Admin مدير المنتدى
![مدير المنتدى مدير المنتدى](https://2img.net/i/itest/ranks/stars/stars13.gif)
![Admin](https://2img.net/u/1711/56/32/51/avatars/1-20.jpg)
عدد المساهمات : 18928 التقييم : 35294 تاريخ التسجيل : 01/07/2009 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى
![كتاب Non-Destructive Testing Techniques Empty](https://2img.net/i/fa/empty.gif) | موضوع: كتاب Non-Destructive Testing Techniques الأحد 04 يونيو 2023, 4:20 am | |
| ![](https://i.servimg.com/u/f61/15/36/74/14/subscr10.gif)
أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Non-Destructive Testing Techniques RAVI PRAKASH Dean, Research & Consultancy Division Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, India
![كتاب Non-Destructive Testing Techniques N_d_t_14](https://i.servimg.com/u/f61/15/36/74/14/n_d_t_14.jpg) و المحتوى كما يلي :
Preface v CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION . 19 1.1 Definition of Non-Destructive Testing . 1 1.2 Need for NDT Techniques and its Applications 2 1.3 Types of NDT Techniques 4 1.4 Benefits from Non-Destructive Testing 4 1.5 Nature of Flaws 5 1.6 Various Steps involved in Non-Destructive Testing . 6 1.7 Uses of NDT Techniques for Applications other than Flaw Detection 8 1.8 Concluding Remarks 9 CHAPTER 2 ULTRASONIC TESTING 1034 2.1 Introduction 10 2.2 Frequency of Ultrasonic Waves 11 2.3 Generation of Ultrasonic Waves . 11 2.4 Piezo-electric Materials for Ultrasonic Transducers 12 2.5 Different Kinds of Ultrasonic Transducers 12 2.6 Types of Ultrasonic Waves 15 2.7 Acoustic Impedance and the Need for Coupling Medium . 16 2.8 Reflection, Refraction and Scattering of Ultrasonic Beams . 17 2.9 Ultrasonic Attenuation 18 2.10 Working of Ultrasonic Flaw Detectors . 19 2.11 Industrial Applications 20 2.12 Pulse-echo and Through Transmission Testing 21 2.13 Scanner Assemblies for Transmission and Pulse-echo Techniques 25 2.14 Types of Scan 26 2.15 Shear Wave Applications . 28 Contents2.16 Surface Wave Applications 29 2.17 Typical Indications . 30 2.18 Test Blocks and Evaluating Flaw Size . 31 2.19 Resonance Technique . 32 2.20 Use of Ultrasonics for Thickness Measurement 33 2.21 A Few Applications of Ultrasonics in Medical Sciences . 34 2.22 Determination of Grain Size using Ultrasonics 34 CHAPTER 3 EDDY-CURRENT TESTING . 3554 3.1 Electrical Properties of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastics . 35 3.2 Principle of Eddy-current Testing 36 3.3 Application of Eddy-current Testing 36 3.4 Eddy-current Path 37 3.5 Eddy-current Coils/Probes . 38 3.6 Edge-effect . 38 3.7 Recent Trends in Eddy-current Testing . 38 3.8 High Frequency Eddy-current Test 38 3.9 Electrical Analogue of Eddy-current Test 39 3.10 Theoretical Analysis of Eddy-current Circuit 40 3.11 Fibre Volume Fraction Measurement by Eddy-current Technique . 44 3.12 Determination of Lay-up Order in Cross-plied CFRP Laminates . 47 3.13 Conclusion and Future Potential 54 CHAPTER 4 MAGNETIC PARTICLE FLAW DETECTION . 5573 4.1 Principle of Magnetic Flaw Detection 55 4.2 Types and Methods of Magnetisation . 56 4.3 Magnetic Particles 59 4.4 Dry and Wet Methods of Magnetic Particle Inspection 59 4.5 Use of Fluorescent Coated Magnetic Particles 60 4.6 Industrial Applications 60 4.7 Working of a Few Commercially Available Magnetic Crack Detectors 61 4.8 Flaw Detection in Rods and Pipes 64 4.9 Flaw Detection in a Short Workpiece . 66 4.10 Precautions . 67 4.11 Limitations 68 4.12 Residual Magnetism 69 4.13 Need for Demagnetisation . 69 4.14 Relevant and Non-relevant Indications . 71 viii CONTENTS4.15 Physical Properties Determination 72 4.16 Research Techniques using Magnetic Particle Method 72 CHAPTER 5 LIQUID PENETRANT INSPECTION . 7485 5.1 Historical Background . 74 5.2 Oil and Chalk-Dust Method 74 5.3 Principle of Liquid Penetrant Method 75 5.4 Inspection Technique . 77 5.5 Commercially Available Dye-penetrant Inspection Kits 81 5.6 Industrial Applications 81 5.7 Precautions and Limitations . 82 5.8 Test Blocks 83 5.9 Fluorescent Penetrant Testing 84 5.10 Detection of Through Leaks 84 5.11 Typical Indications Associated with Liquid Penetrant Testing and their Interpretations . 85 CHAPTER 6 X-RADIOGRAPHY 8694 6.1 Introduction 86 6.2 Properties and Production of X-rays . 86 6.3 Working Principle of X-Radiography 88 6.4 Various Methods for Detecting Modulated Intensity of X-rays Beam 91 6.5 Applications of X-Radiographic Technique 92 6.6 Safety Aspects related to X-Radiographic Testing 93 6.7 Concluding Remarks 94 CHAPTER 7 ACOUSTIC EMISSION TESTING AND ACOUSTO-ULTRASONIC TESTING 95105 7.1 Introduction 95 7.2 Need for Detecting Equipment 95 7.3 Historical Background . 95 7.4 Basic Principle of Acoustic Emission Testing Technique . 96 7.5 Empirical Relationships Associated with Acoustic Emission Technique 99 7.6 Acoustic Emission Response from Ductile and Brittle Materials 100 7.7 Applications of Acoustic Emission Technique . 100 7.8 Acoustic Emission Instrumentation/Equipment . 101 7.9 Acousto-Ultrasonic Technique 103 CONTENTS ixCHAPTER 8 MISCELLANEOUS NDT METHODS . 106122 8.1 Visual Inspection and Optical Techniques 106 8.2 Pressure and Leak Testing 108 8.3 Resistance Strain Gauge . 109 8.4 Brittle Coatings 111 8.5 Spot Test . 112 8.6 Spark Testing . 113 8.7 Sulphur Printing 114 8.8 Thermal Methods . 115 8.9 Electrical Methods . 117 8.10 Dynamic Testing . 119 8.11 Spectrochemical Analysis 120 8.12 Thickness Measurement using Beta Gauge and Beta Backscatter Gauge . 121 Bibliography . 123125 Index . 127134 x CONTENTS127 A A-scan 26 A.C. circular field demagnetisation 70 Absorption type beta gauge 121 Accumulation technique 109 Acid digestion 47 Acoustic emission 4, 7, 95 Acoustic emission sensor 103 Acoustic emission technique 3, 100, 101 Acoustic emission testing 4, 5 Acoustic energy 95 Acoustic impedance 16 Acousto-ultrasonic technique 103 Acousto-ultrasonic testing 4, 5 Adhesive bonds 101 Adhesively bonded structures 9 Aggregated effect 25 Air pressure testing 108 Airframe components 20 Amplitude of transmitted signal 18 Angle beam contact ultrasonic transducers 13 Angle of incidence 17 Angle of reflection 17 Attenuation 2 Attenuation of X-ray 87 Attenuation rate 119 Audible frequency range 10 Automation 21 B B-scan 27 Back-wall echo 22 Backscatter type beta gauge 121 Backscattered radiation 122 Barium titanate 12 Beneficial defects 3 Beryllium window 87 Beta backscatter gauge 8, 122 Beta gauge 121 Beta ray 8 Biomedical engineering 9 Black light 63, 78, 84 Blow-holes 5, 6, 92 Bond strength 2 Bone plates 9 Boroscopes 107 Breakdown 5 Brittle coatings 111 Brittle lacquer 8, 111 Built-in attenuators 19 Burn-off technique 8, 47 Burst 1 C C-scan 27 Cable magnetisation 66 Cable-coil 62 Calibrated attenuation switches 19 Calibrated attenuator 20 Calibration 8, 112 Capillary action 74 Carbon fibre reinforced plastic composite specimen 96 Carbon fibre reinforced plastics 35 Cassettes 94 Catastrophic failures 5 Central conductor 59, 65 Ceramic type brittle coatings 112 Characterization of material properties 1 Characteristic loop 54 Chemical composition 5 Index128 NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING TECHNIQUES Chemical/fertiliser plants 1 Circuit 50 Circular magnetic field 64 Circular magnetisation 56, 65 Circular probe 37 Cleaner 77 Cleaner-jet 79 Cleaner-tank 79 Cleaning tanks 78 Closed cracks 83 Coercive force 71 Coil magnetisation 59 Coin tapping technique 119 Compressional wave transducers 14 Compressional waves 15 Computerised tomography 91 Connecting rods 61 Contact type 21 Contact type pulse-echo technique 21 Continuous method 69 Contrast 87, 91 Conveyer belt 64 Corrosion 6 Corrosion fatigue 6 Corrosion rate 119 Corrosions pits 92 Couplant 12 Coupling medium 16 Crack initiation 100 Crack propagation 100 Cracks 3, 6 Crank-shafts 61 Creep 10 Critical angle 15, 17 Cumulative acoustic emission counts 99 Customer satisfaction 4 D D.C. yokes 70 Damping measurement technique 120 Debonding 100 Decarburisation 6 Defect echo 22 Defect-free 2, 5 Defect-free zone 23 Defects 5 Deformation processes 101 Delaminations 5, 6 Delayed sweep circuits 26 Demagnetisation of components 70 Demagnetiser 64 Depth of peneration 36 Detecting sensors and equipments 95 Developer 79 Differential absorption 86 Dilational or irratitonal waves 15 Double transducer 21 Drop lights 106 Dry method 59 Dye-etching technique 112 Dye-pen 112 Dye-penetrant inspection kit 81 Dye-penetrant technique 74 Dynamic testing 119 E Edde-effect 38 Eddy-current path 37 Eddy-current probe 2 Eddy-current testing 4, 35, 114 Eddy-scan 45 Elastic radiation 95 Electrical analogue 39, 50 Electrical anisotropy 35 Electrical interference 101 Electrical methods 117 Electrified particle technique 112 Electromagnetic induction 35 Electromagnetic noises 102 Electromagnetic radiation 86 Electromagnetic vibrators 120 Electromagnetic yokes 63 Electromagnets 57 Electromechanical transducers 11 Electronic background noises 101 Electronic gate 28 Embrittlement 6, 101 Emission count 97 Emission rate 98INDEX 129 Endoscopes 107 Endurance limit 104 Engineering postmortem 4 Etching 74 Evaluation of defects 1 Event 98 Excess penetrant 79 Exciting 38 Exciting coil 36 Expanding spherical wave packet 96 Experimental stress analysis 110 External fixators 9 F Factor of ignorance 1 Factor of safety 1 False indications 71 Fatigue 6 Fatigue behavior 3 Fatigue cracks 5, 6, 61 Fatigue failure 6 Fatigue strength 9 Feeble indications 83 Felicity effect 96 Ferromagnetic materials 55, 68 Ferrous forging 20 Ferrous welds 20 Fibre breakage 100 Fibre composite pressure vessels 101 Fibre pull-outs 3 Fibre reinforced plastic composites 3 Fibre volume fraction 2, 3, 36 Fibre wash 6, 54, 92 Fibre weight fraction 47 Fibre-kinks 6 Film to focus distance 90 Fine grain film 91 Finger damping 28 Flakes 5 Flat-bottomed hole 31 Flaws 5 Fluorescent coated magnetic particles 59, 63 Fluorescent magnetic ink 63 Fluorescent paste 60 Fluorescent penetrant inspection kits 81 Fluorescent penetrant technique 74 Fluorescent screens 91 Fluoroscopy 92 Focal width 90 Focused ultrasonic transducers 14 Fog 91 Fogging 87 Forster 72 Forster probe 72 Frequency 10 Frequency deviation meter 45 Frequency discriminator circuit 49 Frequency of ultrasonic waves 11 Frequency response 119 Fundamental frequency 33 G Gamma radiography 86 Gamma rays 8, 86 Gas-holes 6 Generation of ultrasonic waves 11 Gentle wiping 75, 77 Good transmission 16 Grain size 2, 3, 10, 34 Grease 16 Grinding cracks 6 Grinding defects 6 Gross crack 10 Grossly distributed defects 25 Grossly distributed porosities 25 H Harmless defects 3 Health hazard 10 Heat treatment 5 Heat-affected zones 6, 92 Heat-treatment cracks 61 Helium leak detection technique 4, 108, 109 Heyn and Bauer sulphur printing technique 115 High density fillers 94 High mechanical stresses 5 Higher reliability of the product 4 Horse shoe eddy-current probe 37 Horse-shoe probe 49 Hot drying 80130 NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING TECHNIQUES Hydrostatic failure 1 Hydrostatic testing 108 I Immersion type pulse-echo technique 21 Immersion type testing 24 Immersion type ultrasonic transducers 13 Impending failure 111 Improper penetration 29 In-service embrittlement 8 Incident beam 18 Incipient failure detection system (IFDS) 8, 101 Inclusions 3, 5, 6, 90 Induced current vibrators 120 Induced eddy-currents 36 Induced magnetic field 57 Industrial radiography 86 Industry 1 Infra-red cameras 117 Infra-red photographic films 117 Infra-red photography 117 Infra-red thermography 116 Inherent flaws 5, 6 Inhomogeneity 5 Initial pulse 22 Inplaner crack 92 Inplaner defects 20 Inplaner voids 92 Inspection in railways 20 Intensifying screens 91 Interaction of sound-waves 10 Interfaces 17 Internal flaws 6, 10 Internal structure 10 International Institute of Welders 31 Interpretation of results 6, 7 Ionization of gas 91 Iron filings 56 Irrotational waves 15 J Jet engine rotors 20 K Kaiser effect 96 L Lamb waves 16 Laminar sandwich type materials 14 Latent-defects 101 Lay-up order 8, 36 Lead sheets 93 Lead zirconate titanate 12 Leakage flux 56 Liquid penetrant inspection 4, 74 Lockout time 98 Longitudinal conductivity 35 Longitudinal cracks 64 Longitudinal magnetisation 56, 62, 66 Longitudinal resistivity 35 Longitudinal wave transducers 14 Longitudinal waves 15 Love waves 16 Low amplitude vibration 11 Lubricating oils 16 M Machining marks 6 Magnetic bath 60 Magnetic core 36 Magnetic crack detector 66 Magnetic field 55, 60 Magnetic fluid bath 63 Magnetic hysteresis 72 Magnetic ink 60 Magnetic particle flaw detection 4, 55 Magnetic particles 7, 59 Magnetic paste 60 Magnetic permeability 37, 59, 72 Magnetic rubber 4, 73 Magnetizing yokes 57 Magnifying lenses 107 Maintenance inspection 20 Mallet tapping 119 Mass absorption coefficient 87 Material anisotropy 37 Material calibration control 20 Material sorting 5 Materials attenuation 19 Matrix cracking 100, 101INDEX 131 Mechanical behaviour 5 Mechanical noise 101 Mechanical testings 1 Medical radiography 86 Metal sorting 36 Metallic 20 Metallurgical properties 5 Micro and macro-voids 103 Micro-structural environment 103 Micrographic polishing 45 Micrographic study 8 Micrographic test facilities 34 Microradio graphy 91 Microvoids 3 Miscellaneous NDT techniques 4 Missiles 9 Modified Kaiser effect 96 Modulated coil impedance 36 Modulated ultrasonic signal 7 Modulus of elasticity 3 Moire method 8 Mutual inductance 51 N Non-metallic inclusions 20 Non-relevant indications 68 Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques 2 Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) techniques 1 Nonferrous forging 20 Nonferrous welds 20 Nuclear establishments 1 Nuclear reactors 9 O Oil and chalk-dust method 74 On-line monitoring 3, 5 Optimum dwell time 9 P Pacemakers 9 Parallel magnetisation 66 Penetrant 78 Penetrant leak testing 108 Penetration depth 87 Penumbral width 91 Periodic inspection 1 Periscopes 107 Permanent magnets 57 Perspex shoes 30 Phosphor coatings 116 Photo-cells 107 Photoelasticity 8 Photometer 7 Phototubes 107 Pick-up coils 38 Piezo-electric transducers 11 Piezoelectric materials 12 Pits 6 Plastic deformation 98 Plastic wedge 13 Polishing 34 Porosities 5, 6, 90 Potassium-iodide sheet 94 Powder pattern 62 Power plants 1 Preferential path 55 Preparation of test surface 6 Pressure and leak testing 108 Pressurisation technique 109 Primary beam 91 Primary impedance 40 Probe impedance 44 Processing flaws 5, 6 Prod type magnetic crack detector 61, 62 Production processes 5 Productivity 4 Propagating crack 3 Pulse-echo technique 10, 21 Q Quantitative microscopic technique 8 Quantitative microscopy 47 Quartz 12 Quenching cracks 61, 81 R Radiation detector 109, 122 Radiation monitoring badge 93 Radioactive leak technique 108, 109 Radioactive leak testing 108132 NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING TECHNIQUES Radiograph 90 Radiography (X-ray, Gamma Ray and Neutron) 4 Radiography technique 20 Railroad axles 74 Rayleigh or Lamb wave type 96 Ratio of the amplitudes of ultrasonic beam 16 Rayleigh waves 16 Reactance of the probe 44 Reading lenses 107 Receiver 21 Receiver transducer 12 Reflection 17 Reflection coefficient 18 Refraction 17 Reliability 1 Remainder life 5 Residual magnetism 63, 69 Residual method 69 Residual strength 5 Residual stresses 6 Resin crazing 103 Resin rich areas 6 Resin type 111 Resistance strain gauge technique 109 Resistive path 39 Resonance technique 32 Ring-down count 97 RL circuits 50 RLC 50 RMS meter 98 Rocket motor casings 20 Rockets 9 Roentgenography 86 Rolling and plating defects 5 Routine inspection 5 Rubber spray bulbs 60 S Safe-ultraviolet light 63 Sand blasting 75 Scanner assemblies 25, 45 Scanning electron microscopy 4 Scattering 17, 91 Scattering of ultrasonic beam 18 Seams 5 Secondary beams 91 Secondary coil 36 Segregation 5 Senstivity 89 Service cost 4 Service cracks 81 Service flaws 5, 6 Shear wave transducers 14 Shear waves 16 Shock wave lithotripsy 34 Short wave train 12 Shot blasting 7 Shrinkage cracks 6 Shut-downs 5 Signal amplitude threshold 97 Silver bromide printing paper 114 Skin-effect 25 Slag 6 Slag inclusions 29 Smudging of developer 80 Snell’s law 17 Sonic 108 Sonic leak detection technique 109 Space applications 1 Spacecrafts 9 Spark test 8 Spark testing 113 Spectrochemical analysis 8, 114, 120 Spinal rectangles 9 Spot test 8, 112, 113 Spray-gun 78 Spurious indications 82 Spurious signals 30 Standard test blocks 31, 82 Standing wave pattern 32 Stationary units 63 Step blocks 33 Stored elastic energy 95 Straight beam contact ultrasonic transducers 12 Straight beam faced ultrasonic transducers 13 Strength 1 Stress concentration 8 Stress corrosion 6 Stress intensity 99 Stress wave emission 95INDEX 133 Stress wave factor 2, 103 Stress-concentrators 6 Sub-surface flaws 5, 6 Sulphur 114 Sulphur printing 8, 114 Supersonic aircrafts 9 Surface attenuation 19 Surface cracks 5, 6 Surface finish 8 Surface flaws 6 Surface pits 82 Surface texture 82 Surface wave ultrasonic transducers 15 Surface waves 15 Surgical implants 9 T Telescopes 107 Temperature indicating lacquers 116 Temperature sensitive phosphors 116 Temperature sensitive pigments 116 Tensile strength 3 Test block 22, 31, 83 Test coil 36 Thermal anisotropy 6 Thermal cracks 5 Thermal methods 115 Thermocouples 116 Thermography 116 Thickness measurement 8 Thickness of non-conducting films on metallic base 36 Threading bar method 65 Threshold strain value 8 Through leaks 84 Tool marks 6 Total attenuation 19 Total reflection 15 Totaliser 102 Translaminar cracks 92 Transmission coefficient 18 Transmission technique 10 Transmitted beam 18 Transmitter 20, 21 Transmitting transducer 12 Transverse cracks 64 Transverse defects 20 Transverse resistivity 35 Transverse waves 15 Transverse wave ultrasonic transducers 14 Triangulation techniques 99 Twin transducer 21 U Ultimate tensile strength 2 Ultrascan 27 Ultra-violet light 60, 78 Ultrasonic attenuation 8, 18 Ultrasonic CAT scanner 34 Ultrasonic energy 23 Ultrasonic flaw detector 19 Ultrasonic foetal detector 34 Ultrasonic leak detection technique 108 Ultrasonic leak testing 109 Ultrasonic probes 11 Ultrasonic pulsar 103 Ultrasonic testing 4, 10 Ultrasonic therapy 34 Ultrasonic thickness 8 Ultrasonic thickness gauge 33 Ultrasonic velocity 2 Ultrasonography 34 Ultraviolet/black light source 59 Unwanted signals 28 V Viscosity 75 Visual inspection 106 Voids 3, 5, 6 Voltage gradient 12 W Wave train 19 Wave ultrasonic transducers 15 Wavelength 11, 33, 91 Wear 6 Welding defects 3, 92 Weldments 61 Wet-combustion process 47134 NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING TECHNIQUES Wet-method 59 Wheatstone bridge 111, 118 White X-rays 87 Wide shallow cracks 83 Workpieces 66 X X-radiography 86 X-ray dosimeter 93 X-ray film 7, 86 X-ray tubes 87 X-rays 20, 86, 91 X-Y recorder 26 Z Zero risk 5
كلمة سر فك الضغط : books-world.net The Unzip Password : books-world.net أتمنى أن تستفيدوا من محتوى الموضوع وأن ينال إعجابكم رابط من موقع عالم الكتب لتنزيل كتاب Non-Destructive Testing Techniques رابط مباشر لتنزيل كتاب Non-Destructive Testing Techniques ![](https://i.servimg.com/u/f61/15/36/74/14/sign_110.gif)
|
|