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 |  موضوع: كتاب Metal Forming Practise الخميس 22 مارس 2012, 8:55 pm | |
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تذكير بمساهمة فاتح الموضوع : أخوانى فى الله
أحضرت لكم كتاب
Metal Forming Practise
Processes – Machines – Tools
Heinz Tschaetsch
Translated by Anne Koth
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Contents
Preface V
Terms, symbols and units . 1
Part I Metal forming and shearing processes . 3
1 Types of production processes 5
2 Terms and parameters of metal forming . 7
2.1 Plastic (permanent) deformation . 7
2.2 Flow stress 8
2.3 Deformation resistance 10
2.4 Deformability 11
2.5 Degree of deformation and principal strain 11
2.6 Strain rate 14
2.7 Exercise . 14
3 Surface treatment . 15
3.1 Cold bulk forming . 15
3.2 Cold sheet forming 16
3.3 Hot forming . 17
3.4 Exercise . 17
4 Upset forging 18
4.1 Definition 18
4.2 Application 18
4.3 Starting stock 18
4.4 Permissible deformations 19
4.5 Upsetting force 23
4.6 Upsetting work 23
4.7 Upsetting tooling . 24
4.8 Achievable precision . 26
4.9 Defects in upset forging 27
4.10 Example calculations 27
4.11 Exercise . 32
5 Extrusion . 33
5.1 Definition 33
5.2 Application of the process . 33
5.3 Types of extrusion process 34
5.4 Starting stock 35
5.5 Principal strain 35
5.6 Calculation of force and mechanical work 36
5.7 Extrusion tooling . 38
5.8 Reinforcement calculation for single-reinforced dies 39
5.9 Achievable precision 42
5.10 Defects during extrusion 43VIII Contents
5.11 Sequence of operations diagram 43
5.12 Example calculations 44
5.13 Shape classification 49
5.14 Exercise . 55
6 Thread and gear rolling . 56
6.1 Types of process . 56
6.2 Application of the processes 58
6.3 Advantages of thread rolling 59
6.4 Establishing the initial diameter . 60
6.5 Rolling speeds with cylindrical dies . 61
6.6 Rolling dies 61
6.7 Example . 63
6.8 Thread rolling machines . 64
6.9 Exercise . 68
6.10 Processes and machines for rolling gears . 69
7 Cold hubbing 77
7.1 Definition . 77
7.2 Application of the process 77
7.3 Permissible deformations . 78
7.4 Calculation of force and mechanical work . 78
7.5 Materials which can be hubbed 79
7.6 Hubbing speed 80
7.7 Lubrication during hubbing 80
7.8 Characteristics of the workpieces to be hubbed . 80
7.9 Hubbing tooling . 81
7.10 Advantages of cold hubbing . 82
7.11 Defects during cold hubbing 83
7.12 Machines for cold hubbing . 83
7.13 Example calculations 84
7.14 Exercise . 85
8 Coining (stamping) . 86
8.1 Definition . 86
8.2 Types and applications of coining processes . 86
8.3 Calculation of force and mechanical work . 87
8.4 Tooling . 88
8.5 Defects during coining . 89
8.6 Example 89
8.7 Exercise 90
9 Ironing (wall ironing) . 91
9.1 Definition . 91
9.2 Application of the process 91
9.3 Starting stock 91
9.4 Principal strain . 91
9.5 Calculation of force and mechanical work . 93
9.6 Example 93
9.7 Exercise . 94Contents IX
10 Wire drawing 95
10.1 Definition . 95
10.2 Application . 95
10.3 Starting stock . 96
10.4 Principal strain . 96
10.5 Permissible deformations . 96
10.6 Drawing force 97
10.7 Drawing speeds 97
10.8 Drive power . 99
10.9 Drawing tooling . 100
10.10 Example . 102
10.11 Exercise . 104
11 Tube drawing 105
11.1 Definition . 105
11.2 Tube drawing processes . 105
11.3 Principal strain and drawing force . 106
11.4 Drawing tooling . 107
11.5 Example . 108
11.6 Exercise . 108
12 Extrusion . 109
12.1 Definition . 109
12.2 Application . 109
12.3 Starting stock . 110
12.4 The extrusion process . 110
12.5 Principal strain . 113
12.6 Strain rates during extrusion 113
12.7 Extrusion force . 114
12.8 Mechanical work 116
12.9 Tooling . 118
12.10 Extrusion presses . 120
12.11 Example . 121
12.12 Exercise . 122
13 Impression-die forging (closed-die forging) . 123
13.1 Definition . 123
13.2 Starting stock . 123
13.3 Types and application of the process . 124
13.4 Processes in the forging die . 126
13.5 Calculation of force and mechanical work . 127
13.6 Tooling . 132
13.7 Design of impression-die forgings . 136
13.8 Achievable precision 137
13.9 Example . 137
13.10 Exercise . 139
14 Deep drawing 141
14.1 Definition . 141
14.2 Application of the process 141X Contents
14.3 Forming process and stress distribution . 142
14.4 Starting stock 143
14.5 Permissible deformation . 150
14.6 Deep drawing steps 152
14.7 Calculating the drawing force 154
14.8 Blank holder force 155
14.9 Drawing work 156
14.10 Drawing tooling . 158
14.11 Achievable precision 166
14.12 Defects during deep drawing . 167
14.13 Example 169
14.14 Hydromechanical deep drawing . 172
14.15 Sheet hydroforming 174
14.16 Tube hydroforming 179
14.17 Exercise . 184
15 Deep drawing without a blank holder; metal spinning . 185
15.1 Deep drawing without a blank holder 185
15.2 Metal spinning 186
15.3 Exercise . 192
15.4 Incremental sheet forming 193
16 Bending . 194
16.1 Definition . 194
16.2 Application of the process 194
16.3 The bending process . 194
16.4 Limits of bending deformation . 195
16.5 Spring-back 197
16.6 Determining the blank length . 198
16.7 Bending force . 199
16.8 Bending work . 201
16.9 Bending tooling 203
16.10 Bending defects 204
16.11 Example 204
16.12 Bending machines 205
16.13 Exercise . 211
17 Embossing . 212
17.1 Definition . 212
17.2 Application of the process 212
17.3 Calculation of force and mechanical work . 213
17.4 Embossing tooling 216
17.5 Embossing defects 217
17.6 Example 217
17.7 Exercise . 217
18 Shearing 218
18.1 Definition . 218
18.2 Shearing process flow 218
18.3 Types of shearing process 219Contents XI
18.4 Permissible deformation . 220
18.5 Calculation of force and mechanical work . 220
18.6 Resultant line of action 222
18.7 Break clearance 225
18.8 Web and rim thickness . 227
18.9 Achievable precision 228
18.10 Shearing tooling . 229
18.11 Example . 238
18.12 Exercise . 240
19 Fine blanking (precision blanking) . 241
19.1 Definition . 241
19.2 Fields of application . 241
19.3 Shearing process flow 241
19.4 Fine blanking tooling design 242
19.5 Break clearance 242
19.6 Forces during fine blanking . 243
19.7 Fine blanking presses . 244
19.8 Exercise . 246
19.9 Laser cutters . 247
20 Joining by forming . 249
20.1 Clinching 250
20.2 Punch riveting 254
20.3 Self-piercing riveting with semi-tubular rivets 257
Part II Presses
21 Types of press . 262
21.1 Presses controlled by work 262
21.2 Presses controlled by the ram path . 262
21.3 Presses controlled by force 263
21.4 Exercise . 263
22 Hammers . 264
22.1 Columns and frames . 264
22.2 Types of hammer . 264
22.3 Constructional design and calculation of impact energy 266
22.4 Fields of application for hammers 273
22.5 Example . 274
22.6 Exercise . 274
23 Screw presses 275
23.1 Forms of structural design 275
23.2 Functions of the individual styles of construction . 276
23.3 Calculating the parameters for screw presses 287
23.4 Advantages of screw presses 291
23.5 Typical fields of application of screw presses . 291
23.6 Examples 292
23.7 Exercise . 294XII Contents
24 Eccentric and crank presses 295
24.1 Types of these presses 295
24.2 Press frame materials . 298
24.3 Frame deflection and deflection energy . 299
24.4 Eccentric and crank press drives 300
24.5 Calculating the parameters . 306
24.6 Example 310
24.7 Application of eccentric and crank presses 312
24.8 Exercise . 312
25 Knuckle-joint and toggle presses 313
25.1 Single-point knuckle-joint presses . 313
25.2 Toggle presses – modified knuckle-joint presses . 314
25.3 Horizontal knuckle-joint and toggle presses 317
25.4 Exercise . 317
26 Hydraulic presses . 318
26.1 Hydraulic press drives 318
26.2 Example . 320
26.3 Advantages of hydraulic presses 321
26.4 Practical application of hydraulic presses 321
26.5 Exercise . 324
27 Special-purpose presses . 325
27.1 Deep drawing transfer presses . 325
27.2 Transfer presses for bulk forming 331
27.3 Automatic punching presses . 339
27.4 Exercise . 344
28 Workpiece and stock feed systems 345
28.1 Feed devices for piercing or blanking operations 345
28.2 Transport devices in deep drawing transfer presses . 346
28.3 Transport devices for transfer presses for bulk forming 347
28.4 Feed devices to supply round blanks 348
28.5 Feed devices to convey single workpieces in steps 348
28.6 Feed devices to supply forging presses 349
28.7 Exercise . 349
29 Future developments in metal forming presses and tool changing systems 351
29.1 Flexible manufacturing systems . 351
29.2 Automatic tool change systems 362
Part III Tables . 367
Bibliography . 401
Index
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