspiration in products, 248–249, 249f
math of, 243–247
Toughness, 167–170
bottom line on, 188, 189f
chew toys, 168, 169f
crack initiation and propagation, 168
fracture mechanics, 168
measuring, 170–176
Charpy test, 171, 172f
comparing tests, 177t–178t
drop testing, 174–175, 175f
Gardner impact testing, 172–173
high-speed tensile tests, 173–174
instrumented impact tests, 173
Izod test, 170
projectile testing, 174
tumble testing, 175–176
un-notched Izod test, 171
velocity comparison, 179t
notch sensitivity, 168
window glass, 168f
sudden impact, 167, 167f
tear resistance, 168
Trade organizations, 318
American Mold Builders Association
(AMBA), 334
Association of Rotational Molders, 335
in plastic industry, 318f
PlasticsEurope, 334
Society of the Plastics Industry (SPI), 334
Trade shows
K Trade Fair, 335
National Plastics Expo (NPE), 335
Pacific Design & Manufacturing
Show, 335
Transfer molding, 34–35
Troubleshooting, 322–328
origin, determination, 324–326
plastic project, pillars of,
324, 325f
problem solving, 328, 329f
real problem identification, 323–324
team assembling, 323
understanding root cause,
327–328
Tumble testing, 175–176
U
Ulfberht swords, 5–6, 6f
Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene
(UHMWPE), 133
Un-notched Izod test, 171
UV light, 160–162
V
Vacuum forming, 26–27
blister pack, 26–27, 27f
Valve amplification, 261
assortment of vacuum tubes, 261f
Vibration, 286–287
transmitted by tuning fork, 287f
W
Water (H2O), 159–160
Wood, 7
X
X-rays, 160
Y
Yield rate, 243–244
Young’s modulus, 60
Z
Zippers, high-performance, 184
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