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عدد المساهمات : 18928 التقييم : 35294 تاريخ التسجيل : 01/07/2009 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Make - Wearable Electronics - Design, prototype, and wear your own interactive garments Kate Hartman
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Table of Contents Conductive Thread . 38 Properties of Conductive Thread 39 Working with Conductive Thread . 40 Types of Conductive Thread . 40 Conductive Fabric 40 Properties of Conductive Fabric . 41 Working with Conductive Fabric 42 Types of Conductive Fabrics . 42 Other Conductive Materials . 43 Conductive Yarn 43 Conductive Fiber . 44 Conductive Felt . 44 Conductive Ribbon . 44 Conductive Fabric Tape . 45 Conductive Hook and Loop . 46 Conductive Paint . 46 Everyday Stuff 46 Choosing Conductive Materials . 47 Experiment: Wearable Circuits . 48 What’s Next 49 3. Switches . 51 Understanding Switches 51 Poles and Throws . 52 Types of Switches . 53 Off-the-Shelf Switches 53 Tactile Buttons 54 Latching Buttons . 54 Toggle Switches 54 Slide Switches 55 Microswitches 55 Tilt Switches 55 DIY Switches 56 Sandwich Switch . 56 Contact Switch . 58 Bridge Switch . 61 Pinch Switch 62 Other DIY Switches . 62 Experiment: Social Switches . 63 Conclusion . 64 4. E-Textile Toolkits . 65 LilyPad . 65 Modules 66 Experiment: Let’s Get Twinkly . 68 vi Make: Wearable ElectronicsExperiment: Let’s Get Tiny . 69 Flora . 70 Modules 70 Aniomagic 71 Modules 71 Experiment: Let’s Get Sparkly . 72 Thinking Beyond . 76 5. Making Electronics Wearable 77 Why Wear It 77 What Makes Something Wearable . 77 Comfort 78 Durability 79 Usability 81 Aesthetics 82 Designing a Wearable . 82 Choosing a Form . 82 Choosing Materials . 86 Choosing Components . 86 Creating a Layout . 86 Iterative Design . 88 Experiment: Eight-Hour Wearable . 89 6. Microcontrollers . 91 Hardware . 92 Software . 95 Hello World . 98 Experiment: Gettin’ Blinky . 100 Digital Output . 101 The Circuit 101 The Code 102 Power . 103 Experiment: Morse Code Messages 103 Digital Input . 104 The Circuit 105 The Code 106 Experiment: Button as Controller . 107 Analog Input 108 The Circuit 108 The Code 109 Experiment: Sensor as a Switch 110 Analog Output 110 The Circuit 110 The Code 111 Experiment: Sensitive System 111 Table of Contents viiWhat’s Next . 112 7. Sensors . 113 Working with Sensors . 113 Getting to Know Your Sensor 113 Voltage Divider Circuit . 115 Communicating with I2C 116 Working with Sensor Data . 117 Thresholds 117 Mapping 119 Calibration 120 Constraining 121 Smoothing 122 Experiment: Wooo! Shirt . 122 What to Sense . 124 Flex . 124 Force 126 Stretch 127 Movement, Orientation, and Location 128 Heart Rate and Beyond 131 Proximity 133 Light 135 Color 136 Sound 137 Temperature 138 DIY Sensors . 141 Experiment: Body Listening 142 Other Sensors . 143 8. Actuators . 145 Light 145 Basic LEDs . 145 Addressable LEDs . 149 Fiber Optics . 153 Electroluminescent Materials 158 Experiment: Be Safe, Be Seen 162 Sound . 163 Buzzers . 163 Tones . 165 Audio Files 168 Experiment: Wearable Instrument 171 Motion 172 Vibrating Motors 172 Servo Motors 174 Gearhead Motors 177 viii Make: Wearable ElectronicsExperiment: Shake, Spin, or Shimmy . 187 Temperature 188 Fans 188 Heat 190 Experiment: It’s Gettin’ Hot in Here . 191 Conclusion 191 9. Wireless . 193 Bluetooth . 193 Experiment: Communicating with Bluetooth . 194 Hello XBees . 200 Configuring XBees . 200 Experiment: XBee and Arduino . 206 Experiment: XBee Direct Mode . 210 Other Wireless Options 212 Thinking Beyond 212 Appendix A. Tools 213 Appendix B. Batteries 221 Appendix C. Resources . 229 Appendix D. Other Neat Things 233 Appendix E. Microcontroller Options 241 Index 247
Other MicrocontrollersSymbols + (plus sign), positive side of a component, 8 - (minus sign), negative side of a component, 8 3D printing, 239 A AC (alternating current) converting DC to, 161 working with, 162 accelerometers, 129 analog and digital, 129 Flora, 70 LilyPad, 67 accuracy (sensors), 114 actuators, 145–191 in Aniomagic toolkit, 72 in LilyPad toolkit, 67 light, 145 addressable LEDs, 149 basic LEDs, 145 electroluminescent materials, 158 fiber optics, 153 incorporating into a wearable, 162 motion, 172 experiment, shake, spin, or shimmy, 187 servo motors, 177 vibrating motors, 172 sound, 163 buzzers, 163 playing audio files, 168 tones, 165 wearable instrument experiment, 171 temperature, 188 climate-controlled wearable experiment, 191 fans, 188 heat, 190 Adafruit Industries Arduino IDE and Flora NeoPixels, 150 Flora e-textile toolkit, 70 Getting Started with Flora guide, 96 LED Ampli-Tie project, 153 Adafruit Wave Shield, 168 Adafruit_NeoPixel() command, 151 aesthetics, considerations for wearable electronics, 82 alligator clips, 35 advantages/disadvantages of alligator clip circuits, 32 connecting to a sandwich switch, 58 constructing a circuit with, 13 analog input, 108 circuit for, 108 Index 247 Indexcode for reading, 109 sensor as a switch experiment, 110 analog input/output, sensitive system experiment, 111 analog output, 110 circuit for, 110 code, 111 analog versus digital inputs, 108 analogRead() command, 109 analogWrite() command, 111, 186 Aniomagic, 71 features distiguishing it from other e-textile toolkits, 71 Let’s Get Sparkly experiment, using Sparkle Kit, 72 anode, 8 Arduino, 241 (see also microcontrollers, options) Adafruit’s version of the IDE, 150 Bluetooth radios for use with, 194 boards, 92 compatible tools enabling palyback of audio files, 168 defined, 92 LilyPad Arduino 328, 241 Products and Specs Comparison pages, 92 programming for Bluetooth light sensor example, 198 programming LilyPad for Bluetooth wireless communications, 195 programming to control gearhead motor, 185 sensor data, sending via XBees to a computer, 206 Servo library, 175 software, 95 Blank sketch, 96 Gettin’ Blinky experiment, 100 guides to environment and syntax, 98 screen areas, 97 sketches, 97 Arduino Fio, 206, 245 connecting a light sensor, 207 preparing circuit with light sensor, 208 programming, 207 soldering FTDI headers, 206 Arduino Micro, 245 Arduino Uno, 93, 245 pins performing pulsewidth modulation, 110 AT commands, 202 entering in CoolTerm, 203 Audience Jacket Tutorial, 209 audio file playback, using to create wearables, 170 audio files, 168 B base pin, NPN transistors, 178 batteries, 221 as power source, 2 choosing a battery or battery pack for your project, 226 connecting to LilyPad Arduino Simple, 103 for XBees Direct Mode, 211 in series and parallel connections, 7 types of, 221 battery holders, 222 CR2032 battery holder, 27 in electroluminescent designs, 161 in LilyPad, 67 blowback voltage, 179 Bluetooth, 193 communicating sensor data to computer, 194 pairing on a Mac, 196 pairing on a Windows machine, 197 preparing Bluetooth circuit to pair, 196 preparing LilyPad Simple Power board, 194 sending light sensor data, 198 soldering headers to Bluetooth Mate, 195 radios for use with Arduino, 194 Bluetooth Mate Gold, 194 Bluetooth Mate Silver, 194 soldering headers to, 195 without headers, 195 board type, setting in Arduino, 99 breadboards, 37 advantages/disadvantages of breadboard circuits, 32 constructing a breadboard circuit, 18 bridge switches, 61 Buechley, Leah, 65 buses, 37 buttons button as controller experiment, 107 latching buttons (tactile on/off buttons), 54 LilyPad push button, 67 tactile buttons as momentary switches, 54 248 Indexbuzzers, 163 electromagnetic, 163 simple circuit, 164 in LilyPad toolkit, 67 piezoelectric, 165 with microcontroller, 164 C cable replacement technique, 212 calibration, 120 cameras, 219 cathode, 8 Charlieplexing, 148 chat test with XBees, 205 Chiclet Board (Aniomagic), 71 circuit boards Arduino, 92 uploading programs to, 99 choosing for wearable electronics, 86 LilyPad modules versus, 66 printed circuit boards (PCBs), 239 circuit diagrams, 2 basic circuit with battery and LED (example), 2 LED circuit with switch, 51 circuit symbol for basic switch, 51 circuits, 1–33 Arduino Fio with light sensor connected via alligator clips, 208 circuit design software, 101, 240 connecting speaker or piezoelectric buzzer to an Arduino, 165 constructing, 11 advantages and disadvantages of different types, 32 alligator clip circuit, 13 breadboard circuit, 18 conductive fabric circuit, 30 conductive thread circuit, 25 protoboard circuit, 22 wire circuit, 14 with hard or soft materials, 86 DC motor circuit layout, 178 electroluminescent, 162 essential concepts, 2 Flora NeoPixels, multiple NeoPixels, 151 for electromagnetic buzzers, 164 for microcontroller analog input, 108 for microcontroller analog output, 110 for microcontroller digital input, 105 for servos, 175 for XBee Direct Mode, 210 layout in wearable electronics, preventing shorts, 80 learning more about, 11 microcontroller digital output, 101 modularity, in wearable electronics, 81 protoboard transistor circuit, 179 resistors, 5 series and parallel, 6 using a multimeter, 8 conductivity test, 9 continuity test, 9 measuring current, 11 measuring resistance, 10 measuring voltage, 10 voltage divider, 115 wearable circuits experiment, 48 closed switch, 52 clothing, hacking for wearables, 83 coatings, providing spot insulation in wearable electronics, 80 collector pin, NPN transistors, 178 color conductive fabric, 42 conductive thread, 39 purple LilyPad modules, 66 thermochromic materials, 236 color charts for resistors, 6 color sensors, 136 Flora, 70 comfort of wearable electronics, 78 placement of components, 79 size, weight, and shape of components, 78 comments in Arduino, 98 compartment boxes, 216 conductive fabric, 40 advantages/disadvantages of conductive fabric circuits, 33 comparison of different types, 42 creating a circuit with, 30 intended uses, 44 properties of, 41 working with, 42 conductive fabric tape, 45 conductive felt, 44 conductive fiber, 44 conductive hook and loop, 46 conductive materials, 35–49 alligator clips, 35 breadboards, 37 choosing, 47 conductive fabric, 40 conductive thread, 38 other, 43 protoboards, 37 Index 249repurposing everyday stuff, 46 resources for, 229 wearable circuits experiment, 48 wire, 35 conductive paint, 46 conductive ribbon, 44 conductive thread, 38 advantages/disadvantages of conductive thread circuits, 33 Aniomagic basic circuit with, 73 comparison of types available in small quantities, 40 constructing a circuit with, 25 intended uses, 44 LilyTwinkle circuit made with, 69 multiple Flora NeoPixels sewn with, 151 nonconductive thread providing insulation for, 80 properties of, 39 using to construct conductive fabric circuit, 32 working with, 40 conductive yarn, 43 conductivity, testing, 9 conductors, 2 conferences and events, 231 connections diagram for LilyTwinkle, 69 Flora NeoPixels, 150 servo motors, 175 connector type (sensors), 113 connectors, 222 for electroluminescent materials, 161 in LilyPad, 67 in LilyPad Arduino Simple, 94 constraining sensors, 121 contact points for switches, 56 contact switches, 58 continuity, 8 checking, using a multimeter, 9 CoolTerm, 200 configuring XBee B, 204 putting XBee into Command Mode, 203 setting up to configure XBees, 202 typing AT commands, 203 crocodile clips (see alligator clips) current, 4 excessive, 4 measuring with a multimeter, 11 D datasheets, 4 finding for components, 5 DC (direct current), 162 converting to AC, 161 delays, setting in Arduino programs, 100 desoldering tools, 214 digital fabric printing, 238 digital versus analog inputs, 108 digitalRead() function, Arduino, 106 digitalWrite() function, Arduino, 102 diodes, 8, 178 adding to protoboard transistor circuit, 184 DIY sensors, 141 DIY switches, 56 DIY Wearable Technology documentation, 142 documentation tools, 219 durability of wearable electronics, 79 insulation, 80 modularity, 81 protection of circuits, 81 strain relief, 79 E e-textile (electronic textile), 65 e-textile toolkits, 65–76 Aniomagic, 71 Let’s Get Sparkly experiment, 72 constructing circuits with hard and soft materials, 86 Flora, 70 modules, 70 LilyPad, 65 Let’s Get Tiny experiment, 69 Let’s Get Twinkly experiment, 68 modules, 66 tutorials on, 231 electroencephalography (EEG), 133 electroluminescent materials, 158 aesthetics of, in wearables, 160 starter kits for working with, 162 tape and panels, 159 wire, 158 working with, system concepts, 161 electromagnetic buzzers, 163 3V, panelmount and with wires, 163 electromyography (EMG), 132 electronics supplies, 229 electronics tutorials, 231 250 Indexelse clause in if statements, 107 emitter pin, NPN transistors, 178 end-glow fiber optics, 153 Ethernet cable, 37 example sketches (Arduino), 97 experiments, xiii F fabric, 218 (see also conductive fabric) digital fabric printing, 238 fans, 188 using in climate-controlled wearable, 191 fiber optics, 153 handling fiber-optic fabric, 156 incorporation through weaving, examples, 154 LEDs as light sources, 153 manufactured fiber-optic fabrics, 155 flat-nosed pliers, 214 flex sensors, 124, 141 factors to consider when choosing, 124 positioning and protecting, 125 flexibility (conductive materials), 48 floating pins, 105 Flora, 70 modules, 70 sensors communicating with I2C, 116 working with, 96 Flora Color Sensor, 136 Flora Gemma, 244 Flora Lux Sensor, 136 Flora Main Board, 244 Flora RGB Smart NeoPixel, 149 multiple pixel example, 151 one NeoPixel example, 150 tutorial, 151 force-sensing resistors (FSRs), 126 forms of wearable electronics, 82 forward voltage (Vf), 4 Fritzing circuit design software, 101 FSRs (force-sensing resistors), 126 FTDI board (5V), 95 FTDI drivers for operating systems, 95 G galvanic skin response (GSR), 132 gearhead motors, 177 controlling, 185 examples of, in wearables, 186 gloves with conductive fingertips, modifying to make contact switches, 59 glow-in-the-dark materials, 234 GPS Flora GPS module, 71 in wearables, 130 ground, 2 grouped wire, 36 GSR (galvanic skin response), 132 GUI (graphical user interface), Aniomagic toolkit, 71 H hacking wearables, 82 hardware (Arduino), 92 heart monitors, 132 heart rate sensors, 131 heat gun, 215 heat shrink nonconductive tubing, 16 using to attach LED to fiberoptic bundle, 156 heat, actuator providing, 190 heating pads, 190 using in climate-controlled wearable, 191 Heatit, 189 “Hello World” programs, 98 helping hands, 24, 214 hiding electronics in wearables, 82 hoodies, hacking for wearables, 83 I I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit), 116 Flora Lux Sensor, 136 if statements (Arduino), 107 infrared (IR) sensors, 134 inputs, 104 Instructables, 80 insulation conductive materials, 48 conductive thread, 39 heat shrink, 16 in wearable electronics, 80 nonconductive thread providing in wearables, 80 insulators, 3 Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C), 116 Flora Lux Sensor, 136 inverters, 161 iron, 217 iron-on conductive fabric, 30, 42 ironing conductive fabric, 31 Index 251L lasercutting, 238 latching buttons, 54 layers and linings, providing insulation for conductive fabrics, 80 layout, creating for wearable circuits, 86 Learning Page (Arduino website), 98 learning, resources for, 229 LEDs, 8 addressable, 149 multiple pixel example, 151 one NeoPixel example, 150 use of Adafruit NeoPixels with LilyPad Pixel Board, 154 attaching to fiber-optic bundle, 156 basic, 145 controlling, 146 lighting in multiple colors, 148 packaging types, 146 blinking, beating, fading, or breathing with LilyTiny, 69 connecting a LilyPad LED to LilyPad Arduino Simple, 101 determining polarity, 8 fiber optic light source, 153 finding forward voltage and current required on datasheet, 4 in Flora Smart NeoPixels module, 70 in LilyPad toolkit, 67 in series and parallel circuits, 7 lighting with LilyTwinkle, 69 wearing, 149 with alligator clip connections, 14 light boards (Aniomagic), 72 light sensors, 135 connecting sensor to Arduino Fio, 207 Flora Lux Sensor, 70, 136 for analog input, 108 reading values, 109 LilyPad, 67 photocell, 135 sending data via Bluetooth to a computer, 198 working with data from, 117 light-emitting diodes, 8 (see also LEDs) LilyPad, 65 differences from traditional circuit boards, 66 Let’s Get Tiny experiment, 69 light sensor, 108 modules, 66 ProtoSnap LilyPad Development Board, 96 sewable microcontrollers, 241 LilyPad Arduino, 93 LilyPad Arduino 328, 241 LilyPad Arduino Simple, 93, 242 battery connections, 103 circuits connecting speaker or piezoelectric buzzer to, 165 connecting a LilyPad LED to, 101 controlling LEDs, 146 digital input circuits, 105 FTDI drivers, 95 LEDs connected in parallel, 102 pins performing pulsewidth modulation, 110 setting as Arduino board type, 99 with digital input and output, 107 with light sensor, 109 with LilyPad Vibe board, 173 with panelmount 3V electromagnetic buzzer, 164 LilyPad Arduino SimpleSnap, 242 LilyPad Arduino USB, 243 LilyPad Arduino with FTDI board, programming, 195 LilyPad Button board, 164 LilyPad Buzzer, 165 LilyPad MP3 board, 168 connecting components for audio file playback, 168 programming as MP3 player, 170 LilyPad Pixel Board, using Adafruit NeoPixel library, 154 LilyPad Protoboard Small, 179 assembling the transistor circuit, 182 preparing for transistor circuit, 180 LilyPad Simple Power board, 194, 210 LilyPad Temperature Sensor, 139 LilyPad TriColor LED, 148 LilyPad Vibe board, 172 LilyPad XBee, 200, 206 preparing to use for configuring XBee radios, 201 LilyTiny, 69 LilyTwinkle, 68 load, 2 loop() function, 98 252 IndexM Mac computers Bluetooth pairing on, 196 Bluetooth serial port, 199 magnetic modules, 3 maintained switches, 53 map() function, 119 mapping, 119 materials, 233 (see also conductive materials) acting as variable resistor, 141 glow-in-the-dark, 234 moldable, 237 reflective, 233 shape memory, 236 thermochromic, 236 materials research, 231 measuring tools, 218 meshes, conductive, 47 microcontrollers, 91–112 analog input, 108 circuit, 108 code, 109 sensor as a switch experiment, 110 analog input and output, sensitive system experiment, 111 analog output, 110 circuit, 110 code, 111 Aniomagic microcontroller modules, 71 Arduino hardware, 92 Arduino software, 95 buzzer with, 164 comparison chart, 245 digital input, 104 code, 106 digital input and output, button as controller experiment, 107 digital output, 101 circuit, 101 Morse Code messages experiment, 103 power, 103 Gettin’ Blinky experiment, 100 Hello World Arduino program, 98 LilyPad options for, 66 options, 241 parts, 91 working with the Flora, 96 microphones, 137 microSD card, preparing and connecting to LilyPad MP3 board, 168 microservos, 174 microswitches, 55 modularity in wearable electronics, 81 modules, 65 Aniomagic, 71 Flora e-textile toolkit, 70 in LilyPad toolkit, 66 moldable materials, 237 momentary switches, 53 tactile buttons, 54 Morse Code messages experiment, 103 motion, 172 shake, spin, or shimmy experiment, 187 using gearhead motors, 177 using servo motors, 174 using vibrating motors, 172 motors gearhead, 177 servo, 174 shake, spin, or shimmy experiment, 187 small motors suited for wearables, 172 vibrating, 172 using transistor board with, 186 movement, sensors for, 128 multiaxis tilt switches, 55 multimeters, 215 conductivity test, 9 continuity test, 9 measuring current, 11 measuring resistance, 10 measuring voltage, 10 tutorials on, 230 using, 8 multiplexing, 148 N needle threader, 216 needles, 216 for sewing with conductive thread, 25 New function, 97 normally closed (NC) momentary switches, 53 normally open (NO) momentary switches, 53 NPN transistors, 178 O ohm symbol (Ω), 4 ohms, 4 Ohm’s law, 4 online learning resources, 230 open function, 97 open switch, 52 operating systems Arduino software on, 95 FTDI drivers for, 95 optical programming, Aniomagic Sparkle Board, 71 organza, converting to conductive fabric, 47 output (sensors), 115 Index 253outputs, 104 P pads, 23 pancake motors, 172 panels, EL, 159 starter kits for, 162 parallel circuits, 7 LilyTiny LEDs in, 70 part numbers, xiv perf boards (see protoboards) petals (LilyPad), 66 phone cable, 37 photocells, 135 piezoelectric buzzers, 163, 165 pinch switches, 62 pinMode, setting in Arduino, 102, 106 pins analog output, 110 floating, 105 for fabric, 217 functions in LilyTiny, 69 functions on transistor module, 185 in Aniomagic Sparkle Board, 72 in LilyPad Arduino Simple, 94 outputs and inputs, 104 pitches, 167 placement of wearable electronic components, 79, 87 plating (conductive fabric), 42 pliers, flat-nosed, 214 Polar heart rate monitor, 132 polarity, 8 determining for LEDs, 8 poles, 52 power, 2 for Bluetooth radio, 194 for microcontroller digital output, 103 for servos, 174 power source, 2 printed circuit boards (PCBs), 239 programming Arduino, 98 for Aniomagic Sparkle Board, 73 projects, xiii protection for wearable electronic circuits, 81 protoboards, 37 advantages/disadvantages of protoboard circuits, 33 constructing a protoboard circuit, 22 LilyPad, 67 ProtoSnap LilyPad Development Board, 96 prototyping boards (see protoboards) proximity sensors, 133 pull-up or pull-down resistors, 105 pulse sensors, 131 pulse width modulation (PWM), 110 in RGB LEDs, 148 R radios Bluetooth, for use with Arduino, 194 XBees, 200 rapid prototyping techniques, 238 3D printing, 239 digital fabric printing, 238 lasercutting, 238 printed circuit boards, 239 reflective materials, 233 resetting Aniomagic Sparkle board, 75 resistance, 4 determining using Ohm’s law, 4 measuring with a multimeter, 10 of conductive materials, 48 of conductive thread, 39 resistor apps for smartphones, 6 resistors, 5 color bands displayed on, 5 force-sensing resistors (FSRs), 126 LEDs in parallel circuit with resistors, 7 pull-up or pull-down, 105 variable, 115 resources, 229 books on wearable electronics, 229 conductive materials, 229 general electronics supplies, 229 online learning resources, 230 sewing gear, 229 revealing electronics in wearables, 82 RGB LEDs, 148 ribbon cable, 36 RN-41 chip, 194 RN-42 chip, 194 rounded edges, LilyPad boards, 66 Roving Network’s RN-42 chip, 194 S safety glasses, 213 sandwich switches, 56 Save As function, 97 Save function, 97 scissors, 217 screwdrivers, 215 254 Indexsensitivity (sensors), 114 sensors, 113–143 body listening experiment, 142 color sensors, 136 communicating data wirelessly via Bluetooth to computer, 194 communicating with I2C, 116 DIY, 141 flex sensors, 124 Flora, 70 getting to know, 113 heart rate and other biometrics, 131 electroencephalography (EEG), 133 electromyography (EMG), 132 galvanic skin response (GSR), 132 in Aniomagic toolkit, 72 light sensors, 135 (see also light sensors) LilyPad parts, 67 movement, orientation, and location, 128 accelerometers, 129 GPS, 130 proximity sensors, 133 sending data via XBees to a computer, 206 sound sensors, 137 stretch sensors, 127 temperature sensors, 138 voltage divider circuit, 115 Wooo! Shirt experiment, 122 working with data from, 117 calibration, 120 constraints, 121 mapping, 119 smoothing, 122 thresholds, 117 sequencers in electroluminescent circuits, 162 programming EL sequencer, 162 Serial Monitor function, 97 serial monitor in Arduino light sensor readings on, 199 microcontroller analog input in, 109 using to display input to the microcontroller, 106 serial port, setting in Arduino, 99 Serial.begin() command, 106 Serial.println() command, 106 series circuits, 6 servo motors, 174 Arduino Servo library, 175 attachments, 174 microservos, 174 power, ground, and signal connections, 175 programming Arduino to control, 176 setup() function, 98 sew holes, 25, 66 sew tabs, 66 in LilyPad Arduino Simple, 94 sewable LilyPad modules, 66 sewing EL (electroluminescent) wire, 158 resources for, 229 tools for, 216 tutorials on, 230 sewing conductive fabric, 42 sewing with conductive thread, 27, 39 hand sewing, 40 nonconductive thread providing insulation, 80 using a sewing machine, 40 shape memory materials, 236 shape, size, and weight (sensors), 114 short circuits, 3 from conductive fabric, 42 preventing when using conductive thread, 40 reducing in wearable electronics, approaches to, 80 untrimmed conductive thread tails leading to, 29 side-glow fiber optics, 153 silver-plated nylon thread, 39 single pole double throw switches (see SPDT switches) single pole single throw switches (see SPST switches) sketches, 97 Blank Arduino sketch, 96 Blink, Arduino example, 98 code details, 102 Gettin’ Blinky experiment, 100 uploading, 100 LilyPad MP3 test sketch, 168 most basic sketch, Bare Minimum, 98 slide switches, 55 small snips, 215 Smart NeoPixels module (Flora), 70 smoothing, 122 social switches experiment, 63 soft circuitry creating a layout for, 87 using conductive fabric, 30 using conductive thread, 25 soldering tutorials on, 15, 230 wire circuit example, 14 soldering irons, 213 solid core wire, 36 Index 255sound, 163 buzzers, 163 playing audio files, 168 tones, 165 wearable instrument experiment, 171 sound sensors, 137 in Aniomagic, 72 source voltage (Vs), 4 SparkFun Electronics, 65 EL Sequencer, 162 SparkFun MP3 Shield, 168 Sparkle Board (Aniomagic), 71 Sparkle Kit (Aniomagic), 72 SPDT switches, 52 speaker cable, 36 speakers, 165 circuit connecting speaker to LilyPad Arduino Simple, 165 for audio file playback, 168 connecting to LilyPad MP3 board, 169 SPST switches, 52 stainless steel thread, 39 strain relief, 79 stranded wire, 36 stretch (conductive fabric), 42 stretch sensors, 127 strip.setPixelColor() command, 151 strip.show() command, 151 substrate (conductive fabric), 42 supplier codes in part numbers, xiv surface mount LEDs, 146 surface resistance (conductive fabric), 42 switches, 51–64 bridge, 61 contact, 58 in microcontroller digital input circuit, 105 latching buttons, 54 LilyPad parts, 67 making your own, 56 microswitches, 55 other DIY switches, 62 pinch, 62 poles and throws, 52 sandwich, 56 sensors acting as, 110 slide, 55 social switch experiment, 63 tactile buttons, 54 testing, 59 tilt, 55 toggle, 54 types of, 53 symbols in circuit diagrams, 2 T tactile buttons, 54 tape, EL, 159 temperature actuators providing heating or cooling effect, 188 climate-controlled wearable experiment, 191 fans, 188 heat, 190 temperature sensors, 138 LilyPad, 67 terminal program (CoolTerm), 200 testing switches, 59 user testing wearable electronics, 81 thermistors, 139 thermochromic materials, 236 thickness conductive fabric, 42 conductive thread, 39 thin LilyPad circuit boards, 66 third hands, 24 thread, 218 (see also conductive thread) three-axis accelerometers, 129 thresholds, 117 through-hole LEDs, 146 throws, 52 tilt switches, 55, 128 toggle switches, 54 tone() function, 166 tones, 165 circuits for, 165 code for, 166 tutorials and examples for, 167 toolkits, 65 tools, 213–219 transistors, 177 functionality in Heatit tool, 189 functions of pins on transistor module, 185 NPN Bipolar Transistor (PN2222) and TIP120 Power Darlington Transistor, 178 NPN transistors, pins and their functions, 178 protoboard transistor circuit, 179 using in fan actuator, 189 using in heating pad actuator, 190 trimming conductive thread tails, 29 tripods, 219 Troubleshooting page (Arduino website), 100 U ultrasonic sensors, 134 Upload function, 97 usability of wearable electronics, 81 256 IndexUSB Bluetooth dongle, 193 USB mini-B cable, 95 V variable resistors, 115 developing a material that acts as, 141 variables, 102 Verify function, 97 vibrating motors, 172 completely enclosed (pancake motors), 172 in LilyPad toolkit, 67 using transistor board with, 186 with exposed heads, 172 voltage, 4 changes in, simulation by analog output pins, 110 finding difference between source voltage and forward voltage, 4 measuring with a multimeter, 10 preventing blowback voltage, 179 voltage divider circuit, 115 voltage drop, 7 W wearable circuits experiment, 48 wearable electronics, xi, 77 collaborating with others to produce, 86 designing, 82 choosing a form, 82 choosing components, 86 choosing materials, 86 creating a layout, 86 eight-hour wearable experiment, 89 iterative design process, 88 making wearables, 84 factors to consider, 77 aesthetics, 82 comfort, 78 durability of circuits, 79 modularity, 81 protection, 81 usability, 81 future of, 212 why wear it, 77 wearables blogs, 231 weight (conductive fabric), 42 welted piping, EL wire, 158 Windows systems Bluetooth pairing on, 197 Bluetooth serial port, 199 wire advantages/disadvantages of wire circuits, 32 as conductive material, 35 constructing a wire circuit, 14 grouped, 36 solid core, 36 stranded, 36 types of, 36 wire strippers, 15, 214 wireless, 193–212 Bluetooth, 193 communicating with, 194 LilyPad XBee, 68 other wireless options, 212 XBees, 200 chat test experiment, 205 configuring, 200 sending Arduino sensor data to a computer, 206 using XBee Direct Mode, 210 X XBee Explorer, 202 XBees, 200 chat test experiment, 205 configuring, 200 XBee A, 202 XBee B, 204 other ways to use with Arduino, 209 using to send sensor data to a computer, 206 using XBee Direct Mode, 210 assembing the circuit, 210 configuring the XBees, 210 connecting, 211 troubleshooting, 211Symbols + (plus sign), positive side of a component, 8 - (minus sign), negative side of a component, 8 3D printing, 239 A AC (alternating current) converting DC to, 161 working with, 162 accelerometers, 129 analog and digital, 129 Flora, 70 LilyPad, 67 accuracy (sensors), 114 actuators, 145–191 in Aniomagic toolkit, 72 in LilyPad toolkit, 67 light, 145 addressable LEDs, 149 basic LEDs, 145 electroluminescent materials, 158 fiber optics, 153 incorporating into a wearable, 162 motion, 172 experiment, shake, spin, or shimmy, 187 servo motors, 177 vibrating motors, 172 sound, 163 buzzers, 163 playing audio files, 168 tones, 165 wearable instrument experiment, 171 temperature, 188 climate-controlled wearable experiment, 191 fans, 188 heat, 190 Adafruit Industries Arduino IDE and Flora NeoPixels, 150 Flora e-textile toolkit, 70 Getting Started with Flora guide, 96 LED Ampli-Tie project, 153 Adafruit Wave Shield, 168 Adafruit_NeoPixel() command, 151 aesthetics, considerations for wearable electronics, 82 alligator clips, 35 advantages/disadvantages of alligator clip circuits, 32 connecting to a sandwich switch, 58 constructing a circuit with, 13 analog input, 108 circuit for, 108 Index 247 Indexcode for reading, 109 sensor as a switch experiment, 110 analog input/output, sensitive system experiment, 111 analog output, 110 circuit for, 110 code, 111 analog versus digital inputs, 108 analogRead() command, 109 analogWrite() command, 111, 186 Aniomagic, 71 features distiguishing it from other e-textile toolkits, 71 Let’s Get Sparkly experiment, using Sparkle Kit, 72 anode, 8 Arduino, 241 (see also microcontrollers, options) Adafruit’s version of the IDE, 150 Bluetooth radios for use with, 194 boards, 92 compatible tools enabling palyback of audio files, 168 defined, 92 LilyPad Arduino 328, 241 Products and Specs Comparison pages, 92 programming for Bluetooth light sensor example, 198 programming LilyPad for Bluetooth wireless communications, 195 programming to control gearhead motor, 185 sensor data, sending via XBees to a computer, 206 Servo library, 175 software, 95 Blank sketch, 96 Gettin’ Blinky experiment, 100 guides to environment and syntax, 98 screen areas, 97 sketches, 97 Arduino Fio, 206, 245 connecting a light sensor, 207 preparing circuit with light sensor, 208 programming, 207 soldering FTDI headers, 206 Arduino Micro, 245 Arduino Uno, 93, 245 pins performing pulsewidth modulation, 110 AT commands, 202 entering in CoolTerm, 203 Audience Jacket Tutorial, 209 audio file playback, using to create wearables, 170 audio files, 168 B base pin, NPN transistors, 178 batteries, 221 as power source, 2 choosing a battery or battery pack for your project, 226 connecting to LilyPad Arduino Simple, 103 for XBees Direct Mode, 211 in series and parallel connections, 7 types of, 221 battery holders, 222 CR2032 battery holder, 27 in electroluminescent designs, 161 in LilyPad, 67 blowback voltage, 179 Bluetooth, 193 communicating sensor data to computer, 194 pairing on a Mac, 196 pairing on a Windows machine, 197 preparing Bluetooth circuit to pair, 196 preparing LilyPad Simple Power board, 194 sending light sensor data, 198 soldering headers to Bluetooth Mate, 195 radios for use with Arduino, 194 Bluetooth Mate Gold, 194 Bluetooth Mate Silver, 194 soldering headers to, 195 without headers, 195 board type, setting in Arduino, 99 breadboards, 37 advantages/disadvantages of breadboard circuits, 32 constructing a breadboard circuit, 18 bridge switches, 61 Buechley, Leah, 65 buses, 37 buttons button as controller experiment, 107 latching buttons (tactile on/off buttons), 54 LilyPad push button, 67 tactile buttons as momentary switches, 54 248 Indexbuzzers, 163 electromagnetic, 163 simple circuit, 164 in LilyPad toolkit, 67 piezoelectric, 165 with microcontroller, 164 C cable replacement technique, 212 calibration, 120 cameras, 219 cathode, 8 Charlieplexing, 148 chat test with XBees, 205 Chiclet Board (Aniomagic), 71 circuit boards Arduino, 92 uploading programs to, 99 choosing for wearable electronics, 86 LilyPad modules versus, 66 printed circuit boards (PCBs), 239 circuit diagrams, 2 basic circuit with battery and LED (example), 2 LED circuit with switch, 51 circuit symbol for basic switch, 51 circuits, 1–33 Arduino Fio with light sensor connected via alligator clips, 208 circuit design software, 101, 240 connecting speaker or piezoelectric buzzer to an Arduino, 165 constructing, 11 advantages and disadvantages of different types, 32 alligator clip circuit, 13 breadboard circuit, 18 conductive fabric circuit, 30 conductive thread circuit, 25 protoboard circuit, 22 wire circuit, 14 with hard or soft materials, 86 DC motor circuit layout, 178 electroluminescent, 162 essential concepts, 2 Flora NeoPixels, multiple NeoPixels, 151 for electromagnetic buzzers, 164 for microcontroller analog input, 108 for microcontroller analog output, 110 for microcontroller digital input, 105 for servos, 175 for XBee Direct Mode, 210 layout in wearable electronics, preventing shorts, 80 learning more about, 11 microcontroller digital output, 101 modularity, in wearable electronics, 81 protoboard transistor circuit, 179 resistors, 5 series and parallel, 6 using a multimeter, 8 conductivity test, 9 continuity test, 9 measuring current, 11 measuring resistance, 10 measuring voltage, 10 voltage divider, 115 wearable circuits experiment, 48 closed switch, 52 clothing, hacking for wearables, 83 coatings, providing spot insulation in wearable electronics, 80 collector pin, NPN transistors, 178 color conductive fabric, 42 conductive thread, 39 purple LilyPad modules, 66 thermochromic materials, 236 color charts for resistors, 6 color sensors, 136 Flora, 70 comfort of wearable electronics, 78 placement of components, 79 size, weight, and shape of components, 78 comments in Arduino, 98 compartment boxes, 216 conductive fabric, 40 advantages/disadvantages of conductive fabric circuits, 33 comparison of different types, 42 creating a circuit with, 30 intended uses, 44 properties of, 41 working with, 42 conductive fabric tape, 45 conductive felt, 44 conductive fiber, 44 conductive hook and loop, 46 conductive materials, 35–49 alligator clips, 35 breadboards, 37 choosing, 47 conductive fabric, 40 conductive thread, 38 other, 43 protoboards, 37 Index 249repurposing everyday stuff, 46 resources for, 229 wearable circuits experiment, 48 wire, 35 conductive paint, 46 conductive ribbon, 44 conductive thread, 38 advantages/disadvantages of conductive thread circuits, 33 Aniomagic basic circuit with, 73 comparison of types available in small quantities, 40 constructing a circuit with, 25 intended uses, 44 LilyTwinkle circuit made with, 69 multiple Flora NeoPixels sewn with, 151 nonconductive thread providing insulation for, 80 properties of, 39 using to construct conductive fabric circuit, 32 working with, 40 conductive yarn, 43 conductivity, testing, 9 conductors, 2 conferences and events, 231 connections diagram for LilyTwinkle, 69 Flora NeoPixels, 150 servo motors, 175 connector type (sensors), 113 connectors, 222 for electroluminescent materials, 161 in LilyPad, 67 in LilyPad Arduino Simple, 94 constraining sensors, 121 contact points for switches, 56 contact switches, 58 continuity, 8 checking, using a multimeter, 9 CoolTerm, 200 configuring XBee B, 204 putting XBee into Command Mode, 203 setting up to configure XBees, 202 typing AT commands, 203 crocodile clips (see alligator clips) current, 4 excessive, 4 measuring with a multimeter, 11 D datasheets, 4 finding for components, 5 DC (direct current), 162 converting to AC, 161 delays, setting in Arduino programs, 100 desoldering tools, 214 digital fabric printing, 238 digital versus analog inputs, 108 digitalRead() function, Arduino, 106 digitalWrite() function, Arduino, 102 diodes, 8, 178 adding to protoboard transistor circuit, 184 DIY sensors, 141 DIY switches, 56 DIY Wearable Technology documentation, 142 documentation tools, 219 durability of wearable electronics, 79 insulation, 80 modularity, 81 protection of circuits, 81 strain relief, 79 E e-textile (electronic textile), 65 e-textile toolkits, 65–76 Aniomagic, 71 Let’s Get Sparkly experiment, 72 constructing circuits with hard and soft materials, 86 Flora, 70 modules, 70 LilyPad, 65 Let’s Get Tiny experiment, 69 Let’s Get Twinkly experiment, 68 modules, 66 tutorials on, 231 electroencephalography (EEG), 133 electroluminescent materials, 158 aesthetics of, in wearables, 160 starter kits for working with, 162 tape and panels, 159 wire, 158 working with, system concepts, 161 electromagnetic buzzers, 163 3V, panelmount and with wires, 163 electromyography (EMG), 132 electronics supplies, 229 electronics tutorials, 231 250 Indexelse clause in if statements, 107 emitter pin, NPN transistors, 178 end-glow fiber optics, 153 Ethernet cable, 37 example sketches (Arduino), 97 experiments, xiii F fabric, 218 (see also conductive fabric) digital fabric printing, 238 fans, 188 using in climate-controlled wearable, 191 fiber optics, 153 handling fiber-optic fabric, 156 incorporation through weaving, examples, 154 LEDs as light sources, 153 manufactured fiber-optic fabrics, 155 flat-nosed pliers, 214 flex sensors, 124, 141 factors to consider when choosing, 124 positioning and protecting, 125 flexibility (conductive materials), 48 floating pins, 105 Flora, 70 modules, 70 sensors communicating with I2C, 116 working with, 96 Flora Color Sensor, 136 Flora Gemma, 244 Flora Lux Sensor, 136 Flora Main Board, 244 Flora RGB Smart NeoPixel, 149 multiple pixel example, 151 one NeoPixel example, 150 tutorial, 151 force-sensing resistors (FSRs), 126 forms of wearable electronics, 82 forward voltage (Vf), 4 Fritzing circuit design software, 101 FSRs (force-sensing resistors), 126 FTDI board (5V), 95 FTDI drivers for operating systems, 95 G galvanic skin response (GSR), 132 gearhead motors, 177 controlling, 185 examples of, in wearables, 186 gloves with conductive fingertips, modifying to make contact switches, 59 glow-in-the-dark materials, 234 GPS Flora GPS module, 71 in wearables, 130 ground, 2 grouped wire, 36 GSR (galvanic skin response), 132 GUI (graphical user interface), Aniomagic toolkit, 71 H hacking wearables, 82 hardware (Arduino), 92 heart monitors, 132 heart rate sensors, 131 heat gun, 215 heat shrink nonconductive tubing, 16 using to attach LED to fiberoptic bundle, 156 heat, actuator providing, 190 heating pads, 190 using in climate-controlled wearable, 191 Heatit, 189 “Hello World” programs, 98 helping hands, 24, 214 hiding electronics in wearables, 82 hoodies, hacking for wearables, 83 I I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit), 116 Flora Lux Sensor, 136 if statements (Arduino), 107 infrared (IR) sensors, 134 inputs, 104 Instructables, 80 insulation conductive materials, 48 conductive thread, 39 heat shrink, 16 in wearable electronics, 80 nonconductive thread providing in wearables, 80 insulators, 3 Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C), 116 Flora Lux Sensor, 136 inverters, 161 iron, 217 iron-on conductive fabric, 30, 42 ironing conductive fabric, 31 Index 251L lasercutting, 238 latching buttons, 54 layers and linings, providing insulation for conductive fabrics, 80 layout, creating for wearable circuits, 86 Learning Page (Arduino website), 98 learning, resources for, 229 LEDs, 8 addressable, 149 multiple pixel example, 151 one NeoPixel example, 150 use of Adafruit NeoPixels with LilyPad Pixel Board, 154 attaching to fiber-optic bundle, 156 basic, 145 controlling, 146 lighting in multiple colors, 148 packaging types, 146 blinking, beating, fading, or breathing with LilyTiny, 69 connecting a LilyPad LED to LilyPad Arduino Simple, 101 determining polarity, 8 fiber optic light source, 153 finding forward voltage and current required on datasheet, 4 in Flora Smart NeoPixels module, 70 in LilyPad toolkit, 67 in series and parallel circuits, 7 lighting with LilyTwinkle, 69 wearing, 149 with alligator clip connections, 14 light boards (Aniomagic), 72 light sensors, 135 connecting sensor to Arduino Fio, 207 Flora Lux Sensor, 70, 136 for analog input, 108 reading values, 109 LilyPad, 67 photocell, 135 sending data via Bluetooth to a computer, 198 working with data from, 117 light-emitting diodes, 8 (see also LEDs) LilyPad, 65 differences from traditional circuit boards, 66 Let’s Get Tiny experiment, 69 light sensor, 108 modules, 66 ProtoSnap LilyPad Development Board, 96 sewable microcontrollers, 241 LilyPad Arduino, 93 LilyPad Arduino 328, 241 LilyPad Arduino Simple, 93, 242 battery connections, 103 circuits connecting speaker or piezoelectric buzzer to, 165 connecting a LilyPad LED to, 101 controlling LEDs, 146 digital input circuits, 105 FTDI drivers, 95 LEDs connected in parallel, 102 pins performing pulsewidth modulation, 110 setting as Arduino board type, 99 with digital input and output, 107 with light sensor, 109 with LilyPad Vibe board, 173 with panelmount 3V electromagnetic buzzer, 164 LilyPad Arduino SimpleSnap, 242 LilyPad Arduino USB, 243 LilyPad Arduino with FTDI board, programming, 195 LilyPad Button board, 164 LilyPad Buzzer, 165 LilyPad MP3 board, 168 connecting components for audio file playback, 168 programming as MP3 player, 170 LilyPad Pixel Board, using Adafruit NeoPixel library, 154 LilyPad Protoboard Small, 179 assembling the transistor circuit, 182 preparing for transistor circuit, 180 LilyPad Simple Power board, 194, 210 LilyPad Temperature Sensor, 139 LilyPad TriColor LED, 148 LilyPad Vibe board, 172 LilyPad XBee, 200, 206 preparing to use for configuring XBee radios, 201 LilyTiny, 69 LilyTwinkle, 68 load, 2 loop() function, 98 252 IndexM Mac computers Bluetooth pairing on, 196 Bluetooth serial port, 199 magnetic modules, 3 maintained switches, 53 map() function, 119 mapping, 119 materials, 233 (see also conductive materials) acting as variable resistor, 141 glow-in-the-dark, 234 moldable, 237 reflective, 233 shape memory, 236 thermochromic, 236 materials research, 231 measuring tools, 218 meshes, conductive, 47 microcontrollers, 91–112 analog input, 108 circuit, 108 code, 109 sensor as a switch experiment, 110 analog input and output, sensitive system experiment, 111 analog output, 110 circuit, 110 code, 111 Aniomagic microcontroller modules, 71 Arduino hardware, 92 Arduino software, 95 buzzer with, 164 comparison chart, 245 digital input, 104 code, 106 digital input and output, button as controller experiment, 107 digital output, 101 circuit, 101 Morse Code messages experiment, 103 power, 103 Gettin’ Blinky experiment, 100 Hello World Arduino program, 98 LilyPad options for, 66 options, 241 parts, 91 working with the Flora, 96 microphones, 137 microSD card, preparing and connecting to LilyPad MP3 board, 168 microservos, 174 microswitches, 55 modularity in wearable electronics, 81 modules, 65 Aniomagic, 71 Flora e-textile toolkit, 70 in LilyPad toolkit, 66 moldable materials, 237 momentary switches, 53 tactile buttons, 54 Morse Code messages experiment, 103 motion, 172 shake, spin, or shimmy experiment, 187 using gearhead motors, 177 using servo motors, 174 using vibrating motors, 172 motors gearhead, 177 servo, 174 shake, spin, or shimmy experiment, 187 small motors suited for wearables, 172 vibrating, 172 using transistor board with, 186 movement, sensors for, 128 multiaxis tilt switches, 55 multimeters, 215 conductivity test, 9 continuity test, 9 measuring current, 11 measuring resistance, 10 measuring voltage, 10 tutorials on, 230 using, 8 multiplexing, 148 N needle threader, 216 needles, 216 for sewing with conductive thread, 25 New function, 97 normally closed (NC) momentary switches, 53 normally open (NO) momentary switches, 53 NPN transistors, 178 O ohm symbol (Ω), 4 ohms, 4 Ohm’s law, 4 online learning resources, 230 open function, 97 open switch, 52 operating systems Arduino software on, 95 FTDI drivers for, 95 optical programming, Aniomagic Sparkle Board, 71 organza, converting to conductive fabric, 47 output (sensors), 115 Index 253outputs, 104 P pads, 23 pancake motors, 172 panels, EL, 159 starter kits for, 162 parallel circuits, 7 LilyTiny LEDs in, 70 part numbers, xiv perf boards (see protoboards) petals (LilyPad), 66 phone cable, 37 photocells, 135 piezoelectric buzzers, 163, 165 pinch switches, 62 pinMode, setting in Arduino, 102, 106 pins analog output, 110 floating, 105 for fabric, 217 functions in LilyTiny, 69 functions on transistor module, 185 in Aniomagic Sparkle Board, 72 in LilyPad Arduino Simple, 94 outputs and inputs, 104 pitches, 167 placement of wearable electronic components, 79, 87 plating (conductive fabric), 42 pliers, flat-nosed, 214 Polar heart rate monitor, 132 polarity, 8 determining for LEDs, 8 poles, 52 power, 2 for Bluetooth radio, 194 for microcontroller digital output, 103 for servos, 174 power source, 2 printed circuit boards (PCBs), 239 programming Arduino, 98 for Aniomagic Sparkle Board, 73 projects, xiii protection for wearable electronic circuits, 81 protoboards, 37 advantages/disadvantages of protoboard circuits, 33 constructing a protoboard circuit, 22 LilyPad, 67 ProtoSnap LilyPad Development Board, 96 prototyping boards (see protoboards) proximity sensors, 133 pull-up or pull-down resistors, 105 pulse sensors, 131 pulse width modulation (PWM), 110 in RGB LEDs, 148 R radios Bluetooth, for use with Arduino, 194 XBees, 200 rapid prototyping techniques, 238 3D printing, 239 digital fabric printing, 238 lasercutting, 238 printed circuit boards, 239 reflective materials, 233 resetting Aniomagic Sparkle board, 75 resistance, 4 determining using Ohm’s law, 4 measuring with a multimeter, 10 of conductive materials, 48 of conductive thread, 39 resistor apps for smartphones, 6 resistors, 5 color bands displayed on, 5 force-sensing resistors (FSRs), 126 LEDs in parallel circuit with resistors, 7 pull-up or pull-down, 105 variable, 115 resources, 229 books on wearable electronics, 229 conductive materials, 229 general electronics supplies, 229 online learning resources, 230 sewing gear, 229 revealing electronics in wearables, 82 RGB LEDs, 148 ribbon cable, 36 RN-41 chip, 194 RN-42 chip, 194 rounded edges, LilyPad boards, 66 Roving Network’s RN-42 chip, 194 S safety glasses, 213 sandwich switches, 56 Save As function, 97 Save function, 97 scissors, 217 screwdrivers, 215 254 Indexsensitivity (sensors), 114 sensors, 113–143 body listening experiment, 142 color sensors, 136 communicating data wirelessly via Bluetooth to computer, 194 communicating with I2C, 116 DIY, 141 flex sensors, 124 Flora, 70 getting to know, 113 heart rate and other biometrics, 131 electroencephalography (EEG), 133 electromyography (EMG), 132 galvanic skin response (GSR), 132 in Aniomagic toolkit, 72 light sensors, 135 (see also light sensors) LilyPad parts, 67 movement, orientation, and location, 128 accelerometers, 129 GPS, 130 proximity sensors, 133 sending data via XBees to a computer, 206 sound sensors, 137 stretch sensors, 127 temperature sensors, 138 voltage divider circuit, 115 Wooo! Shirt experiment, 122 working with data from, 117 calibration, 120 constraints, 121 mapping, 119 smoothing, 122 thresholds, 117 sequencers in electroluminescent circuits, 162 programming EL sequencer, 162 Serial Monitor function, 97 serial monitor in Arduino light sensor readings on, 199 microcontroller analog input in, 109 using to display input to the microcontroller, 106 serial port, setting in Arduino, 99 Serial.begin() command, 106 Serial.println() command, 106 series circuits, 6 servo motors, 174 Arduino Servo library, 175 attachments, 174 microservos, 174 power, ground, and signal connections, 175 programming Arduino to control, 176 setup() function, 98 sew holes, 25, 66 sew tabs, 66 in LilyPad Arduino Simple, 94 sewable LilyPad modules, 66 sewing EL (electroluminescent) wire, 158 resources for, 229 tools for, 216 tutorials on, 230 sewing conductive fabric, 42 sewing with conductive thread, 27, 39 hand sewing, 40 nonconductive thread providing insulation, 80 using a sewing machine, 40 shape memory materials, 236 shape, size, and weight (sensors), 114 short circuits, 3 from conductive fabric, 42 preventing when using conductive thread, 40 reducing in wearable electronics, approaches to, 80 untrimmed conductive thread tails leading to, 29 side-glow fiber optics, 153 silver-plated nylon thread, 39 single pole double throw switches (see SPDT switches) single pole single throw switches (see SPST switches) sketches, 97 Blank Arduino sketch, 96 Blink, Arduino example, 98 code details, 102 Gettin’ Blinky experiment, 100 uploading, 100 LilyPad MP3 test sketch, 168 most basic sketch, Bare Minimum, 98 slide switches, 55 small snips, 215 Smart NeoPixels module (Flora), 70 smoothing, 122 social switches experiment, 63 soft circuitry creating a layout for, 87 using conductive fabric, 30 using conductive thread, 25 soldering tutorials on, 15, 230 wire circuit example, 14 soldering irons, 213 solid core wire, 36 Index 255sound, 163 buzzers, 163 playing audio files, 168 tones, 165 wearable instrument experiment, 171 sound sensors, 137 in Aniomagic, 72 source voltage (Vs), 4 SparkFun Electronics, 65 EL Sequencer, 162 SparkFun MP3 Shield, 168 Sparkle Board (Aniomagic), 71 Sparkle Kit (Aniomagic), 72 SPDT switches, 52 speaker cable, 36 speakers, 165 circuit connecting speaker to LilyPad Arduino Simple, 165 for audio file playback, 168 connecting to LilyPad MP3 board, 169 SPST switches, 52 stainless steel thread, 39 strain relief, 79 stranded wire, 36 stretch (conductive fabric), 42 stretch sensors, 127 strip.setPixelColor() command, 151 strip.show() command, 151 substrate (conductive fabric), 42 supplier codes in part numbers, xiv surface mount LEDs, 146 surface resistance (conductive fabric), 42 switches, 51–64 bridge, 61 contact, 58 in microcontroller digital input circuit, 105 latching buttons, 54 LilyPad parts, 67 making your own, 56 microswitches, 55 other DIY switches, 62 pinch, 62 poles and throws, 52 sandwich, 56 sensors acting as, 110 slide, 55 social switch experiment, 63 tactile buttons, 54 testing, 59 tilt, 55 toggle, 54 types of, 53 symbols in circuit diagrams, 2 T tactile buttons, 54 tape, EL, 159 temperature actuators providing heating or cooling effect, 188 climate-controlled wearable experiment, 191 fans, 188 heat, 190 temperature sensors, 138 LilyPad, 67 terminal program (CoolTerm), 200 testing switches, 59 user testing wearable electronics, 81 thermistors, 139 thermochromic materials, 236 thickness conductive fabric, 42 conductive thread, 39 thin LilyPad circuit boards, 66 third hands, 24 thread, 218 (see also conductive thread) three-axis accelerometers, 129 thresholds, 117 through-hole LEDs, 146 throws, 52 tilt switches, 55, 128 toggle switches, 54 tone() function, 166 tones, 165 circuits for, 165 code for, 166 tutorials and examples for, 167 toolkits, 65 tools, 213–219 transistors, 177 functionality in Heatit tool, 189 functions of pins on transistor module, 185 NPN Bipolar Transistor (PN2222) and TIP120 Power Darlington Transistor, 178 NPN transistors, pins and their functions, 178 protoboard transistor circuit, 179 using in fan actuator, 189 using in heating pad actuator, 190 trimming conductive thread tails, 29 tripods, 219 Troubleshooting page (Arduino website), 100 U ultrasonic sensors, 134 Upload function, 97 usability of wearable electronics, 81 256 IndexUSB Bluetooth dongle, 193 USB mini-B cable, 95 V variable resistors, 115 developing a material that acts as, 141 variables, 102 Verify function, 97 vibrating motors, 172 completely enclosed (pancake motors), 172 in LilyPad toolkit, 67 using transistor board with, 186 with exposed heads, 172 voltage, 4 changes in, simulation by analog output pins, 110 finding difference between source voltage and forward voltage, 4 measuring with a multimeter, 10 preventing blowback voltage, 179 voltage divider circuit, 115 voltage drop, 7 W wearable circuits experiment, 48 wearable electronics, xi, 77 collaborating with others to produce, 86 designing, 82 choosing a form, 82 choosing components, 86 choosing materials, 86 creating a layout, 86 eight-hour wearable experiment, 89 iterative design process, 88 making wearables, 84 factors to consider, 77 aesthetics, 82 comfort, 78 durability of circuits, 79 modularity, 81 protection, 81 usability, 81 future of, 212 why wear it, 77 wearables blogs, 231 weight (conductive fabric), 42 welted piping, EL wire, 158 Windows systems Bluetooth pairing on, 197 Bluetooth serial port, 199 wire advantages/disadvantages of wire circuits, 32 as conductive material, 35 constructing a wire circuit, 14 grouped, 36 solid core, 36 stranded, 36 types of, 36 wire strippers, 15, 214 wireless, 193–212 Bluetooth, 193 communicating with, 194 LilyPad XBee, 68 other wireless options, 212 XBees, 200 chat test experiment, 205 configuring, 200 sending Arduino sensor data to a computer, 206 using XBee Direct Mode, 210 X XBee Explorer, 202 XBees, 200 chat test experiment, 205 configuring, 200 XBee A, 202 XBee B, 204 other ways to use with Arduino, 209 using to send sensor data to a computer, 206 using XBee Direct Mode, 210 assembing the circuit, 210 configuring the XBees, 210 connecting, 211 troubleshooting, 211
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