كتاب Welding of Aluminum and Its Alloys

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Welding of Aluminum and Its Alloys
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1 Introduction to the welding of aluminium 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Characteristics of aluminium 4
1.3 Product forms 6
1.4 Welding: a few definitions 6
2 Welding metallurgy 10
2.1 Introduction 10
2.2 Strengthening mechanisms 10
2.3 Aluminium weldability problems 18
2.4 Strength loss due to welding 31
3 Material standards, designations and alloys 35
3.1 Designation criteria 35
3.2 Alloying elements 35
3.3 CEN designation system 36
3.4 Specific alloy metallurgy 40
3.5 Filler metal selection 46
4 Preparation for welding 51
4.1 Introduction 51
4.2 Storage and handling 51
4.3 Plasma-arc cutting 52
4.4 Laser beam cutting 58
4.5 Water jet cutting 63
4.6 Mechanical cutting 64
4.7 Cleaning and degreasing
5 Welding design 69
5.1 Introduction 69
5.2 Access for welding 70
5.3 Welding speed 71
5.4 Welding position 72
5.5 Edge preparation and joint design 72
5.6 Distortion 84
5.7 Rectification of distortion 88
5.8 Fatigue strength of welded joints 89
6 TIG welding 97
6.1 Introduction 97
6.2 Process principles 97
6.3 Mechanised/automatic welding 114
6.4 TIG spot and plug welding 115
7 MIG welding 116
7.1 Introduction 116
7.2 Process principles 116
7.3 Welding consumables 130
7.4 Welding procedures and techniques 135
7.5 Mechanised and robotic welding 141
7.6 Mechanised electro-gas welding 143
7.7 MIG spot welding 144
8 Other welding processes 147
8.1 Introduction 147
8.2 Plasma-arc welding 147
8.3 Laser welding 150
8.4 Electron beam welding 155
8.5 Friction welding 160
9 Resistance welding processes 166
9.1 Introduction 166
9.2 Power sources 167
9.3 Surface condition and preparation 169
9.4 Spot welding 171
9.5 Seam welding 175
9.6 Flash butt welding 176
10 Welding procedure and welder approval 181
10.1 Introduction 181
10.2 Welding procedures 181
10.3 Welder approval 191
11 Weld defects and quality control 199
11.1 Introduction 199
11.2 Defects in arc welding 199
11.3 Non-destructive testing methods 205
Appendix A British and ISO standards related to
welding and aluminium 216
Appendix B Physical, mechanical and chemical
properties at 20°C 226
Appendix C Principal alloy designations: cast products 227
Appendix D Alloy designations: wrought products 228
Bibliography 230
Index 235
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