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 |  موضوع: كتاب Tool and Die Design Handbook الجمعة 02 أغسطس 2024, 1:58 am | |
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أخواني في الله
أحضرت لكم
جزء من كتاب
Tool and Die Design Handbook
By
Assist. Prof. Mohamed Kassab
PROFESSOR OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Registered professional Design Engineer,
Supervisor, Tool and Die Design Dept,
AHRAM FACTORIES FOR SECURITY,
TOSHIBA ELARABY, EMECO,
BROTHERS FOR ADVANCED INDUSTRIES,
And EGYPTIAN SPACE AGENCY (EGSA)
و المحتوى كما يلي :
CONTENTS
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION .IV
DISCLAMER .V
PRESS WORKING TERMINOLOGY XXI
1 INTRODUCTION TO DIE DESIGN 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.2 GENERAL DESIGN PROCEDURE . 4
1.3 BLUEPRINTS – DESIGN DRAWINGS . 5
1.3.1 STAMPINGS . 6
1.4 DIE DESIGN 6
1.5 PUNCH PRESS 7
1.6 DIE SET 7
1.6.1 ADVANTAGES OF DIE SET 8
1.6.2 DISADVANTAGES OF DIE SET 8
1.6.3 DIFFERENT KINDS OF DIE SET . 9
1.7 DIE DRAWING (SEE NEXT PAGE) . 9
1.8 PROCESSING 11
1.9 ROUT SHEETS 11
1.10 TOOL OPERATION SHEET . 12
2 SHEET METAL FORMING . 14
2.1 INTRODUCTION 14
2.2 WHAT IS SHEET METAL 15
2.3 CLASSIFICATION OF SHEET METAL PRODUCTS 15
2.4 ADVANTAGES OF SHEET METAL PRODUCTS . 15
2.5 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF SHEET METAL FORMING . 17
2.6 PROBLEMS AND QUESTIONS 34
3 PRINCIPLS OF BLANKING AND PIERCING DIES . 36
3.1 INTRODUCTION 36
3.1.1 CLEARANCE 37vii
3.1.2 ANGULAR CLEARANCE . 42
3.2 SHEAR . 44
3.3 BLANKING OR PUNCHING FORCE . 46
3.4 STRIPPING FORCE 49
3.5 THE PRESS FORCE 49
3.6 FORMING FORCE 50
3.7 CENTER OF PRESSURE/SHANK . 50
3.7.1 FIRST METHOD TO FIND CENTER OF SHANK: . 50
3.7.2 SECOND METHOD TO FIND CENTER OF SHANK: 51
3.8 PROBLEMS AND QUESTIONS 54
4 HOW TO DESIGN A DIE 60
4.1 THE LAYOUT DESIGN 61
4.1.1 PART DRAWING . 61
4.1.2 SCRAP STRIP . 63
4.2 DIE BLOCK DESIGN 63
4.2.1 CALCULATION OF DIE BLOCK DIMENSIONS: 66
4.3 DESIGN OF STRIPPER PLATE . 70
4.4 DESIGN OF PUNCH HOLDER 71
4.5 DESIGN OF PIERCING AND BLANKING PUNCHES . 72
4.5.1 DESIGN OF PIERCING PUNCHES 72
4.5.2 DESIGN OF BLANKING PUNCH 73
4.6 DESIGN OF PILOTS . 74
4.7 STRIP GUIDE PLATES 76
4.8 FINGER STOPS . 78
4.9 AUTOMATIC STOPS . 78
4.10 SELECTION OF DIE SET . 79
4.10.1 DIE SET SELECTION GUIDELINES . 80
4.11 SELECTION OF FASTENERS . 81
4.12 APPLYING OF FASTENERS . 83viii
4.13 DIE ASSEMBLY . 83
4.14 DIE PARTS 84
4.15 DIE DRAWING ASSEMBLY . 86
4.16 BILL OF MATERIALS 88
4.17 DIMENSIONS AND DESIGN INSTRUCTIONS 89
4.18 PROBLEMS AND QUESTIONS 95
4.19 SOLVED PROBLEMS . 105
5 CUTTING DIES 113
5.1 INTRODUCTION 113
5.2 REQUIRED QUALITY OF BLANKING PARTS 114
5.2.1 SECTIONAL FEATURES OF THE BLANK PARTS . 115
5.2.2 FACTORS AFFECTING THE SECTION QUALITY OF THE
BLANKING PARTS 116
5.3 FINE BLANKING 118
5.4 SHEARING 119
5.4.1 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FINE BLANKING AND SHEARING 119
5.5 DESIGN OF CUTTING TOOLS . 120
5.5.1 LENGTH OF CUTTING TOOLS . 120
5.6 DESIGN OF STRIPPERS 125
5.6.1 FIXED STRIPPER . 126
5.6.2 URETHANE STRIPPER . 129
5.6.3 SPRING STRIPPER 132
5.7 DESIGN OF PILOTS . 134
5.7.1 SPRING PILOTS . 136
5.8 CONSTRUCTION DESIGN OF PIERCING DIES 137
5.9 CONSTRUCTION DESIGN OF BLANKING DIES 148
5.10 PROBLEMS AND QUESTIONS 159
6 COMPOUND DIES . 164
6.1 INTRODUCTION: . 164ix
6.2 ADVANTAGES OF COMPOUND DIES . 165
6.3 DISADVANTAGES OF COMPOUND DIES . 167
6.4 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS OF COMPOUND DIES 167
6.5 PROCESS OF DESIGN A COMPOUND DIE 168
6.5.1 LAYOUT DESIGN . 168
6.5.2 DESIGN OF BLANKING PUNCH AND PIERCING DIE . 169
6.5.3 DESIGN OF BLANKING DIE . 170
6.5.4 DESIGN OF PIERCING PUNCH . 171
6.5.5 DESIGN OF STRIPPER PLATE 172
6.5.6 DESIGN OF BLANKING PUNCH HOLDER . 173
6.5.7 DESIGN OF PIERCING PUNCH HOLDER . 174
6.5.8 DESIGN OF SPACER PLATE . 175
6.5.9 DESIGN OF AUTOMATIC STOP . 176
6.5.10 DESIGN OF UPPER PRESSURE PLATE . 177
6.5.11 DESIGN OF LOWER PRESSURE PLATE . 178
6.5.12 DESIGN OF EJECTOR PART . 178
6.5.13 SELECTION OF DIE SET 179
6.5.14 ASSEMBLY OF COMPOUND DIE 179
6.5.15 ASSEMBLY DRAWING OF COMPOUND DIE 181
6.6 PROBLEMS AND QUESTIONS 196
7 BENDING AND BENDING DIES . 204
7.1 DEFINITION OF BENDING . 204
7.2 COMMON TYPES OF BENDING 206
7.2.1 V-DIE BENDING 206
7.2.2 U-DIE BENDING 207
7.2.3 WIPE BENDING/EDGE BENDING 210
7.2.4 ROTARY ACTION DIE BENDING 210
7.2.5 BENDING WITH FLEXIBLE TOOLING 212
7.2.6 FORMING WITH CAMS . 213x
7.3 FORMING BY BENDING 216
7.4 MINIMUM BENDING RADIUS 219
7.5 RADIUS OF BENDING TOOLS . 226
7.6 BEND ALLOWANCE . 229
7.7 SPRINGBACK ANGLE . 233
7.7.1 SPRINGBACK FACTORS FOR VARIOUS MATERIALS: 239
7.7.2 FACTORS AFFECTING SPRINGBACK 240
7.7.3 METHODS OF REDUCING SPRINGBACK 242
7.8 EMPIRICAL SPRINGBACK COMPENSATION 246
7.9 CALCULATION OF BENDING FORCE . 250
7.10 BENDING DIES . 261
7.10.1 PRESS BRAKE BENDING OPERATIONS 261
7.10.2 DESIGN OF BENDING DIES 269
7.11 PROBLEMS AND QUESTIONS 285
8 PROGRESSIVE DIES 295
8.1 INTRODUCTION 295
8.2 BASIC APPROACH TO PROGRESSIVE DIE DESIGN . 295
8.2.1 SELECTION OF PROGRESSIVE DIES 296
8.3 STRIP DEVELOPMENT FOR PROGRESSIVE DIES 297
8.4 EXAMPLES OF PRODUCED PRODUCTS . 300
8.5 STRIP LAYOUT DESIGN 303
8.6 THE SIMPLEST FORM OF PROGRESSIVE DIE . 316
8.6.1 THE SIMPLEST PRODUCT DESIGN DRAWING 316
8.7 LAYOUT FOR FLANGED CHANNELS . 336
8.8 PROGRESSIVE DIES FOR AUTOMOTIVES . 383
8.9 IMPORTANT MISCELLANEOUS DIE PARTS 392
8.9.1 PILOTS 392
8.9.2 STOPS: . 401
8.10 PROBLEMS AND QUESTIONS 412xi
9 DEEP DRAWING DIES . 423
9.1 INTRODUCTION 423
9.2 ADVANTAGES OF DEEP DRAWING 425
9.3 WHEN TO USE DEEP DRAWING 426
9.4 KEY DESIGN PRINCIPLS FOR SUCCEFUL DEEP DRAWING 427
9.5 MAIN PARTS OF DEEP DRAWING DIE. 428
9.5.1 PRINCIPLE OF THE DEEP DRAWING OPERATION . 431
9.5.2 SEQUENCE OF DEEP DRAWING OPERATION. . 432
9.6 METAL FLOW 433
9.7 DRAWING OF CYLINDRICAL SHELLS. 448
9.7.1 DEVELOPMENT OF BLANKS . 448
9.7.2 BLANK SIZE CALCULATION . 449
9.7.3 CLEARANCE BETWEEN PUNCH AND DIE . 462
9.8 BLANK DEVELOPMENT OF NON-CYLINDRICAL SHELLS 465
9.8.1 BLANK SIZE FOR RECTANGULAR SHELLS . 465
9.9 DIE REQUIREMENTS FOR DEEP DRAWING OF CYLINDRICAL
SHELLS . 477
9.9.1 CLEARANCE 482
9.9.2 AIR VENTS . 482
9.9.3 BLANK HOLDERS 484
9.9.4 DRAWING WITHOUT A BLANKHOLDER 488
9.9.5 BLANKHOLDER IN CONJUNCTION WITH DRAW BEADS 489
9.9.6 BLANK-HOLDING PRESSURE . 491
9.9.7 BLANK HOLDING FORCE . 492
9.10 DIE REQUIREMENTS FOR RECTANGULAR DRAWS . 493
9.10.1 PUNCH AND DIE RADII . 495
9.11 MEASURES OF DRAWINGS 496
9.11.1 DRAWING RATIO . 496
9.11.2 HEIGHT OF CUPS OR TUBULAR PARTS 499xii
9.11.3 STRAIN FACTOR OF CUPPING 500
9.11.4 MULTIPLE REDRAWING 502
9.11.5 STRAIN HARDENING 502
9.11.6 STRAIN LIMITS . 504
9.12 DEEP DRAWING FORCE 506
9.13 DRAWING FORCE FOR RECTANGULAR DRAWS 509
9.14 IRONING OR WALL THICKNESS DECREASE 528
9.14.1 DEFINITION . 528
9.14.2 MEASURE OF IRONING 530
9.14.3 MULTIPLE FORMING OPERATIONS 532
9.14.4 HEIGHT OF SHELL . 535
9.14.5 IRONING FORCE . 535
9.15 FORMING OF FLANGE . 536
9.16 FORMING LIMITS 541
9.16.1 IMPORTANT NOTES OF FORMING SEVERITY 544
9.16.2 STRAIN MEASUREMENT 545
9.16.3 OTHER FORMABILITY TESTS . 545
9.17 DEEP DRAWING DEFECTS 546
9.17.1 DEFECTS DURING DEEP DRAWING 555
9.18 DEEP DRAWING DIES 557
9.18.1 DEEP DRAWING DIE DESIGN 557
9.18.2 ANALYSIS OF DEEP DRAWING SHAPES 562
9.19 GENERAL DESIGN OF DEEP DRAWING DIES . 588
9.19.1 DIES FOR CYLINDRICAL SHAPES 588
9.20 DRAWING MAGNESIUM . 604
9.21 CARBIDE DRAW DIES 608
9.22 CARBIDE DRAW PUNCHES 611
9.23 DRAWING OF IRREGULAR SHAPES . 616
9.24 FLEXIBLE TOOLING IN DEEP DRAWING 621xiii
9.25 PROBLEMS AND QUESTIONS 630
10 MACHINE TOOLS AND DIES WORKSHOP . 647
10.1 INTRODUCTION 647
10.2 CNC WIRE CUT EDM MACHINE 647
10.2.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF EDM 647
10.2.2 WHAT IS ELECTRIC DISCHARGING MACHINING EDM 648
10.2.3 WHY WE ARE USING EDM? . 650
10.2.4 TYPES OF EDM MACHINES . 651
10.3 CNC WIRE CUT EDM 651
10.3.1 APPLICATIONS OF WIRE EDM 656
10.3.2 STEPS OF WIRE EDM PROCESSING . 661
10.3.3 ADVANTAGES OF WIRE CUT EDM 663
10.3.4 DISADVANTAGES OF WIRE CUT EDM . 664
10.3.5 SELECTION OF THE BEST WIRE CUT MACHINE 665
10.4 CNC SPARK EROSION EDM 668
10.4.1 SELECTION OF THE BEST SPARK EROSION MACHINE 677
10.5 EDM DRILLING MACHINE 682
10.5.1 SELECTION OF EDM HOLE DRILLING MACHINE. . 687
10.6 CNC MACHINE CENTER 689
10.6.1 DIFFERENT TYPES OF MILLING OPERATIONS . 690
10.6.2 SELECTION OF CNC VERTICAL MACHINE CENTER . 693
10.7 CNC LATHE MACHINE 696
10.7.1 DIFFERENT TYPES OF TURNING OPERATIONS 697
10.7.2 SELECTION OF CNC TURNING MACHINE 705
10.8 UNIVERSAL CENTER LATHE . 706
10.9 UNIVERSAL MILLING MACHINE 707
10.9.1 SELECTION OF CONVENTIONAL MILLING MACHINE . 708
10.10 SURFACE GRINDING MACHINE . 712
10.10.1 ADVANTAGES OF SURFACE GRINDING MACHINE 713xiv
10.10.2 DISADVANTAGES OF SURFACE GRINDING MACHINE 713
10.10.3 APPLICATIONS OF SURFACE GRINDING MACHINE . 714
10.11 CYLINDRICAL GRINDING MACHINE . 714
10.11.1 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF CYLINDRICAL GRINDING
MACHINE 715
10.11.2 TYPES OF CYLINDRICAL GRINDING MACHINE 716
10.11.3 ADVANTAGES OF CYLINDRICAL GRINDING MACHINE . 717
10.11.4 DISADVANTAGES OF CYLINDRICAL GRINDING
MACHINE… 717
10.11.5 APPLICATIONS OF CYLINDRICAL GRINDING MACHINE 717
10.12 SHAPER MACHINE 718
10.12.1 SHAPER MACHINE PROCESS 718
10.12.2 SHAPER MACHINE OPERATIONS . 719
10.12.3 ADVANTAGES OF SHAPER MACHINE 719
10.12.4 DISADVANTAGES OF SHAPER MACHINE 720
10.12.5 APPLICATION OF SHAPER MACHINE . 720
10.12.6 SIZE OF SHAPER MACHINE . 721
10.12.7 QUICK RETURN MECHANISM 722
10.12.8 SHAPING MACHINE CUTTING TOOLS 723
10.12.9 OPERATIONS PERFORMED ON SHAPERS 724
10.13 DRILLING MACHINE . 725
10.13.1 WHAT ARE THE USES OF A DRILLING MACHINE? . 726
10.13.2 BENCH DRILL PRESS MACHINE . 726
10.13.3 PILLAR DRILLING MACHINE 727
10.13.4 APPLICATIONS OF PILLAR DRILL MACHINE . 728
10.13.5 RADIAL DRILLING MACHINE . 729
10.13.6 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF RADIAL DRILLING MACHINE . 729
10.13.7 CONSTRUCTION OF RADIAL DRILLING MACHINE . 730
10.13.8 COLUMN DRILLING MACHINE . 730
10.14 ELECTRICAL THERMAL FURNACE . 731xv
10.15 ROCKWELL HARDNESS TESTING MACHINE . 736
10.16 STEPS OF MANUFACTURING AND ASSEMBLY OF DIES . 749
10.17 QUESTIONS: 755
11 TOOLS AND DIE MATERIALS 762
11.1 INTRODUCTION 762
11.2 TOOL STEELS . 763
11.3 EFFECTS OF ALLOYING ELEMENTS UPON FERRITE . 776
11.4 EFFECTS OF ALLOYING ELEMENTS ON MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES IN THE ANNEALED CONDITION . 777
11.5 EFFECTS OF ALLOYING ELEMENTS ON HARDENABILITY . 779
11.6 EFFECTS OF ALLOYING ELEMENTS ON AUSTENITE FORMATION . 780
11.7 EFFECTS OF ALLOYING ELEMENTS ON RESPONSE TO HEATING
FOR HARDENING . 782
11.8 EFFECTS OF ALLOYING ELEMENTS ON RESPONSE TO COOLING
FROM HARDENING TEMPERATURE . 783
11.9 EFFECTS OF ALLOYING ELEMENTS ON TEMPERING . 784
11.10 .EFFECTS OF SUB-STITUTIONAL SOLUTES ON PRECIPITATION
OF IRON CARBIDES 787
11.11 SOLID SOLUTION STRENTHENING AND SOFTENING 789
11.12 HEAT TREATMENT OF TOOL STEELS 794
11.12.1 NORMALIZING . 794
11.12.2 ANNEALING 795
11.12.3 FULL ANNEALING . 795
11.13 HARDING TREATMENT CYCLE . 797
11.13.1 PREHEATING 797
11.13.2 HARDENING (AUSTENITIZING) 799
11.13.3 HOLDING TIME AT HARDENING TEMPERATURE . 801
11.13.4 QUENCHING 801
11.13.5 MARTEMPERING 802xvi
11.13.6 AUSTEMPERING . 803
11.13.7 TEMPERING OF MARTENSITE 804
11.13.8 RETAINED AUSTENITE . 806
11.13.9 RETAINED AUSTENITE AND LOWERING OF MS 807
11.13.10 EFFECTS OF RETAINED AUSTENITE ON DUPLEX
MICROSTRUCTURE OF MARTENSITE AND LOWER BAINITE 807
11.14 DIE TOOL MATERIALS AND TREATMENT . 811
11.15 CHARACTERISTICS OF TOOL AND DIE STEELS . 811
11.16 CHOOSING OF DIE TOOL STEELS . 813
11.17 REPAIRING DIES BY WELDING . 826
11.18 DIE SURFACE COATINGS AND TREATMENTS 828
11.19 NONFERROUS AND NONMETALLIC DIE MATERIALS 834
11.20 CARBIDE DIE MATERIALS . 835
11.21 NONMETALLIC DIE MATERIALS 837
11.22 QUESTIONS 839
12 PRESSES 841
12.1 INTRODUCTION 841
12.2 POWER PRESSES . 841
12.3 POWER AND DRIVE SYSTEM . 843
12.4 CLASSIFICATION OF PRESSES 843
12.4.1 ACCORDING TO THE POWER SOURCE . 843
12.4.2 ACCORDING TO THE TYPE AND DESIGN OF FRAME . 844
12.4.3 ACCORDING TO POSITION OF FRAME . 849
12.4.4 ACCORDING TO THE NUMBER OF ACTIONS 851
12.4.5 ACCORDING TO TRANSMISION POWER MECHANISM 852
12.4.6 ACCORDING TO NUMBER OF DRIVE GEARS 856
12.4.7 ACCORDING TO NUMBER OF CRANKSHAFTS . 856
12.4.8 ACCORDING TO THE PURPOSE OF USE . 856
12.4.9 ACCORDING TO THE METHOD OF TRANSMISSION OF
POWER FROM MOTOR TO CRANKSHAFT . 857xvii
12.5 WHAT IS A POWER PRESS? 858
12.6 POWER PRESS DESIGNS 858
12.7 MECHANICAL POWER PRESS DESIGN 859
12.8 MAIN COMPONENTS OF A POWER PRESS 859
12.8.1 HOW TO CALCULATE THE SIZE OF A POWER PRESS . 865
12.8.2 HOW TO CALCULATE MECHANICAL POWER PRESS
DESIGN CALCULATION METHODS 865
12.10 DISADVANTAGES OF POWER PRESS 869
12.11 SAFETY MEASURES OF POWER PRESSES 870
12.12 MAINTENANCE OF POWER PRESSES 870
12.15 SPECIFICATIONS OF A PRESS . 873
12.16.1 C-FRAME POWER PRESS 875
12.16.2 H-FRAME OR STRAIGHT FRAME . 877
12.16.3 H FRAME HYDRAULIC PRESS MACHINES . 878
12.16.4 PNEUMATIC POWER PRESS MACHINES 881
12.16.5 HYBRID FRAME OR RING FRAME . 886
12.16.6 H FRAME STRAIGHT SIDED DOUBLE CRANK PRESSES 889
12.16.7 HIGH SPEED PRESSES MACHINES . 892
12.17 FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED WHEN CHOOSING A PRESS
MACHINE 898
12.17.1 MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS . 898
12.17.2 PRODUCTION VOLUME AND SPEED . 898
12.17.3 BUDGET AND MAINTENANCE COSTS 899
12.18 REFERENCES . 900
13 DIE SETS . 902
13.1 INTRODUCTION 902
13.2 DESCRIPTION OF A DIE . 903
13.3 WHEN CHOOSE STANDARD DIE SET . 906
13.3.1 ACCURACY . 907
13.4 MATERIALS OF DIE SETS . 908xviii
13.4.1 SEMI-STEEL DIE SET . 908
13.4.2 STEEL DIE SETS 908
13.5 DIE SET SELECTION GUIDELINES 909
13.6 SELECTING THE DIE SET 910
13.7 DIE SET COMPONENTS 911
13.8 TYPES OF DIE SHOES . 912
13.8.1 OPEN DIE SETS . 913
13.8.2 PILLAR DIE SETS 913
13.8.3 TWO POST DIE SETS 914
13.8.4 DIFFERENT STYLES OF BACK POST DIE SETS . 916
13.8.5 THREE POST DIE SETS 917
13.8.6 FOUR POST DIE SETS 917
13.8.7 LONG, NARROW DIE SETS . 918
13.8.8 ROUND DIE SETS . 919
13.8.9 CENTER POST DIE SETS . 920
13.8.10 FOOL PROOFING 922
13.8.11 LARGE DIE SETS SEMI-STEEL 922
13.8.12 LARGE DIE SETS STEEL . 923
13.8.13 HEAVY DUTY DIE SETS . 924
13.8.14 SPECIAL DIE SETS . 924
13.9 BASE PLATE (LOWER SHOE) DIE DESIGN 925
13.10 DIE SHOE SIZE AND THE FORCES AFFECTING ITS CHOICE 925
13.10.1 MAXIMUM STRESS ON THE DIE 927
13.11 DIE SET MOUNTING 929
13.12 DIE GUIDING ARRANGEMENT . 930
13.12.1 GUIDE POSTS 931
13.12.2 GUIDE POSTS AND HEEL DESIGN . 933
13.12.3 SET BLOCKS AND STOP BLOCKS 934
13.12.4 PARALLELS . 935xix
13.13 LIST OF DIFFERENT CATALOGS FOR DIE SETS 936
13.13.1 FOUR POST STYLES OF LARGE DIE SETS 937
13.13.2 TWO POST STYLES FOR LARGE DIE SETS . 939
13.13.3 FLANGED DEMOUNTABLE GUIDE POSTS . 941
13.13.4 STRAIGHT GUIDE POSTS . 944
13.13.5 SHOULDER GUIDE POSTS 945
13.13.6 SHOULDER FLANGED GUIDE POSTS 947
13.13.7 PRECISION DEMOUNTABLE GUIDE BUSHINGS . 950
13.13.8 BALL BEARING CAGES 951
13.13.9 GUIDE BUSHES . 952
13.14 REFERENCES . 953
14 TOOLS AND DIE ACCESSORIES 955
14.1 STANDARD PUNCHES . 955
14.1.1 PUNCHES WITH AN EXTRACTORS 956
14.1.2 CYLINDRICAL HEAD PUNCHES WITH EXTRACTORS 956
14.1.3 HIGH QUALITY PUNCHES REDUCED 958
14.1.4 REGULAR PUNCH BLANKS . 959
14.1.5 SHEARED ANGLES FOR PUNCHES 960
14.2 STANDARD PILOTS 961
14.2.1 REGULAR PARABOLIC PILOTS 963
14.2.2 POSITIVE PICK-UP CENTER DOWEL PILOTS 964
14.2.3 COMPACT POSITIVE PICK-UP PILOTS 965
14.2.4 COMPACT POSITIVE PICK-UP PILOTS 966
14.2.5 SPRING PILOTS . 967
14.3 STANDARD COMPRISSION SPRINGS . 968
14.3.1 SUMMARY OF COMPRESSION SPRINGS 969
14.4 STANDARD RUBBER SPRINGS 982
14.4.1 URETHANE TUBES AND URETHANE SPRINGS 985
14.4.2 ADVANTAGES OF URETHANE AND RUBBER SPRINGS . 986 xx
14.5 STANDARD BOLTS AND SCREWS 988
APPENDIX A: UNIVERSITY EXAMS OF TOOL AND DIE DESIGN. . 998
APPENDIX B: PRINCIPLES IN MECHANICAL DESIGN . 1040
REFERENCES 1057
BIOGRAPHY OF DR. MOHAMED KASSAB 1064 xxi
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