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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب AutoCAD For Dummies 19ed 2022 Ralph Grabowski
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Table of Contents Cover Title Page Copyright Introduction About This Book Foolish Assumptions Conventions Used in This Book Icons Used in This Book Beyond the Book Where to Go from Here Part 1: Getting Started with AutoCAD Chapter 1: Introducing AutoCAD and AutoCAD LT Launching AutoCAD Drawing in AutoCAD Understanding Pixels and Vectors The Cartesian Coordinate System Chapter 2: The Grand Tour of AutoCAD Looking at AutoCAD’s Drawing Screen Getting with the Program Fun with F1Chapter 3: A Lap around the CAD Track A Simple Setup Drawing a (Base) Plate Taking a Closer Look with Zoom and Pan Modifying to Make It Merrier Following the Plot Chapter 4: Setup for Success A Setup Roadmap A Template for Success Making the Most of Model Space Making Templates Your Own Chapter 5: A Zoom with a View Panning and Zooming with Glass and Hand Zoom, Zoom, Zoom A View by Any Other Name Degenerating and Regenerating Part 2: Let There Be Lines Chapter 6: Along the Straight and Narrow Drawing for Success Introducing the Straight-Line Drawing Commands Drawing Lines and Polylines Squaring Off with Rectangles Choosing Sides with POLygon Chapter 7: Dangerous Curves Ahead Throwing Curves Going Full Circle Arc-y-ology Solar Ellipses Splines: Sketchy, Sinuous Curves Donuts: Circles with a Difference Revision Clouds on the Horizon Scoring PointsChapter 8: Preciseliness Is Next to CADliness Controlling Precision Understanding the AutoCAD Coordinate Systems Grabbing an Object and Making It Snappy Other Practical Precision Procedures Chapter 9: Manage Your Properties Using Properties with Objects Working with Layers Using Named Objects Using AutoCAD DesignCenter Chapter 10: Grabbing Onto Object Selection Commanding and Selecting Selecting Objects Perfecting Selecting AutoCAD Groupies Object Selection: Now You See It … Chapter 11: Edit for Credit Assembling Your AutoCAD Toolkit The Big Three: Move, COpy, and Stretch More Manipulations Slicing, Dicing, and Splicing Getting a Grip When Editing Goes Bad Dare to Compare Chapter 12: Planning for Paper Setting Up a Layout in Paper Space Any Old Viewport in a Layout Practice Makes Perfect Clever Paper Space Tricks Part 3: If Drawings Could Talk Chapter 13: Text with CharacterGetting Ready to Write Creating Simply Stylish Text Taking Your Text to New Heights Entering Text Using the Same Old Line Saying More in Multiline Text Turning On Annotative Objects Gather Round the Tables Take Me to Your Leader Chapter 14: Entering New Dimensions Adding Dimensions to a Drawing Dimensioning the Legacy Way A Field Guide to Dimensions The Latest Styles in Dimensioning Scaling Dimensions for Output Editing Dimensions And the Correct Layer Is … Chapter 15: Down the Hatch! Creating Hatches Hatching Its Own Layer Using the Hatches Tab Scaling Hatches Pushing the Boundaries of Hatch Editing Hatch Objects Chapter 16: The Plot Thickens You Say “Printing,” I Say “Plotting” The Plot Quickens Plotting the Layout of the Land Plotting Lineweights and Colors It’s a (Page) Setup! Continuing the Plot Dialog The Plot SickensPart 4: Advancing with AutoCAD Chapter 17: The ABCs of Blocks Rocking with Blocks Creating Block Definitions Inserting Blocks Attributes: Fill-in-the-Blank Blocks Exploding Blocks Purging Unused Block Definitions Chapter 18: Everything from Arrays to Xrefs Arraying Associatively Going External Blocks, Xrefs, and Drawing Organization Mastering the Raster You Say PDF; I Say DWF Theme and Variations: Dynamic Blocks Chapter 19: Call the Parametrics! Maintaining Design Intent Understanding Geometric Constraints Understanding Dimensional Constraints Lunchtime! Chapter 20: Drawing on the Internet The Internet and AutoCAD: An Overview The Drawing Protection Racket Outgoing! AutoCAD Web and Mobile Part 5: On a 3D Spree Chapter 21: It’s a 3D World After All The 3.5 Kinds of 3D Digital Models Tools of the 3D Trade Modeling from Above Changing Work PlanesVisualizing 3D Objects On a Render Bender Chapter 22: From Drawings to Models Is 3D for Me? Getting Your 3D Bearings From Drawing to Modeling in 3D Adding the Third Dimension to 2D Objects Modifying 3D Objects Chapter 23: It’s Showtime! Get the 2D Out of Here! Visualizing the Digital World Adding Lights Creating and Applying Materials Defining a Background Rendering a 3D Model Chapter 24: AutoCAD Plays Well with Others Get Out of Here! Open Up and Let Me In! Translation, Please! The Importance of Being DWG Part 6: The Part of Tens Chapter 25: Ten AutoCAD Resources Autodesk Discussion Groups Autodesk’s Own Blogs Autodesk University Autodesk Channel on YouTube World Wide (CAD) Web Your Local Authorized Training Center Your Local User Group Autodesk User Groups International Books Autodesk Feedback CommunityChapter 26: Ten System Variables to Make Your AutoCAD Life Easier APERTURE DIMASSOC MENUBAR MIRRTEXT OSNAPZ PICKBOX REMEMBERFOLDERS ROLLOVERTIPS and TOOLTIPS TASKBAR VISRETAIN And the Bonus Round Chapter 27: Ten AutoCAD Secrets Sheet Sets Custom Tool Palettes Ribbon Customization Toolsets Programming Languages Vertical Versions Language Packs Multiple Projects or Clients Data Extraction and Linking Untying the Ribbon and Drawings Index About the Author Connect with Dummies End User License Agreement List of TablesChapter 4 TABLE 4-1 Common Architectural Drawing Scales Chapter 8 TABLE 8-1 Precision Tools and Techniques TABLE 8-2 Object Snap Modes Chapter 9 TABLE 9-1 Useful Object Properties Chapter 10 TABLE 10-1 Useful Command-First Selection Options Chapter 11 TABLE 11-1 AutoCAD’s Modify (Editing) Commands Chapter 19 TABLE 19-1 Geometric Constraints TABLE 19-2 Dimensional Constraints Chapter 20 TABLE 20-1 Types of Files That DWG Files Commonly Reference Chapter 24 TABLE 24-1 AutoCAD Versions and DWG File Formats List of Illustrations Chapter 1 FIGURE 1-1: Your AutoCAD, ready to draw! FIGURE 1-2: My AutoCAD, ready to draw! FIGURE 1-3: Your first AutoCAD drawing. FIGURE 1-4: Pixels. Chapter 2 FIGURE 2-1: AutoCAD's Start screen. FIGURE 2-2: AutoCAD’s initial drawing window. FIGURE 2-3: The AutoCAD screen with several windowed drawings in view.FIGURE 2-4: When you can’t find it on the Ribbon or in the tool buttons, just s... FIGURE 2-5: More tools than you can wave a Ribbon at. FIGURE 2-6: Status (bars) check. FIGURE 2-7: Choosing command options from the Dynamic Input menu. FIGURE 2-8: Obey the command line; that is an order. FIGURE 2-9: My, how you’ve grown: Pressing F2 (on the left side) or Ctrl+F2 (ri... FIGURE 2-10: Help is at your F1 fingertip. Chapter 3 FIGURE 3-1: How base is my plate. FIGURE 3-2: Starting a new drawing from a template. FIGURE 3-3: Snap and Grid settings. FIGURE 3-4: Creating a new layer. FIGURE 3-5: Select Cyan from the standard color tiles. FIGURE 3-6: Give the column some thickness with OFFSET. FIGURE 3-7: Button-downed base plate. FIGURE 3-8: Specifying a crossing selection box for the Stretch command. FIGURE 3-9: Stretching the base plate. FIGURE 3-10: The Plot dialog box, with the More Options area visible. Chapter 4 FIGURE 4-1: The Drawing Units dialog box. FIGURE 4-2: A toolbox of templates. FIGURE 4-3: Set your units here. FIGURE 4-4: Get your drafting settings here! FIGURE 4-5: And this little center line looks juuuust right! FIGURE 4-6: Surveying your drawing’s properties. FIGURE 4-7: Saving a drawing as a template and applying options. FIGURE 4-8: Seek and you shall find your template folder. Chapter 5 FIGURE 5-1: Belly up to the Navigation bar. FIGURE 5-2: A menu for magnifying. FIGURE 5-3: Save a view in the drawing.Chapter 6 FIGURE 6-1: Results of drawing with the Line and PLine commands. FIGURE 6-2: The optional extras. FIGURE 6-3: A plethora of polylines. FIGURE 6-4: A party of polygonal parts. Chapter 7 FIGURE 7-1: Pi R squared: Circles R round; pizzas are flat and round. FIGURE 7-2: A deluge of Arc options, and the results of using some of them. FIGURE 7-3: To make an omelet, sometimes you have to break a few ellipses. FIGURE 7-4: A slew of splines. FIGURE 7-5: Donuts, plain and jelly-filled. FIGURE 7-6: Today’s forecast: Revision cloudy. FIGURE 7-7: You use the Point Style dialog box to control how point objects app... Chapter 8 FIGURE 8-1: Coordinating from the keyboard. FIGURE 8-2: The Object Snap right-click menu. FIGURE 8-3: A snappy line. FIGURE 8-4: Grabbing multiple object features is an osnap. FIGURE 8-5: Using Object Snap Tracking to find the exact middle of a rectangle. Chapter 9 FIGURE 9-1: Use layer properties to control object properties. FIGURE 9-2: ByLayer (nearly) all the way. FIGURE 9-3: Comprehensive or quick? Sometimes you need lots of information, and... FIGURE 9-4: Setting an existing layer as the current layer. FIGURE 9-5: Change my line thickness, but color me black. FIGURE 9-6: Adding a new layer in the Layer Properties Manager palette. FIGURE 9-7: The Select Color dialog box. FIGURE 9-8: The Select Linetype dialog box. FIGURE 9-9: The Lineweight dialog box.FIGURE 9-10: Type, and the command line shall find. FIGURE 9-11: Tooling through the layer tools. FIGURE 9-12: The AutoCAD DesignCenter palette. Chapter 10 FIGURE 10-1: Setting selection options in the Options dialog box. FIGURE 10-2: A window selection box, drawn from left to right, selects the only... FIGURE 10-3: A crossing selection box, drawn from right to left, selects 11 obj... FIGURE 10-4: Lassoing objects by using WPolygon selects the concentric circles ... FIGURE 10-5: Making selected objects disappear, but only temporarily! Chapter 11 FIGURE 11-1: Dragging objects in the middle of the Move command. FIGURE 11-2: Use a crossing selection box to select objects for stretching. FIGURE 11-3: The hazards of stretching with Ortho mode and Polar Tracking mode ... FIGURE 11-4: Dragging objects in the middle of the Stretch command. FIGURE 11-5: Offsetting a polyline. FIGURE 11-6: Anatomy of the TRim and EXtend operations. FIGURE 11-7: Cleaning up corners with Fillet and CHAmfer. FIGURE 11-8: Blending smoothly (or tangentially). FIGURE 11-9: Joining sundered pieces. FIGURE 11-10: Using grips to connect two objects. FIGURE 11-11: Stretching multiple objects with multiple hot grips. FIGURE 11-12: What’s the difference? Chapter 12 FIGURE 12-1: All spaced out. FIGURE 12-2: View those layouts, and make it quick! FIGURE 12-3: Show me the viewport! Chapter 13 FIGURE 13-1: Text — with style. FIGURE 13-2: Adding immortal multiline text.FIGURE 13-3: Right-click your way to textual excellence. FIGURE 13-4: Tabs, indents, and automatic numbering are set to create numbered ... FIGURE 13-5: Dynamically columnizing the text. FIGURE 13-6: Annotative objects resize automatically as the annotation scale ch... FIGURE 13-7: Setting the table. FIGURE 13-8: The Insert Table dialog box and one result of using it. FIGURE 13-9: No loss for (multi)leaders. Chapter 14 FIGURE 14-1: Examples of dimensioning commands. FIGURE 14-2: The parts of a dimension. FIGURE 14-3: Changing objects automatically updates dimensions. FIGURE 14-4: Yet another manager, this one for dimension styles. FIGURE 14-5: A drawing with a detail at another scale. Chapter 15 FIGURE 15-1: A big batch o’ hatch. FIGURE 15-2: The Hatch Creation contextual tab on the Ribbon. FIGURE 15-3: Hatch options for every occasion. FIGURE 15-4: Poorly laid red bricks (top); properly laid red bricks (bottom). FIGURE 15-5: Hatches annotative (and not). FIGURE 15-6: The Hatch tab in the expanded Hatch and Gradient dialog box. FIGURE 15-7: A veritable plethora of hatch patterns. Chapter 16 FIGURE 16-1: The Plot dialog box. FIGURE 16-2: The expanded Plot dialog box. FIGURE 16-3: A preview of coming plot-tractions. FIGURE 16-4: System and non-system printer configurations. FIGURE 16-5: Lots of ways to scale. FIGURE 16-6: Settings for plotting a paper space layout. FIGURE 16-7: Editing a color-dependent plot style table. FIGURE 16-8: Selecting a plot style table that maps screen colors to plotted li...FIGURE 16-9: The Page Setup Manager dialog box. Chapter 17 FIGURE 17-1: The Block Definition dialog box. FIGURE 17-2: Building a block. FIGURE 17-3: The Insert dialog box, with previous releases on the left and Auto... FIGURE 17-4: The Attribute Definition dialog box. FIGURE 17-5: The Edit Attributes dialog box. FIGURE 17-6: The Enhanced Attribute Editor dialog box. FIGURE 17-7: Purging the drawing of unneeded named objects. Chapter 18 FIGURE 18-1: You’re ready to dynamically define your associative array. FIGURE 18-2: Down the garden path, using a path array. FIGURE 18-3: Going down a different path: The results of editing an associative... FIGURE 18-4: Use the Attach External Reference dialog box to attach an xref. FIGURE 18-5: Follow the path less traveled when you attach an xref. FIGURE 18-6: The Attach Image dialog box. FIGURE 18-7: The Attach PDF Underlay dialog box. FIGURE 18-8: Three blocks to make three seats. FIGURE 18-9: Three seats in Block Editor. FIGURE 18-10: A passel of parameters ready for action. FIGURE 18-11: Variations on dynamic blocks (original on the right, and a handy ... Chapter 19 FIGURE 19-1: Parametric tabs in AutoCAD (top) and AutoCAD LT (bottom). FIGURE 19-2: Random shapes in need of constraining. FIGURE 19-3: Locking down an object in drawing space. FIGURE 19-4: Constraining to orthogonal. FIGURE 19-5: Adding construction geometry. FIGURE 19-6: Full-on geometric constraints.FIGURE 19-7: Auto-constrainable geometric relations in the Constraint Settings ... FIGURE 19-8: Simple geometry, badly in need of constraining. FIGURE 19-9: Placing a dimensional constraint. FIGURE 19-10: Format the appearance of dimensional constraints in the Constrain... FIGURE 19-11: The Parameters Manager palette. FIGURE 19-12: Editing constraints in Parameters Manager. FIGURE 19-13: All locked down — dimensionally, at least. FIGURE 19-14: Filter parameters to keep them organized. FIGURE 19-15: Turning dynamic constraints into annotational ones. FIGURE 19-16: This part needs a few revisions. FIGURE 19-17: Thirty seconds later … Chapter 20 FIGURE 20-1: Using eTransmit to share drawings. FIGURE 20-2: Reference Manager. Chapter 21 FIGURE 21-1: Subobjects of a 3D object. FIGURE 21-2: Ascending the Z-axis. FIGURE 21-3: Dynamically create a UCS on a 3D solid. FIGURE 21-4: Naming a custom UCS. FIGURE 21-5: The 3D ViewCube. FIGURE 21-6: ViewCube, the multifunctional viewing device. FIGURE 21-7: Some new styles to try on. FIGURE 21-8: A manager for your visual styles. Chapter 22 FIGURE 22-1: 3D viewing from every which way. FIGURE 22-2: Setting up a 3D work environment in the Viewports dialog box. FIGURE 22-3: It’s 2D and 3D all at the same time. FIGURE 22-4: Changing settings in the right-click menu in the ViewCube. FIGURE 22-5: The preset views drop-down menu. FIGURE 22-6: Entering 3D coordinates to draw a 3D polyline.FIGURE 22-7: Everything you need for a solid foundation. FIGURE 22-8: Converting 2D to 3D by extrusion is as easy as 1-2-3. FIGURE 22-9: Using cross sections to create a lofted object. FIGURE 22-10: Sweeping a closed object along a path. FIGURE 22-11: Revolving a closed object around an axis. FIGURE 22-12: Using gizmos to modify objects in 3D. FIGURE 22-13: Grip-editing a pyramid. FIGURE 22-14: Solid primitives on the left, and the result of using the UNIon, ... FIGURE 22-15: Before and after filleting and chamfering a 3D solid. FIGURE 22-16: Carving up a solid model with the SLice command. Chapter 23 FIGURE 23-1: A drawing, in less than five minutes! FIGURE 23-2: The Drawing View Creation context tab of the Ribbon. FIGURE 23-3: The Drawing View Editor context tab on the Ribbon. FIGURE 23-4: Average creation time: 9.4 seconds per view. FIGURE 23-5: When anything changes, everything changes. FIGURE 23-6: Rendering compared with the Conceptual visual style. FIGURE 23-7: AutoCAD to lights; extra brightness is a go. FIGURE 23-8: Lighting primitives with the four types of user-defined lights. FIGURE 23-9: Ah, yes, you’re on the lights list. FIGURE 23-10: The Sun Properties palette gives you the power to control day and... FIGURE 23-11: Adding color and texture to a 3D model with the Materials Browser... FIGURE 23-12: Painting the canvas of the drawing window. FIGURE 23-13: Here comes the sun! FIGURE 23-14: Rendering a rendering in the render window. Chapter 24 FIGURE 24-1: How to mess up a raster image. FIGURE 24-2: The Import PDF dialog box. Index A absolute Cartesian coordinates, 129, 428, 429 acad.dwt template, 39, 69 acadiso.dwt template, 69 acceleration, hardware, 424, 425 accuracy versus precision, 126 actions of dynamic blocks, defining, 373–377 Adaptive Grid check box, 75 Add-a-Plot Style Table Wizard, 314–315 Add-a-Plotter Wizard, 307 add-ons, downloading, 21 Advanced Render Settings palette, 427 aliases, 4, 30 Align Below Previous Attribute Definition check box, Attribute Definition dialog box, 342 ALign command, 460 aligned dimensional constraint, 396 aligning 3D objects, 460 ALL object selection, 170 Allow Exploding check box, Block Definition dialog box, 334 Allow Subdivision Below Grid Spacing check box, 75 Alternate Units tab, New/Modify Dimension Style dialog boxes, 274 Angle button, Hatch Creation tab, 289angle units, 63–64, 73 angled brackets, 33 angular dimensional constraint, 396 angular precision setting, 73 ANIPATH command, 484 Annotation panel, Ribbon, 26 Annotation Scale setting, 76, 159 annotational dimensional constraints, 403–405 Annotative check box, Block Definition dialog box, 334 annotative dimensions, 255, 265, 273, 275 annotative hatching, 291–292 annotative objects, 224, 226, 233, 244–247 Annotative option, Hatch Creation tab, 290 anonymous blocks, 471 ANSI31 hatch pattern, 53–54 APERTURE system variable, 504 APParent Intersection mode, Object Snap, 135 Application menu, 18–19, 22–24 Arc command, 110, 111–112 Arc option, ELlipse command, 114, 115 arc segment, adding to polyline, 102–104 arcball, 437 architectural drawing scales, 67 Architectural units, 63, 72arcs drawing, 112–113 elliptical, 114, 115, 205 grip editing, 203–205 area selections, 171 ARray command, 192, 349, 350–351 -ARray command, 177, 190–192, 350 Array Creation contextual tab, Ribbon, 352–354 Array option, COpy command, 181–182 ARRAYCLASSIC command, 350 ARRAYEDIT command, 176, 351, 357 ARRAYPATH command, 176, 355–356 ARRAYPOLAR command, 176, 354 ARRAYRECT command, 176, 349 arrays, 350–351. See also associative arrays arrowheads, 266 artifacts, 486associative arrays ARray command, 350–351 creating, 351–354 defined, 350 editing, 351, 356–358 overview, 192, 347 path arrays, 355–356, 357 polar arrays, 354–355 rectangular array, 349 versus simple arrays, 350–351 3D, 461 associative center lines, 263 associative dimensions, 267, 281, 383 associative hatching, 285, 291 Associative option, Hatch Creation tab, 290 ATCs (Authorized Training Centers), 501 Attach External Reference dialog box, 360–361 Attach Image dialog box, 369–370 Attach PDF Underlay dialog box, 372, 373 attaching DWF files as underlay, 372–373 raster images, 369–370 xrefs, 360–362 ATTdef command, 341 ATTDIA system variable, 344 Attribute Definition dialog box, 341attributes, block creating definitions, 341–342 defining blocks containing attribute definitions, 343 definitions, 335, 340 editing values, 344 exploding, 345 extracting data, 344–345 inserting blocks containing attribute definitions, 343–344 overview, 330, 340 values, 340 AU (Autodesk University), 500 AUGI (Autodesk User Group International), 502 Authorized Training Centers (ATCs), 501 Auto Constrain, 394–395 AutoCAD drawing in, 11–14 language packs, 513–514 launching, 10–11 shortcut icon, customizing, 514 AutoComplete feature, 30, 31 Autodesk accounts, signing in to, 21 Autodesk collections, 513 Autodesk resources, 499–502 Autodesk University (AU), 500 Autodesk User Group International (AUGI), 502 AutoLISP programming language, 513 automatic update feature of xrefs, 360Automatically Add Scales option, 291 B background, in 3D models, 482–483 BACKGROUND command, 484 Background dialog box, 483–484 Background Mask dialog box, 239 background masking, 238–239, 280 .bak file extension, 206 base plate and column drawing copying objects, 49 creating layers, 43–45 crosshatching, adding, 53–54 drawing bolts, 46–47 drawing column, 50–51 drawing hexagon nut, 47–48 drawing plate, 46 freezing layers, 60 mirroring objects, 49 moving objects, 48–49 overview, 37–38 plotting, 57–60 saving drawing, 51 setting up new drawing, 38–43 stretching objects, 54–57 zooming and panning, 52 base points, 56, 178–179, 333base view, defining, 468 BATTMAN command, 343 BEdit command, 340 bicycle drawing, 11–14 binding xrefs, 365–366 bitmapped images, 367, 487 black-and-white plotting, 300–304 BLEND command, 176, 197, 199 Block Attribute Manager, 343 block authoring, 349 Block Definition dialog box, 332–335 block definitions creating, 332–335 defined, 330 purging unused, 345–346 Block Editor window, 374–376blocks. See also dynamic blocks anonymous, 471 applications, 367 attributes, 330, 340–345 benefits of using, 330–332 block definitions creating, 332–335 defined, 330 inserting, 336–340 purging unused, 345–346 block insertions, 330 block redefinitions, 331, 333, 337 block tables, 330 defined, 330 exploding, 334, 345 inserting, 336–340 overview, 329–330, 348–349 versus xrefs, 359 blogs, Autodesk, 499 bolts, drawing, 46–47, 49 Boolean editing operations, 454, 461–462 borders, choosing, 69 boundaries, of hatches, 288 Boundaries panel, Hatch Creation tab, 288 Boundary options, for views, 90 BOX command, 431 brackets, 33BReak command, 176, 196–197 b-reps, 423 B-splines, 115 bulleted lists, 239–241 BURST command, 345 By Layer button, Hatch Creation tab, 289 ByLayer approach, 142–144 C Cartesian coordinate system, 15–16, 428 center lines, 262, 263 Center Marks setting, New/Modify Dimension Style dialog boxes, 272 CENter mode, Object Snap, 135, 137 Center option, ELlipse command, 114 Center the Plot check box, Plot dialog box, 302 CENTERLINES command, 263 CENTERMARK command, 263 CHAmfer command, 176, 197–199, 463 CHAMFEREDGE command, 463 chamfering 3D solids, 463 Check Spelling dialog box, 243–244 child drawing, 339 CHSPACE command, 202 Circle command, 13, 47, 110–112 circles drawing, 110–112 grip editing, 203–205circular arcs, 103 Circumscribed option, POLygon command, 47–48 Classic Array dialog box, 350 CLIP command, 366 Clipboard, Windows, 182 clipping raster images, 370 xrefs, 366 cloning hatches, 293 Close command, Application menu, 23 CLOSEALLOTHER command, 23 closed 2D objects extruding, 455–456 lofting, 456–457 pressing and pulling boundaries, 456 revolving, 458 sweeping, 457 cloud computing, 414–415 cloud storage, 414–417 coincident geometric constraint, 387, 390, 392 Collaborate panel, Ribbon, 26 collinear geometric constraint, 387 color of drawing area, 10, 20 for layers, 44–45, 150–151 as object property, 148–149, 150–151 plotting, 320–321color-dependent plot style tables (CTBs), 313–316, 318, 319 color-dependent plot styles, 71, 311, 312, 313, 316 Column Settings dialog box, 242 columns, text, 236–237, 242–243 command line accessing, 12 AutoComplete feature, 30, 31 bail out of operation, 32 brackets in, 33 coordinate entry, 96 default actions, accepting, 33 drawing techniques, 96 general discussion, 29–30 keyboard, entering commands with, 30–34 locating, 20 option keyword message, 32 overview, 3–4, 12 pasting text into, 182 searching for layers on, 155 text window, enlarging, 32 command options, 33 command previews, 193 command-first editing, 164, 165, 170–173, 175. See also specific commandscommands. See also specific commands aliases, 4, 30 on Application menu, 22–23 Dynamic Input, 28–29 finding on Ribbon, 105, 110 typing with keyboard, 30–34 commas, as X,Y separator, 12, 16 COMPARE command, 207–208, 414 compatibility of file formats, 494–495 complex solids, 454 compound solids, 454 computing, cloud, 414–415 concentric geometric constraint, 387, 391–392 Conceptual visual style, 441 configuring printers, 304–307 Constrained mode, 3DOrbit, 438 constraint bar, 383, 390 Constraint Settings dialog box, 394–395, 399–400 constraints, 381, 384. See also dimensional constraints; geometric constraints construction lines, 97–98 Continuous mode, 3DOrbit, 438 convert dimensional constraint, 396 Convert to Block radio button, Block Definition dialog box, 335 CONVERTPSTYLES command, 313 coordinate input, 96, 125, 428–429 coordinate systems, 127–131COpy command, 49, 176, 178–179, 181–182 COPYCLIP command, 182 copying objects, 49, 181–182 CPolygon object selection, 170 Crosshatch command, 53–54 crosshatches. See hatches crossing object selection, 168, 169, 170 crossing selection boxes, 54–55, 183–186 crossing-polygon selection, 171, 186 CTBs (color-dependent plot style tables), 313–316, 318, 319 CUI (Customizable User Interface) file, 144 culling, 459 CULLINGOBJ system variable, 459 CULLINGOBJSELECTION system variable, 459 current layers, 155 current properties, 145 curves, drawing arcs, 112–113 circles, 110–112 commands for, 110 donuts, 117–118 ellipses, 114–115 overview, 109 point objects, 120–122 from polylines, 99 revision clouds, 118–120 splines, 115–117custom grips, 379–380 custom hatch patterns, 289 custom linetypes, 154 custom templates, 77–81 custom tool palettes, 512 Customizable User Interface (CUI) file, 144 cylindrical coordinates, 429 D dash-dot linetypes, 64, 76 Data Extraction Wizard, 344–345 DATAEXTRACTION command, 251, 514 DATALINK commands, 251 DDE (Direct distance entry) mode, 125, 138 DDPTYPE command, 121 Decimal Degrees, 63 decimal delimiter, 12, 16 Decimal units, 63 default actions, accepting, 33 default display configuration, 20 default drawing templates, 69–71 default first break point, 196 default lighting, 475–476 default value or option, 33 DEFAULTLIGHTING system variable, 476 deferred object snaps, 134 defined working area, 41definition points, 266 definitions, attribute creating, 341–342 defining blocks containing, 343 inserting blocks containing, 343–344 overview, 335, 340 definitions, block creating, 332–335 defined, 330 inserting, 336–340 purging unused, 345–346 Deg/Min/Sec units, 64 Delete Duplicate Objects tool, 202 Delete radio button, Block Definition dialog box, 335 DELOBJ system variable, 456 Descartes, René, 15–16 design intent, maintaining, 382–386, 399–400 Design Web Format (DWF) files attaching as underlay, 372–373 creating, 371 exporting, 489–490 overview, 329, 348, 371 securing, 413–414 DesignCenter palette, 161–162, 338 detaching xrefs, 365 DGN files, 348 diameter dimensional constraint, 396Diameter setting for circles, 110 diazo machines, 300 DIESEL programming language, 513 digital signatures, 414 DIM command, 256–257 DimALigned command, 261 DimANgle command, 261 DimARc command, 262 DIMASSOC system variable, 281, 505 DimBaseline command, 263 DIMBREAK command, 278, 281 DIMCENTER command, 262 DimCOntinue command, 263 DimDIameter command, 261–262 DimDisAssociate command, 281 Dimension Style Manager dialog box, 269, 270, 271 dimensional constraints applying, 396, 399 design intent, maintaining, 399–400 dynamic and annotational, 403–405 example of, 397–398 filtering parameters, 402–403 formatting appearance of, 399–400 overview, 384, 395–396 Parameters Manager, 400–403 using with geometric constraints, 405dimensions adding to drawings, 256–257 annotative, 255, 265, 273, 275 associative, 267, 281, 383 commands for, 260–264 DimLInear command, 257–260 editing, 278–281 exploded, 267–268, 280 on layers, 282 lines, 266 non-associative, 267 overview, 225–226, 255 parts of, 266 placing, 264–265 reasons to use, 259 scaling for output, 275–277 styles, 266–274 substyles, 271 subunits, 274 system variables, using with, 267 text, 266, 281 DimJOgged command, 262 DIMJOGLINE command, 279 DimLInear command, 257–260 DimORdinate command, 262 DimRAdius command, 261–262 DIMREASSOCiate command, 281DIMREGEN command, 281 DIMSCALE system variable, 273 DIMSPACE command, 279 Dimstyle command, 269 Direct distance entry (DDE) mode, 125, 138 direct-object editing, 164–165 discussion groups, Autodesk, 499–500 displacements, 56, 178–179 Display Dotted Grid in 2D Model Space check box, 75 Display Grid Beyond Limits check box, 76 distant lights, 477 dithering, 320 DLine command, 103 document tabs, 19 DOnut command, 110, 117–118 DOS screen menu, 509 double floating-point precision, 91 double period (..), 364 downloading add-ons, 21 Drafting & Annotation workspace, 21, 26–27 Drafting Settings dialog box, 41–42, 74–76 dragging and dropping blocks, 338 Draw panel, Ribbon, 97, 110drawing. See also setup, drawing; specific objects; specific tools base plate and column example creating layers, 43–45 crosshatching, adding, 53–54 drawing objects, 45–51 freezing layers, 60 overview, 37–38 plotting, 57–60 setting up new drawing, 38–43 stretching objects, 54–57 zooming and panning, 52 basic 3D objects, 452–453 basic bicycle, 11–14 generating from 3D models, 466–471 on paper versus electronically, 65 drawing area, 34–35 drawing limits, setting, 40–41 drawing properties, for model space setup, 77 drawing scale common, 67 versus drawing scale factor, 66 for model space setup, 76 overview, 65–68 in paper versus model space layouts, 219 text, 230–231 viewport, 216–218 drawing scale factor, 66, 190, 230, 231, 292Drawing Units dialog box, 63, 72–73 Drawing Utilities command, Application menu, 23 Drawing View Creation tab, Ribbon, 467–468 Drawing View Editor tab, Ribbon, 469 drawing window, 18, 19 DRaworder command, 370 driven dimensions, 395 driving dimensions, 395, 396 Dropbox Professional, 411 DWF files. See Design Web Format files DWFFORMAT command, 490 DWFx files, 371, 490 DWG Compare palette, 208 DWG files files commonly referenced by, 409 inserting, 337–338 overview, 495–496 securing, 413–414 sending, 407–409 xref path settings, 363–364 dynamic blocks manipulating, 379–380 overview, 331, 349, 373 parameters and actions, defining, 377–379 visibility states, 373–377 dynamic columns, 242, 243 dynamic dimensional constraints, 403–405Dynamic Input, 28–29, 39, 96 Dynamic UCS, 431–432 E EATTEDIT command, 344 edges of 3D models, 423 Edit Attributes dialog box, 343–344 Edit Block Definition dialog box, 334, 374, 377–379 Edit Drawing Scales dialog box, 214, 246editing. See also grip editing; specific commands associative arrays, 351, 356–358 attribute values, 344 choosing style, 165–166 command-first, 164, 165, 170–173, 175 dimensional constraints, 400–403 dimensions, 278–281 direct-object, 164–165 group selection, 173 hatches, 296–297 object properties, 201–202 in other file formats, 491–495 overview, 163 PDF files, 491–494 selecting objects, 166–170 selection-first, 164 solid 3D objects, 461–464 tables, 249–251 text, 235 toolkit for, 175–178 visibility of objects, controlling, 173–174 xrefs, 362–363 electronic paper, 65 ELEVATION system variable, 430 ELlipse command, 110, 114 ellipses, drawing, 114–115 elliptical arcs, 114, 115, 205ENDpoint mode, Object Snap, 135, 137 Engineering units, 63, 72 enhanced secondary window (ESW), 339 equal geometric constraint, 387, 391 Equal X and Y Spacing check box, 75 Erase command, 171, 173, 176 ETRANSMIT command, 409–411 ex-lines, 97–98 EXPLODE command, 176, 197 exploding blocks, 334, 345 dimensions, 267–268, 280 EXPort command, 22, 487 EXPORTDWF command, 490 exporting files, 485–491 Express Tools, 25, 27 EXtend command, 176, 194–196 extension lines, 266 EXTension mode, Object Snap, 135 extents, 87–88 Extents option, Zoom command, 87–88 External Reference tab, Ribbon, 363external reference (xref) files advantages of, 359–360 applications, 366–367 attaching, 360–362 automatic update feature, 360 versus blocks, 359 clipping, 366 editing, 362–363 layers, 362 managing, 365–366 Overlay mode, 361–362 overview, 331, 332, 347–348, 358–360 path settings, 361, 363–365 receiving drawings with, 411–412 External References palette, 348, 365–366, 370 extracting data, 344–345, 514 EXTrude command, 455–456 F F1 key, 35–36 faces of 3D models, 423, 482 fading objects on locked layers, 157 Feedback Community portal, Autodesk, 502 feet, entering numeric values in, 130–131 Fence object selection, 170file formats. See also specific file formats compatibility issues, 494–495 editing in other, 491–495 for exporting files, 485–491 overview, 485 saving files, 79 file management, 21–22 File Transfer Protocol (FTP), 411 files cloud storage, 414–417 plotting to, 323 receiving, 407–408, 411–412 securing, 413–414 sending, 407–409 FILlet command, 50, 176, 197–199, 463 FILLETEDGE command, 463 filleting 3D solids, 463 filtering parameters, 402–403 filters, layer, 157 Find and Replace dialog box, 243–244 Fit tab, New/Modify Dimension Style dialog boxes, 273 Fit to Paper option, Plot dialog box, 68, 302 Fit to Paper scale, 308, 311 fix geometric constraint, 387, 389 fixed height, 229–230 FLATSHOT command, 473 floating viewports, 446folder for AutoCAD drawing templates, 78 Folders tab, DesignCenter palette, 161 Follow Dynamic UCS check box, 76 fonts, 226, 227–228, 411–412, 493–494 fractional units, 63 Free mode, 3DOrbit, 437 freezing layers, 60, 156, 220 FTP (File Transfer Protocol), 411 Full Navigation wheel, 440 full path, xref, 363 full-screen mode, 10 G generic user-defined lights, 476 geographic data, 339 Geometric CEnter mode, Object Snap, 135 geometric constraints applying, 388–393 Auto Constrain, 394–395 inferred constraints, 393–394 overview, 384, 386–388 removing, 388 using with dimensional constraints, 405 visibility of, 388 geometric tolerances, 274 gizmos, working with, 459–460 glyphs, 477Google Drive, 411 gradient fills, 296 grads, 64 graphic screen, 10, 20 GRAPHICSCONFIG command, 425 Grid Behavior settings, 75–76 Grid display mode, 124 grid settings, 41–42, 73–76 grip editing arrays, 352–353 of dimensions, 278 hatches, 297 overview, 164–165, 203–205 polylines, 102 splines, 116 text, 243 3D solids, 461, 462 grips, 164–165, 203 group filter, 157 group selection, 173 grouping, with blocks, 330, 331 H half-size plots, 308, 311 handles, 165 hardware acceleration, 424, 425 Hatch and Gradient dialog box, 294–295Hatch command, 285, 297 Hatch Creation tab, Ribbon, 53, 284, 287–290 Hatch Editor contextual tab, Ribbon, 296–297 Hatch Gap option, 136 Hatch Transparency button, Hatch Creation tab, 289 hatches adding style to, 293–294 associative hatching, 285 background masking, 238–239 in base plate and column drawing, 53–54 creating, 284–286, 293–294 editing, 296–297 Hatch Creation tab, using, 287–290 Hatch Gap option, 136 overview, 283–284 patterns, 288–289, 295–296 placing on layer, 285, 287 scaling, 290–292 solid fills, 296 unit types in, 64 HELIX command, 452 Help menu, 35–36 hexagon nut, drawing, 47–48, 49 Hidden visual style, 441 HIDEOBJECTS command, 157, 174 History tab, DesignCenter palette, 162 Home panel, Ribbon, 26Home tab, 3D Modeling workspace, 426 home view, 439–440 horizontal (X) coordinate, 16 horizontal dimensional constraint, 396, 399 horizontal geometric constraint, 387, 390 host drawing, 359 I icons, used in book, 4–5 imperial units, 38–43, 62–63, 270 implied windowing, 167–168, 169 Import command, Application menu, 22 Import PDF dialog box, 492, 493 in-canvas viewport control, 446 inches, entering numeric values in, 130–131 inferred constraints, 124, 131, 393–394 InfoCenter, 21 In-Place Text Editor, 235, 237, 240 Inscribed option, POLygon command, 47–48 Insert dialog box, 336–337 Insert Field option, mText command, 239 Insert panel, Ribbon, 26 Insert Table dialog box, 249–250 inserting blocks, 330, 336–340 INSertion mode, Object Snap, 135 Insertion Scale setting, 73Internet features cloud services, 414–417 ETRANSMIT command, 409–411 FTP, 411 mobile devices, 417–418 overview, 407–408 preparing files to send, 408–409 receiving files, 407–408, 411–412 Reference Manager utility, 412–413 securing files, 413–414 sending files, 407–408 types of files DWG files commonly referenced, 409 Internet resources for AutoCAD, 500–501 INtersect command, 461, 462 INTersection mode, Object Snap, 135 Inventor files, 338, 472–474 island detection, 288 ISOLATEobjects command, 157, 174 isolating layers, 157 isolating objects, 174 isometric projection, 470 isometric views, 436–437, 450, 470 J Join command, 176, 200–202 JPG file format, 323, 486 justification, text, 232K keyboards coordinate entry with, 128–129 typing commands with, 30–34 L language packs, 513–514 Last object selection, 170 launching AutoCAD, 10–11 Layer Properties Manager palette, 44, 46, 143, 149, 150–154, 156, 220 layer states, 156–157 Layer States Manager dialog box, 157layers assigning materials by, 481 ByLayer properties, 142–144 color settings, 44–45 creating, 43–45, 149–155 dimensions on, 282 filters, creating, 157 freezing, 60, 156, 220 hatches, placing on, 285, 287 isolating, 157 locking, 156, 157 manipulating, 156 named objects, 160 names of, 150 organizing objects on, 97 overview, 43, 45, 146–148 revision clouds, 119–120 searching on command line, 155 standards, 146 switching between, 47 toggling on/off, 156 working effectively with, 155 xref, 362 LAYISO command, 157 LAYLOCKFADECTL system variable, 157 layout tabs, 20, 215 LEADER command, 252leader landing, 252 leaders defined, 223 multiline, 251–254 Length Precision setting, 73 length units, 63, 72 LENgthen command, 177, 196 lighting, in 3D models, 475–479 Lighting setting, 73 LIGHTINGUNITS system variable, 476 Lights in Model palette, 427, 478 limits, 87 Line command alternatives to, 103 base plate, drawing, 46 bicycle drawing, 13 drawing lines with, 99–100 versus PLine command, 98–99 on Ribbon, 97 using object snap tools with, 125–127, 132–133 linear dimensional constraint, 396, 397, 399lines, drawing alternatives to Line and PLine commands, 103 grip editing, 203–205 with Line command, 98–100 overview, 95–96 polygons, 106–107 polylines, 98–99, 100–104 rectangles, 105 straight-line drawing commands, 97–98 stretching, 184–185 techniques for, 96–97 3D, 452 Lines tab, New/Modify Dimension Style dialog boxes, 272 linetypes custom, 154 definition, 154 loading, 151–152, 154 for model space setup, 76 overview, 148 scales, 158–159 selecting, 151–152 Lineweight dialog box, 152–153, 155lineweights overview, 148 for plotting, 60, 316–320 properties and scale, adjusting, 155 selecting, 152–153 toggling on/off, 155 LIVESECTION command, 473 local user groups, 501 Lock Position check box, Attribute Definition dialog box, 341, 342 locking layers, 156, 157 viewports, 214, 217 LOFT command, 456–457 M M2P mode, Object Snap, 135, 137 Macro Recorder, 512–513 Manage panel, Ribbon, 26 manipulating layers, 156 masking, background, 238–239, 280 Match properties option, Hatch Creation tab, 201, 290, 293, 297 materials, in 3D models, 479–482 Materials Browser palette, 427, 479–481 Materials Editor palette, 427, 480–481 MBUTTONPAN system variable, 85 MEASUREINIT system variable, 64–65, 270 MEASUREMENT system variable, 64–65, 270medium, 480 MENUBAR system variable, 505 mesh surfaces, 422 Mesh tab, 3D Modeling workspace, 427 MIDpoint mode, Object Snap, 135, 137 MIRRHATCH system variable, 297 MIrror command, 49, 177, 186–187, 297 MIRROR3D command, 461 mirroring objects, 49, 461 MIRRTEXT system variable, 187, 505–506 MLeaDer command, 251–253 MLeaderAlign command, 254 MLeaderCollect command, 254 MLeaderEdit command, 254 mleaders, 251–254 MLeaderStyle command, 254 MLine command, 103 mobile devices, 417–418 model geometry, 209model space adding text and dimensions in, 225, 264–265 drawing properties, 77 drawing scale, 76 linetypes, setting, 76 overview, 34, 209–212 versus paper space, 68, 218 plotting in, 300–304 setup of, 72–77 snap and grid settings, 73–76 units types, choosing, 72–73 viewports, 445–450 Model tab, 215 modify commands, 175–178, 206–207. See also specific commands Modify Dimension Style dialog box, 271–274 monochrome plotting, 300–304 monochrome.ctb plot style table, 58 Move command, 48, 177–181 moving objects, 48–49 MREDO command, 206 mText command background masking, 238–239 bulleted and numbered lists, 239–241 columns, 236–237, 242–243 Insert Field option, 239 modifying, 243–244 overview, 224, 232, 235–238Mtext Edit option, 243 MTJIGSTRING system variable, 509 multiline leaders, 251–254 multilines, 103 Multiple Lines check box, Attribute Definition dialog box, 341 multiscale drawings, 276–277 MVSETUP command, 473 N named objects, 159–162 named page setups, 321 named plot style tables (STBs), 313–316 named plot styles, 311, 313, 316 named UCS, 433–436 named views, 88–91, 483 names, of layers, 150 Navigate 2D panel, 86 Navigate panel, 86, 87 Navigation bar, 85 NCOPY command, 345 NEArest mode, Object Snap, 135 .NET programming language, 513 NEW command, 22, 69, 71 New Dimension Style dialog box, 270–274 New Page Setup dialog box, 212 New Table Style dialog box, 248 New View/Shot Properties dialog box, 89–90NODe mode, Object Snap, 135 non-annotative hatches, 292 non-associative array, 190 non-associative dimensions, 267 None button, Hatch Creation tab, 289 non-orthogonal line, 256 non-system drivers, 305, 307, 326 Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline curve, 115 noun-verb editing, 164 nudging, 178 numbered lists, 239–241 NURBS curve, 115 NURBS surfaces, 422 nuts, drawing, 47–48, 49 O Object ARX programming language, 513 object lineweights, controlling plotted lineweights with, 317 Object option, Zoom command, 88object properties. See also layers ByLayer approach, 142–144 changing, 144–145 controlling, 142–145 DesignCenter palette, 161–162 editing, 201–202 linetype scale, 158–159 named objects, 159–160 overview, 77, 141 useful, 148–149 object snap tracking, 125, 138–139, 429–430 object snaps (osnaps) deferred, 134 defined, 125 with dimensions, 257–259 grip editing, 203–205 modes, 135 overrides, 125, 131, 132–134 running, 131, 132, 135–137 Snap mode versus, 140 3D modeling, 429–430 using, 125–127objects annotative, 224, 226, 233, 244–247 assigning materials to, 482 copying, 49, 181–182 creating 3D, from 2D, 455–458 groups of, 173 hiding, 157 isolating, 157 mirroring, 49 moving, 48–49 named, 159–162 organizing on layers, 97 selecting, 166–170 stretching, 183–186 visibility of, 173–174 offset, plot, 324 OFFset command, 50–51, 103, 177, 192–194 offset distance, 192 one-by-one selection, 167 OOPS command, 173, 206 open 2D objects extruding, 455–456 lofting, 456–457 pressing and pulling boundaries, 456 revolving, 458 sweeping, 457 Open command, Application menu, 22Open Documents feature, 23 Open Drawings tab, DesignCenter palette, 162 option keyword, 32 Options dialog box, 23, 86, 165–166, 305–306 orbiting 3D models, 437–438 Origin option, Hatch Creation tab, 290 Ortho mode, 125, 137–138, 184, 185 orthographic views, 436–437, 450 osnaps deferred, 134 defined, 125 with dimensions, 257–259 grip editing, 203–205 modes, 135 overrides, 125, 131, 132–134 running, 131, 132, 135–137 Snap mode versus, 140 3D modeling, 429–430 using, 125–127 OSNAPZ system variable, 430, 506 Output panel, Ribbon, 26 Output tab, 3D Modeling workspace, 427 OVERKILL command, 177, 202 Overlay option, xrefs, 361–362 P Page Setup dialog box, 213, 313Page Setup Manager dialog box, 212, 321–322 page setups, 321–322 PAGESETUP command, 212–213 palettes, 34 Pan command, 85 panning, 52, 83–85 paper size, 301 paper space adding text and dimensions in, 225, 265 differentiating from model space, 218 drawing scale and plotting in, 219 versus model space layout, 68 overview, 34–35, 57, 209–212 plotting, 309–311 setup of, 212–215 tabs, 215 tips for, 219–220 viewport scales, 216–218 viewport setup, 213–214 paper text height, 230–231 paper versus electronic drafting, scale in, 65 Paragraph dialog box, 241 paragraph text, 232 parallel geometric constraint, 387, 391 PARallel mode, Object Snap, 135 parallel projection, 438 parallel views, 437parameter, defined, 384 Parameters Manager, 400–403 parameters of dynamic blocks, defining, 373–377 parametric drawing. See also dimensional constraints; geometric constraints compatibility issues, 495 constraints, 384–385 design intent, maintaining, 382–386 overview, 381–382 precision, 385–386 speed of, 406 Parametric panel, Ribbon, 26, 383 parent drawing, 339 password protection, 413–414 PASTEBLOCK command, 182 PASTECLIP command, 182 path arrays, 355–356, 357 paths, xref, 361, 363–365, 366 Pattern panel, Hatch Creation tab, 288–289 patterns, hatch, 288–289, 295–296 PC3 files, 323PDF files attaching as underlay, 372–373 creating, 371 editing, 491–494 exporting, 488–489 plotting to, 323 saving drawings as, 413 PDFIMPORT command, 492 PDMODE system variable, 122 PDSIZE system variable, 122 PEdit (Polyline Edit) command, 116, 177, 203 period (.), as decimal delimiter, 12, 16 perpendicular geometric constraint, 387, 391 PERpendicular mode, Object Snap, 135 perspective projection, 438 PERSPECTIVE system variable, 437 perspective views, 437 photometric user-defined lights, 476 PICKBOX system variable, 506 pixels, 14–15 plan view, 437PLine command alternatives to, 103 arc segment, adding, 102–104 drawing polylines, 100–102 versus Line command, 98–99 on Ribbon, 97 types of polylines, 104 PLINEREVERSEWIDTHS system variable, 202 p-lines. See polylines PLOT command, 65, 66, 487 Plot dialog box Fit to Paper option, 68 model space plotting, 301–304 options in, 322–325 paper space plotting, 309–311 plotting drawings, 58–59 Plot Object Lineweights check box, 317 plot offset, 324 Plot Scale Confirm dialog box, 58 plot stamps, 324 Plot Style Table Editor dialog box, 314–315 plot style tables, 313 plot styles, 71, 148, 153, 311–316 plotted text height, 230–231 Plotter Configuration Editor dialog box, 323plotting base plate and column drawing, 57–60 in color, 320–321 configuring printers, 304–307 lineweights, 316–320 in model space, 300–304 overview, 299 page setups, 321–322 paper space layout, 309–311 in paper versus model space layouts, 219 Plot dialog box options, 322–325 plot styles, 311–316 previewing, 307 printing versus, 300 scaling for, 307–309 sending to service bureaus, 318–319 troubleshooting, 325–326 plotting convention, 325 PNG files, 323, 486–488 point filters, 429 point lights, 477 point objects, 120–122 Point Style dialog box, 121–122 points, 120 polar arrays, 354–355 Polar tracking mode, 125, 139, 184 PolarSnap mode, 124, 139POLygon command, 47–48, 97, 106–107 Polyline Edit (PEdit) command, 116, 177, 203 polylines alternatives to PLine command, 103 arc segment, adding, 102–104 curves made from, 99 drawing, 100–102 grip editing, 102 Line versus PLine command, 98–99 offsetting, 192–193 PEdit command, 116 3D, 452, 453 types of polylines, 104 width of, 99, 101–102 precision accuracy versus, 126 additional techniques, 137–140 deferred object snaps, 134 importance of precision, 124 object snap modes, 135 object snap overrides, 131, 132–134 object snap tools, 125–127 overview, 96, 123, 124–125 parametric drawing, 385–386 running object snaps, 135–137 world coordinate system, 127–131 predefined hatch patterns, 295presets, render, 484 PRESSPULL command, 456 preview feature, 307 Previous object selection, 170 Previous option, Zoom command, 88 Primary Units tab, New/Modify Dimension Style dialog boxes, 273–274 primitive solids, 454 Print command, Application menu, 23 printers configuring, 304–307 drivers, 305, 307, 325–326 selecting, 213, 301 3D, 490–491 troubleshooting, 325–326 printing, 299. See also plotting programming languages, 512–513 projection modes, 438 properties, object. See object properties properties, of hatches, 289 Properties palette, 144–145, 201, 243, 278 Properties panel, Hatch Creation tab, 289 property filter, 157 Publish command, Application menu, 22 Publish dialog box, 371 PUrge command, 160, 345–346 Purge dialog box, 160, 346Q QDIM command, 263–264 qLEader command, 252 QNEW command, 79 QUAdrant mode, Object Snap, 135 Quick Access toolbar, 19, 57 Quick Properties palette, 144–145, 201, 243 R radial dimensional constraint, 396 radians, 64 Radius setting for circles, 110 raster images attaching, 369–370 exporting, 486–488 incorporating, 368 managing, 370–371 overview, 14, 348, 367–368 RAY command, 97–98 Realistic visual style, 441 Realtime option, Zoom command, 88 real-time panning, 84 receiving files, 407–408, 411–412 Recent Documents feature, 23 RECtang command, 50, 97, 105 rectangular array, 349Redo button, Quick Access menu, 207 REDO command, 206 Reference Manager utility, 412–413 REgen command, 91–92 REgenAll command, 92 regenerating drawings, 91–92 REGENMODE system variable, 92 regular polygons, 97, 106–107 relative Cartesian coordinates, 129, 428 Relative Path option, 364 relative polar coordinates, 129, 428, 429 reloading xrefs, 365 remember icon, 5 REMEMBERFOLDERS system variable, 507 RENDER command, 484 RENDERCROP command, 484 rendering background, 482–483 lighting, 475–479 materials, 479–482 overview, 442, 474–475 presets, 484 restoring named views, 90–91 Retain radio button, Block Definition dialog box, 335 REVCLOUD command, 110, 118–119 REVERSE command, 177, 202 revision clouds, 118–120, 208revision numbers, 120 revolving 2D objects, 458 Rewind tool, 440 Ribbon. See also specific tabs and options customizing, 24–25, 512, 514 Drafting & Annotation workspace, 26–27 finding commands on, 105, 110 opening panels on, 24, 25 overview, 19 3D Modeling workspace, 426–427 rollover highlighting, 171 ROLLOVERTIPS system variable, 507 ROtate command, 177, 188–189 Rotation option, ELlipse command, 114 running object snaps, 131, 132, 135–137, 257 S Save As command, Application menu, 22 Save Changes to Layout check box, Plot dialog box, 303 Save command, Application menu, 22 Save Drawing As dialog box, 77–79 saving drawing setup, 42–43 scale, drawing. See drawing scale SCale command, 67, 177, 189–190 scale factor, 66, 190, 230, 231, 292 Scale Uniformly check box, Block Definition dialog box, 334scaling dimensions, 275–277 hatches, 290–292 for plotting, 307–309 scientific units, 63 screening, 311, 312 scroll bars, turning on, 86 scroll wheel, zooming and panning with, 84–85 Search feature, 24 second point, 179 SECTIONPLANE command, 473 SECTIONPLANEJOG command, 473 SECTIONPLANETOBLOCK command, 473 security features, 413–414, 416–417 Select Color dialog box, 44–45, 150–151 Select Linetype dialog box, 151–152 Select Template dialog box, 69, 70, 71 selecting objects, 166–170 Selection Cycling button, 173 selection preview features, 171 selection set, 167, 169–170 selection window, 167–168, 169 selection-first editing, 164 self-scaling annotations, 495sending files cloud services, 414–417 ETRANSMIT command, 409–411 FTP, 411 on mobile devices, 417–418 overview, 407–409 securing files, 413–414 service bureaus, 318–319 SETBYLAYER command, 144 setup, drawing, 38–43 borders, choosing, 69 custom templates, 77–81 default drawing templates, 69–71 drawing properties, 77 drawing scale, 65–68, 76 drawing scale factor, 66 linetypes, setting, 76 model space setup, 72–77 model space versus paper space layout, 68 overview, 61–62 snap and grid settings, 73–76 units types, choosing, 62–65, 72–73 Shaded visual style, 441 Shaded with Edges visual style, 441 Shades of Gray visual style, 441 shadows, 478 sheet sets, 325, 511–512shortcut icon, customizing, 514 SHX fonts, 227, 493–494 single period (.), 364 single-line text, 232 sketches, 455 Sketchy visual style, 442 SLice command, 463–464 smart breaks, 278 smooth geometric constraint, 387 Snap and Grid tab, Drafting Settings dialog box, 74 Snap mode, 124, 137, 140, 259 snap settings, 41–42, 73–76 social networks links, 21 SOLDRAW command, 473 solid fills, 296 solid modeling editing, 461–464 overview, 423, 453–454 Solid tab, 3D Modeling workspace, 427 SOLPROF command, 473 SOLVIEW command, 473 source object, 200 spacebar, pressing, 12 spaces, 34–35 special effects, 226 Spell Check, 243–244 spherical coordinates, 429SPLine command, 110, 116, 452 splines, 115–117, 452 spotlights, 477 square brackets, 33 stamps, plot, 324 standardization through customization, 294 Start screen, 18 static columns, 242, 243 status bar, 20, 28, 57, 127, 130, 359 STBs (named plot style tables), 313–316 SteeringWheels, 440 STereoLithography (STL) file format, 490–491 Still option, for views, 90 Stretch command, 54–57, 177, 178–179, 183–186 styles dimension, 266–274 hatches, 293–294 multileaders, 254 plot, 311–316 tables, 247–249 text, 226–230, 233 sub-d modeling, 422 subobject selection, 423, 459 substyles, dimension, 271 SUbtract command, 461, 462 subunits, dimension, 274 Sun Properties palette, 427, 479surface modeling, 422 Surface tab, 3D Modeling workspace, 427 Surveyor's Units, 64 .sv$ file extension, 207 SWEEP command, 457 symbol library, 335 Symbols and Arrows tab, New/Modify Dimension Style dialog boxes, 272 symmetric geometric constraint, 387 system printers, 213, 305, 325–326system variables APERTURE, 504 ATTDIA, 344 CULLINGOBJ, 459 CULLINGOBJSELECTION, 459 DEFAULTLIGHTING, 476 DELOBJ, 456 DIMASSOC, 281, 505 DIMSCALE, 273 ELEVATION, 430 LAYLOCKFADECTL, 157 LIGHTINGUNITS, 476 MBUTTONPAN, 85 MEASUREINIT, 64–65, 270 MEASUREMENT, 64–65, 270 MENUBAR, 505 MIRRHATCH, 297 MIRRTEXT, 187, 505–506 MTJIGSTRING, 509 OSNAPZ, 430, 506 overview, 503–504 PDMODE, 122 PDSIZE, 122 PERSPECTIVE, 437 PICKBOX, 506 PLINEREVERSEWIDTHS, 202 REGENMODE, 92REMEMBERFOLDERS, 507 ROLLOVERTIPS, 507 TASKBAR, 508 TOOLTIPS, 507–508 using with dimensions, 267 VISRETAIN, 508 T T ABLE command, 249–250 Table Style dialog box, 247–248 tables block, 330 compatibility issues, 495 creating and editing, 249–251 overview, 247 styles, 247–249 TABLESTYLE command, 247 tags, attribute, 342 tangent geometric constraint, 387 TANgent mode, Object Snap, 135 Tangent-Tangent-Radius (Ttr) setting for circles, 111 Tangent-Tangent-Tangent setting for circles, 111 TASKBAR system variable, 508 technical stuff icon, 5 Template Options dialog box, 78templates converting drawing files to, 79 create new drawing from, 71 creating, 77–81 default, 69–71 dimension styles, 268 folder for, finding, 80–81 overview, 61 for paper space, 220 QNEW command settings, 79 starting drawing from, 39–40 3D modeling, 426 temporary override, 140 Test Block tool, 377text. See also dimensions; mText command adding to drawing, 224–225 annotative objects, 224, 226, 233, 244–247 block attributes, 340–345 commands for, 232 dimension, editing, 280–281 drawing scale, 230–231 geometric constraints, 388 justification, 232 multiline leaders, 251–254 overview, 223–224 scale and, 66 stretching, 186 styles, 226–230, 233 tables, 247–251 TEXT command, 232–235 TEXT command, 224, 232–235 text fields, 239 text height, 226, 229–231, 236, 272–273 Text Style dialog box, 226, 228–230, 272–273 Text tab, New/Modify Dimension Style dialog boxes, 272–273 text window, enlarging, 32 TEXTTOFRONT command, 239 thickness property, 455 thousands delimiter, 12, 16 3D Basics workspace, 4243D modeling from 2D objects, 455–458 aligning objects, 460 background, 482–483 compatibility issues, 494 coordinate input, 428–429 drawing basic 3D objects, 452–453 editing solids, 461–464 generating 2D drawings from, 466–471 gizmos, working with, 459–460 hardware acceleration, 424, 425 Inventor files, 472–474 lighting, 475–479 materials, 479–482 mirroring, 461 model space viewports, 445–450 modification techniques, 458 object snaps and object snap tracking, 429–430 older commands, 473 orbiting, 437–438 overview, 417–418, 443–445, 451–452, 465–466 point filters, 429 rendering, 442, 474–475, 484 solid modeling, 453–454 SteeringWheels, 440 subobject selection, 423, 459 templates, 4263D Modeling workspace, switching to, 425–426 tools for, 424, 426–427 types of 3D models, 422–423 UCS, managing, 430–436 ViewCube tool, 436, 438–440 viewing capabilities, 436–440, 471–472 viewpoints, 445, 450–451 visual styles, 440–442 3D Modeling workspace, 424, 425–427, 447 3D Object Snap, 125, 429 3D polyline, 452, 453 3D printing, 490–491 3DALign command, 460 3DARRAY command, 461 3DMOVE command, 459–460 3DOrbit, 437–438 3DPOLY command, 452, 453 3DROTATE command, 459–460 3DSCALE command, 459–460 3-Point setting for circles, 111 tiled viewports, 216, 446–450 tip icon, 5 title block, creating, 69 TOLerance command, 274 Tolerances tab, New/Modify Dimension Style dialog boxes, 274 Tool Palettes palette, 339, 379 toolsets, specialized, 512tooltips, 27, 38–39 TOOLTIPS system variable, 507–508 Tour Building wheel, 440 transmittal setups, 410 transparency of hatches, 296 overview, 148 setting, 153 toggling on/off, 155 TRim command, 177, 194–196 TrueType fonts, 227, 412, 493 2D Wireframe visual style, 441, 451 2-Point setting for circles, 111 Type options, for revision clouds, 119 U U command, 206 UCS command, 433 UCS dialog box, 433–434, 435 UCS icon, 218, 424, 430–431, 434–435 Undo button, 207 UNDO command, 206 Undo option COpy command, 182 TRim and EXtend commands, 195 UNIon command, 461, 462 UNISOLATEobjects command, 174units types, 62–65, 72–73 unloading xrefs, 365 user coordinate system (UCS), 128–129, 262, 430–436 user folder, finding, 80–81 user groups, AutoCAD, 501 user interface, 17, 20, 21–22. See also specific user interface elements user-defined lighting, 475, 476–478 V values, attribute, 340, 344 variable height, 229–230 VBA programming language, 513 vector files, 14–15, 368, 486 verb-noun editing, 164, 175 vertex, 423 vertical (Y) coordinate, 16 vertical dimensional constraint, 396, 399 vertical geometric constraint, 387, 390–391 View Manager dialog box, 89–91, 483–484 View Object wheel, 440 View panel, Ribbon, 26 View tab, 3D Modeling workspace, 427, 450 VIEWBASE command, 467, 471, 472 ViewCube, 86, 436, 438–440, 448–449, 450 VIEWDETAIL command, 474 Viewpoint Presets dialog box, 437, 451 viewpoints, 445, 450–451viewports freezing layers in, 220 locking, 214, 217 model space, 216, 445–450 paper space, 213–214, 216–218 shape of, 219 Viewports dialog box, 447, 448 VIEWPROJ command, 468, 471 VIEWRES command, 92 views named, 88–91 overview, 83–84 panning and zooming, 84–86 regenerating drawings, 91–92 3D modeling, 436–440, 471–472 Zoom options, 87–88 VIEWSECTION command, 474 visibility dynamic blocks, 373–377 of geometric constraints, 388 of objects, 173–174 VISRETAIN system variable, 508 visual styles, 440–442, 448 Visual Styles Manager palette, 427, 442 Visualize tab, 3D Modeling workspace, 427 Wwarning icon, 5 Wblock command, 335 WCS (world coordinate system), 127–131, 431 web resources for AutoCAD, 500–501 weblights, 477 wheel mouse, zooming and panning with, 52, 84–85 width, of polylines, 99, 101–102 window object selection, 168, 169, 170 Window option, Zoom command, 88 Windows Clipboard, 182 Windows metafile (WMF), 487, 488 Windows user folder, finding, 80–81 wireframe models, 422 Wireframe visual style, 442 workspaces, 21, 40 world coordinate system (WCS), 127–131, 431 WPolygon object selection, 170, 172 X X (horizontal) coordinate, 16 X,Y plane, 428 X,Y separator, 12, 16 XLine command, 97–98 X-ray visual style, 442xrefs advantages of, 359–360 applications, 366–367 attaching, 360–362 automatic update feature, 360 versus blocks, 359 clipping, 366 editing, 362–363 layers, 362 managing, 365–366 Overlay mode, 361–362 overview, 331, 332, 347–348, 358–360 path settings, 361, 363–365 receiving drawings with, 411–412 Y Y (vertical) coordinate, 16 YouTube Autodesk channel, 500 Z Z coordinate, 16, 428 ZIP files, 411 Zoom All command, 179 Zoom command, 41, 85, 87–88 zooming, 52, 83–85, 87–88 #أوتوديسك,#أتوكاد,#أوتوكاد,#Autodesk,#Autocad,#Auto_Cad,#Auto, #Cad,#أوتودسك,#أتوديسك,#أتودسك,
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