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 |  موضوع: كتاب Maintenance Engineering Handbook الجمعة 30 مارس 2012, 6:13 pm | |
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أحضرت لكم كتاب
Maintenance Engineering Handbook Sixth Edition
Lindley R. Higgins, P.E.
(deceased)
R. Keith Mobley Editor in Chief
The Plant Performance Group
Knoxville, Tenn.
Ricky Smith Associate Editor
President, Technical Training Division
Life Cycle Engineering
Charleston, S.C.
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Chapter 3. Predictive Maintenance R. Keith Mobley 2.15
Chapter 4. Maintenance Work Order Planning Richard (Doc) Palmer 2.31
Chapter 5. An Introduction to the Computer in Maintenance
Craig A. Atwater 2.41
Chapter 6. Computerized Planning and Scheduling Richard Davies 2.49
Chapter 7. Maintenance Stores and Inventory Control Dave Bertolini 2.79
Chapter 8. Maintenance Storerooms John C. Martin 2.99
Chapter 9. Internet for Maintenance and Engineering Joel Levitt 2.109
Section 3 Establishing Costs and Control
Chapter 1. Economics of Preventive Maintenance R. Keith Mobley 3.3
Chapter 2. Work Measurement R. Keith Mobley 3.13
Chapter 3. Rating and Evaluating Maintenance Workers Frank Halchin 3.59
Chapter 4. Work Simplification in Maintenance Raymond I. Reul 3.83
Chapter 5. Estimating Repair and Maintenance Costs Nicholas Fostar 3.101
Section 4 Maintenance of Plant Facilities
Chapter 1. Maintenance of Low-Sloped Membrane Roofs
Donald R. Mapes and Dennis J. McNeil 4.3
vi CONTENTSChapter 2. Concrete Industrial Floor Surfaces: Design, Installation, Repair,
and Maintenance Robert F. Ytterberg 4.19
Chapter 3. Painting and Protective Coatings Bryant (Web) Chandler 4.29
Chapter 4. Maintenance and Cleaning of Brick Masonry Structures
Brian E. Trimble 4.49
Chapter 5. Maintenance of Elevators and Special Lifts Jerry Robertson 4.65
Chapter 6. Air-Conditioning Equipment Martin A. Scicchitano 4.75
Chapter 7. Ventilating Fans and Exhaust Systems Richard P. Wojcik 4.107
Chapter 8. Dust-Collecting and Air-Cleaning Equipment Lee Twombly
and Samuel G. Dunkle 4.135
Chapter 9. Piping Tyler G. Hicks 4.149
Chapter 10. Scaffolds and Ladders Colin P. Bennett 4.183
Section 5 Maintenance of Mechanical Equipment
Chapter 1. Plain Bearings William A. Yahraus and George R. Kingsbury 5.3
Chapter 2. Rolling-Element Bearings Daniel R. Snyder 5.19
Chapter 3. Flexible Couplings for Power Transmission Donald B. Cutler 5.45
Chapter 4. Chains for Power Transmission Frank B. Kempf 5.73
Chapter 5. Cranes: Overhead and Gantry William S. Chapin 5.83
CONTENTS viiChapter 6. Chain Hoists R. C. Dearstyne 5.91
Chapter 7. Belt Drives Tom Lovin 5.101
Chapter 8. Mechanical Variable-Speed Drives Edward F. Krome, Jr. 5.129
Chapter 9. Gear Drives and Speed Reducers Robert G. Smith 5.147
Chapter 10. Reciprocating Air Compressors M. F. Baecker 5.173
Chapter 11. Valves Joseph J. Haddad 5.185
Chapter 12. Pumps: Centrifugal and Positive Displacement R. Keith Mobley 5.201
Section 6 Maintenance of Electrical Equipment
Chapter 1. Electric Motors James S. Bowers and Frank W. Ceney 6.3
Chapter 2. Maintenance of Motor Control Components Kenneth L. Paape 6.49
Chapter 3. Maintenance of Industrial Batteries (Lead-Acid, Nickel-Cadmium,
Nickel-Iron) Richard L. Kreutzfeldt 6.88
Chapter 4. Illumination Ricky Smith 6.115
Section 7 Sanitation and Housekeeping
Chapter 1. Organizing the Sanitation-Housekeepng Personnel Carl L. Hagan 7.3
Chapter 2. Maintaining Plant Sanitation and Housekeeping Carl L. Hagan 7.19
viii CONTENTSChapter 3. Industrial Housekeeping Carl L. Hagan 7.41
Chapter 4. Cleaning Industrial Plant Offices Gorman Sterzinger and
Carl L. Hagan 7.55
Section 8 Instruments and Reliability Tools
Chapter 1. Mechanical Instruments for Measuring Process Variables
R. Keith Mobley 8.3
Chapter 2. Electrical Instruments for Measuring, Servicing, and Testing
R. Keith Mobley 8.43
Chapter 3. Vibration: Its Analysis and Correction R. Keith Mobley 8.71
Chapter 4. An Introduction to Thermography R. Keith Mobley 8.109
Chapter 5. Tribology R. Keith Mobley 8.131
Section 9 Lubrication
Chapter 1. The Organization and Management of Lubrication F. Alverson,
T. C. Mead, W. H. Stein, and A. C. Witte 9.3
Chapter 2. Lubricating Devices and Systems Duane C. Allen 9.15
Chapter 3. Planning and Implementing a Good Lubrication Program
R. Keith Mobley 9.29
Section 10 Maintenance Welding
Chapter 1. Arc Welding in Maintenance J. E. Hinkel 10.3
CONTENTS ixChapter 2. Gas Welding in Maintenance
Engineers of L-TEC Welding and Cutting Systems 10.63
Section 11 Chemical Corrosion Control and Cleaning
Chapter 1. Corrosion Control Denny Bardoliwalla and Klaus Wittel 11.3
Chapter 2. Industrial Chemical Cleaning Methods Robert Haydu,
W. Emerson Brantley III, and Jerry Casenhiser 11.17
Index I.1
x CONTENTSINDEX
A/D conversion, 8.116
Abrasive blasting/cleaning, 4.39,
4.56–57, 11.28
Abrasive wear
hard surfacing as protection against,
10.43–50, 10.48
in gear teeth, 5.165
in ventilating fans and exhaust
systems, 4.122
ABS plastic, 11.10
Absolute-pressure elements, 8.19
Absorption-type air conditioners/cleaners, 4.79–80, 4.86–87, 4.136
Absorptivity, 8.116
AC induction motors, 6.8–12
classification of, 6.8
design characteristics of, 6.9–10
insulation for, 6.10–12
nameplate coding on, 6.46t
no startup in, 6.32
overheating in, 6.33–36
slow acceleration in, 6.32
speed–torque characteristics of, 6.8–9
temperature rise in, 6.12
theory and construction of, 6.8
vacuum pressure impregnation (VPI)
insulation in, 6.11–12
Ac/dc welding unit, 10.55
Acceleration, in vibration analysis,
8.74–76, 8.77, 8.78, 8.79, 8.100
Accelerometers, 8.100
Acceptance testing, vibration analysis
and, 8.71–72
Accountability, in training, 1.74
Accounting and financial management,
computerized, 2.47
Accounting, material usage, 2.94
Accounts, Internet, 2.113
Acetal homopolymers, 11.10
Achieved availability, 3.12
Acid cleaning, in piping, 4.180
Action codes, planning and planned
maintenance, 2.50–51
Addresses, Internet, 2.114–115
Adjustable pitch fan blades, 4.117
Adjustable-type relays, 6.78–82
Adjustable-while-in-motion belt drive,
5.132–135, 5.132, 5.133, 5.134,
5.138t
Advanced Research Projects Agency
and ARPAnet, 2.110–111
Aggregate surfaced roofs, 4.15
Air-acetylene torch, 10.63–72
anchoring bolts in concrete or stone
using, 10.72
asphalt tile cutting using, 10.72
freeing frozen shafts using, 10.71
glass cutting using, 10.72
lead work using, 10.71–72
loosening nuts and bolts using, 10.71
paint burning using, 10.70–71
(See also Oxyacetylene torch;
Soldering and brazing)
Air-carbon arc cutting (CAC-A) and
gouging, 10.27–30, 10.28t, 10.29t
Air cleaners (See Air conditioning;
Dust collection and air cleaning
equipment)
Air compressor check valve, 5.190–191
Air conditioning equipment, 4.75–106
absorption refrigeration equipment
in, 4.79–80
absorption-type in, 4.86–87
air-cooled condensers in, 4.90
air washers in, 4.87–88
algae growth and, 4.93–94
bearings in, 4.89, 4.97
Btu in, 4.77–78
central vs. room-type, 4.78–79, 4.79
centrifugal compressor-type, 4.88–89
centrifugal refrigeration equipment
in, 4.79–80
cleaning in, 4.81, 4.84, 4.87–88,
4.90, 4.92, 4.94, 4.96, 4.98,
4.101, 4.103
coils in, 4.89–90, 4.104
components of, 4.79
condensers in, 4.104
coolers in, 4.92–93
cooling loads on, 4.75–76
cooling towers for, 4.93–94, 4.93
cost vs. selection of, 4.80
dampers in, 4.94, 4.97
dehumidifiers in, 4.101
drives, belt and direct connected, 4.95
economizers in, 4.96
eliminators for, 4.93
evaporative condensers in, 4.92
extended shutdowns and, 4.89
fans in, 4.88, 4.92, 4.93, 4.96
filters in, 4.97–99
freeze/winter protection for, 4.90,
4.92, 4.94, 4.104–106
heat pumps in, 4.100–101
heaters for, 4.99–100
heating load on, 4.77
humidifiers in, 4.101
inspection of, 4.81, 4.90, 4.102–103
installation of, 4.80
insulation in, 4.92
latent load on, 4.76
leaks in, 4.87, 4.89, 4.90, 4.92
lighting generated heat load on, 4.76
loads on, 4.75–78
lubrication in, 4.84, 4.88, 4.89, 4.92,
4.93, 4.97, 4.101, 4.103
maintenance of, 4.81
mixed air thermostat (MAT) for,
4.96
motors in, 4.105–106
occupancy load on, 4.76
oil heaters in, 4.89
oil return in coolers in, 4.92–93
oils used in, 4.80
operating log keeping for, 4.81, 4.85
outside air load on, 4.76
preventive maintenance for, 4.81
pumps in, 4.87, 4.101–102, 4.104
purge units in, 4.87, 4.89
reciprocating refrigeration equipment in, 4.79–80
refrigerant used in, 4.80, 4.82–83t,
4.89
refrigeration cycle in, 4.77–78
removing loads from, 4.76
rooftop unit, 4.102–103
room-type, 4.103–104
safety features in, 4.87, 4.89
screw refrigeration equipment in,
4.79–80
self-contained, 4.104
service valves in, 4.87
spare parts for, 4.81
sun load on, 4.75
“ton” as unit of measure in, 4.77–78
training for, 4.81
transmission load on, 4.75–76
water-cooled condensers in, 4.91–92
water distribution systems for, 4.93
water treatment/conditioning in,
4.92, 4.106
Air-cooled condensers, air conditioning, 4.90
Air-cooled engine set welder for,
10.53, 10.54
Air filters, 4.139, 4.140, 4.141, 4.144,
4.97–98
Air Moving and Conditioning
Association (AMCA), 4.108
Aircraft engine, vibration analysis and,
8.72, 8.74
Alert and alarm limits, in vibration
analysis, 8.97–98
Algae growth, in air conditioning,
4.93–94
Alkyd-based paints, 4.36–37
Allen, Duane C., 9.15
Allowances, in ratio delay technique,
3.53–54
Alloy steels:
melting points of, 10.88
in plain bearings, 5.5
welding, 10.36–39, 10.38t, 10.39t
Alterations, 1.4
I.1Alternating current (ac), 8.118
dynamometers and, 8.55, 8.56, 8.57
iron vane ac mechanism for, 8.55
measurement of, 8.55
true rms measurement in, 8.55
Alternators, 8.118, 8.120
Aluminum:
corrosion of, 11.7, 11.9
melting points of, 10.88
paints and protective coatings for, 4.32
welding, 10.39
Aluminum complex soaps, in grease, 9.11
Aluminum ladders, 4.184, 4.189–191,
4.192
Aluminum scaffolds, 4.193–194, 4.198
Aluminum soaps, in grease, 9.1
Alverson, F., 9.3
Ambient temperature, 8.117
American Gear Manufacturers
Association (AGMA), 5.150
American Institute of Chemical
Engineers, 11.32
American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM), 4.45–48, 11.32
American Society of Mechanical
Engineers (ASME), 11.32
American Welding Society (AWS), 10.34
Amines, 11.15
Ammeters, 8.51–52
Ampacity, 8.118
Amperage measurement, 8.52–53, 8.118
Ampere, 8.118
Amplitude of vibration, in vibration
analysis, 8.77, 8.79
Analog multimeters, 8.44–48
Angular-contact ball bearings, 5.29–31
Angular misalignment, in vibration
analysis, 8.91
Anodic reactions, 11.4
Anonymous FTP, 2.111–112
Anti Friction Bearing Manufacturers
Association (AFBMA) and, 5.73
Applications, computer, 2.46–48
Apprentice training programs, 1.18–19
Aqueous-solution corrosion inhibitors,
11.14–15
Arc blow, in welding, 10.50–51
Arc chambers, in motor controller,
6.54–56, 6.62
Arc welding (See Welding)
Armature, 8.118
welding machine, 10.58
Army-type trolley hoist, 5.93, 5.95
Arrester, 8.118
Asphalt tile, cutting, using air-acetylene torch, 8.56
Assigned maintenance manning, ratio
delay technique, 3.51–54
Aactic polypropylene (APP), 4.4
Atmospheric absorption, 8.116
Atmospheric attenuation, 8.116
Atmospheric emission, 8.117
Atmospheric radiation, 8.117
Atmospheric reflectance, 8.117
Atomic hydrogen welding, 10.34
Attenuator, 8.118
Atwater, Craig A. , 2.41
Austenitic stainless steel (See Stainless
steels)
Authority, shut down, 1.20–21
Authority and management, 1.5–6
Automated welding equipment, 10.41,
10.42
Automatic lubrication systems (See
Lubrication and oils, automatic
devices and systems)
Automobile bodies, soldering, 10.67–68
Autoranging, in DMMs, 8.50
Availability, 3.12
Average priority system (PS) reports,
1.63, 1.65–66
Average return on investment (ROI), 3.3
Axial fans, vane axial-type, 4.115,
4.116–118
Babbits
melting points of metals and alloys
in, 10.88
in plain bearings, 5.5, 5.10
Backlash, 8.85–86
Backlog reports, 1.64, 1.66
planning and planned maintenance,
2.49
Backward-curved blade centrifugal
fans, 4.118
Balance, vibration analysis and, 8.90,
8.91
Balancing, fan, 4.130–132
Ball (roller) spin frequency (BSF),
8.83, 8.84
Ball bearings (See Roller bearings)
Ball-check valve, 5.190
Ball pass inner race frequency (BPFI),
8.83
Ball pass outer race frequency (BPFO),
8.83
Ball valve, 5.185, 5.196, 5.197
Ballast factors, in illumination and
lighting, 6.131
Band, 8.117
Bandwidth, 8.117
Bardoliwalla, Denny, 11.3
Base metals, welding, 10.35–39, 10.35t
Baselines, training program, 1.70
Basic rating life, roller bearings, 5.25
Batteries, 6.88–113
air-acetylene torch lead terminal
ends of, 10.71–72
capacity of, 6.88, 6.109
charge–discharge rate of, 6.88
charging of, 6.90–94, 6.102–104, 6.110
cutoff voltage of, 6.88
efficiency of, 6.88
electrodes and electrolytes in, 6.89,
6.99–100, 6.104–108,
6.110–113
hourly rates of, 6.88
lead-acid, 6.89–99
cell voltage unequal in, 6.98
charging, 6.90–94
constant-current charge method
for, 6.93
electrodes and electrolytes in, 6.89
electrolyte levels low, 6.98
installation and operation of,
6.89–90
leaks in, 6.89, 6.98
maintenance of, 6.94–95
modified constant-voltage charge
method for, 6.91–92, 6.92t
motive power vs. stationary, 6.89
no charging possible in, 6.96–97
overdischarge prevention in, 6.95
overheating on charge/discharge
in, 6.97–98
placing in service, 6.90
repairs to, 6.98–99
short working life in, 6.97
specific gravity unequal in cells
of, 6.98
taper charge method for, 6.92–93
testing condition of, 6.95–96
too long time to charge in, 6.97
troubleshooting, causes and
remedies, 6.96–98
two-rate charge method for, 6.93
leaks in, 6.89, 6.98
life expectancy of, 6.101
maintenance of, 6.94–95,
6.104–108
nickel-cadmium, 6.99–108
charge/discharge in, 6.99
charging of, 6.102–104
constant-current charge for,
6.103–104
constant-voltage charge for, 6.103
electrodes and electrolytes in,
6.99–100, 6.104–108
equalizing charge for, 6.104
float charge for, 6.104
installation of, 6.102
life expectancy of, 6.101
maintenance of, 6.104–108
performance of, 6.101
plate processing and construction
of, 6.100
pocket plates in, 6.100
selection criteria for, 6.101
sintered plates in, 6.100
specific gravity in, 6.106–107
storage of, 6.108
trickle charge for, 6.104
voltage of, 6.100–101
nickel-iron, 6.108–113
boost or supplemental charging in,
6.109–110
capacity of, 6.109
charging of, 6.110
cleaning, 6.111
cycling of, 6.112
electrodes and electrolytes in,
6.110–113
laying up of, 6.112
maintenance of, 6.110–113
operation of, 6.109–110
putting into service, 6.110–111
renewing/replacing electrolyte in,
6.112–113
watering of, 6.110
overdischarge prevention in, 6.95
testing condition of, 6.95–96
troubleshooting, causes and
remedies, 6.96–98
voltage of, 6.100–101
Beachley, Ernest S., 1.63
Bearing puller, 5.38
Bearings:
(See also Plain bearings; Roller-type
bearings)
in air conditioner, 4.89, 4.97
I.2 INDEXBearings: (Cont.):
angular-contact-type, 5.29–31
Anti Friction Bearing Manufacturers
Association (AFBMA) and, 4.73
ball, 5.22
basic rating life of, 5.25
failure in, general reasons for, 5.19
fan, 4.130
load ratings for, 5.25
lubrication and oil in, 5.19
mono-, bi-, and trimetal alloys used
in, 5.5
mountings for, 5.27–31
plain, 5.3–17
(See also Plain bearings)
radial ball or roller, 5.20–21
radial/axial load combination, 5.22
roller -type, 5.19–44
(See also Roller-type bearings)
series in, 5.24
service life of, 5.25
shaft and housing fits in, 5.25–26
sleeve, 5.3–17
(See also Plain bearings)
specification life of, 5.25
spherical roller, 5.24, 5.30–31, 5.32
tapered bore, mounting of, 5.35–38
tapered roller, 5.23, 5.24, 5.27–28, 5.29
thrust, 5.21
vibration analysis and, 8.82–84
in welding machine, 10.57
Belt drives, 5.101–127
adjustable-while-in-motion,
5.132–135, 5.138t
air conditioning, 4.95
alignment of pulleys for, 5.117, 5.119
arc of contact correction factor G
for, 5.123t
belt transmissions and, 5.138–140
belts turn over or come off drive, 5.127
datum length (DL) of, 5.103
deflection force per belt in, 5.125t
effective length (EL) of, 5.103–104
electric motors and, 5.105, 5.111t
factor M and factor & in, 5.123t
flat belt-type, 5.144–145, 5.145t
fractional horsepower-type, 5.102
groove dimensions and, 5.104–105,
5.106t, 5.107–108t, 5.109t
horsepower ratings for, 5.102
inspection of, 5.112, 5.114–117
joined, 5.102
length of, 5.103–104
maintenance of, 5.112–124
matching tolerances for, 5.104, 5.104t
noisy operation in, 5.127
outside circumference (OC) of, 5.103
packaged, 5.139–141, 5.141t
pitch length of, 5.103
premature belt failure in, 5.124
pulleys for, 5.110–117, 5.117t,
5.118t, 5.119t
service factors chart for, 5.122t
severe or abnormal wear in,
5.125–126
sheaves for, 5.104–105, 5.106t,
5.107–108t, 5.109
sprockets for, 5.109
static adjustment-type, 5.135–137,
5.137t
synchronous-type, 5.105–112
application guidelines for, 5.110
curvilinear, 5.105, 5.109
modified curvilinear, 5.105, 5.109
pulleys for, 5.110
sprockets for, 5.109
tooth pitch in, 5.109
trapezoidal, 5.105, 5.109,
5.113–14t, 5.115–16t
troubleshooting, 5.127–128
tensioning in, 5.117–124, 5.120–21t
tooth pitch in, 5.109
troubleshooting, 5.124–128
V-type, 5.101–105
arc of contact correction factor G
for, 5.123t
belts turn over or come off drive,
5.127
datum length (DL) of, 5.103
deflection force per belt in, 5.125t
dimensions and cross sections of,
5.101–102
effective length (EL) of,
5.103–104
fractional horsepower-type, 5.102
groove dimensions and,
5.104–106, 5.107–108t, 5.109t
horsepower ratings for, 5.102
joined, 5.102
length of, 5.103–104
matching tolerances for, 5.104,
5.104t
outside circumference (OC) of,
5.103
pitch length of, 5.103
severe or abnormal wear in,
5.125–126
sheaves for, 5.104–105, 5.106t,
5.107–108t, 5.109t
vibration analysis and, 8.86
wear in, 5.114–117, 5.125–126
(See also Mechanical
variable/adjustable speed
[MAS] drives)
Belt transmissions, 5.138–140, 5.139t
Benchmarks (slotting), in estimating
labor costs, 3.105, 3.106–107
Bennett, Colin P., 4.183
Benzoic acid, 11.15
Bertolini, Dave, 2.79
Best efficiency point (BEP), in centrifugal pumps, 5.206–208
Bitumen roofing membranes, 4.4–5,
4.8, 4.11
Blackbodies, in thermography,
2.19–20, 8.110
Blades, vibration analysis and, 8.86
Block and jaw couplings (See Oldham
flexible couplings)
Blowers, 8.94
vibration analysis and, 8.94
(See also Fans)
Blowout coils, 6.62
Boilers:
chemical cleaning of, 11.17–33
(See also Chemical cleaning)
corrosion in, 11.14–15
Bolts
anchoring in concrete or stone, airacetylene torch for, 10.72
flange, 4.176, 4.179t
heating to loosen, using airacetylene, 10.71
piping, tightening sequence in, 4.157
valve, tensioning in, 4.162
welding machine, 10.57
Bonuses (See Incentive payments for
workers)
Boost or supplemental charging, nickeliron batteries, 6.109–110
Bounce, switch, in motor controller
contacts, 6.57–58
Bourdon tubes, 8.15, 8.16
Bowers, James S., 6.3
Brake horsepower (BHP), 4.108, 4.115
centrifugal pumps, 5.208–209
Brantley, W. Emerson III, 11.17
Brass:
corrosion in, 11.7, 11.15
melting point of, 10.88
Braze welding, 10.73, 10.75–80, 10.79
Brazing (See Soldering and brazing)
Breakage, in gear teeth, 5.169–171
Breakdown maintenance, 1.13–14, 2.3
Breathers, in motor controller, 6.51
Breech-lock globe valves, 5.194–95
Brick masonry, 4.49–63
brown stain (manganese) on, 4.54,
4.58–59
cleaning, 4.53–62, 4.55t
copper or bronze stains on, 4.60
crack repair in, 4.52–53
dirt on, 4.60
efflorescence on, 4.54, 4.57
egg stains, 4.61
face grouting of, 4.51
flashing replacement in, 4.51
green stain (vanadium salt) on, 4.54,
4.58
high-pressure steam/water washing
of, 4.56
historic structures of, cleaning, 4.62
inspection of, 4.49
leaky wall repair in, 4.50–52
moisture penetration of, effects and
sources, 4.50t
oil and tar stains on, 4.60
paint stains on, 4.59
peracetic acid to clean, 4.58
plants and ivy removal, 4.61
poultice for stain removal on, 4.59
rust/iron stains, 4.59–60
sandblasting of, 4.56–57
smoke stains on, 4.60
stain removal from, 4.57–62
straw and paper stains, 4.61
tuckpointing of, 4.50–51
unit (brick, block) replacement in,
4.52–53
unknown stains on, testing, 4.61–62
vertical expansion joints for, saw
cutting, 4.54
water repellents for, 4.51–52
welding splatter stain on, 4.60
white scum stains on, 4.54, 4.61
British thermal unit (See Btu)
Broadband data, vibration analysis and,
2.18–19, 8.113
Bronze:
brick masonry and, as stain, 4.60
INDEX I.3Bronze: (Cont.):
melting point of, 10.88
in valves, 5.185, 5.187–189
Browsers, Internet, 2.113
Brushes and commutators, 8.118
DC motor, 6.22–25
synchronous motor, 6.24
welding machine, 10.57
Btu, in air conditioning, 4.77–78
Buildings and grounds, existing, 1.4
Built-up roofing membranes, 4.4, 4.11
Bull-gear compressors, 8.94–95
Burning, in gear teeth, 5.169
Bus bars, electric motor, 6.85
Buses, thermographic imaging of, 8.115
Bushings:
in mechanical adjustable speed
(MAS) drives, 5.131
thermography and, 8.115
Butt joint, welded, 10.76, 10.77, 10.78
Butterfly valve, 5.185, 5.196, 5.198
Butyl rubber, 11.9
Bypass operations, centrifugal pumps,
5.210
Calcium complex soaps, in grease, 9.11
Calcium soaps, in grease, 9.11
Campaign plan for housekeeping
awareness, 7.44–49
Capacitors, 8.115, 8.118
Capacity, predictive maintenance and,
2.30
Capacity rating, batteries, 6.88
Carbonization of concrete floors, 4.27
Cascade method for chemical cleaning,
11.23
Casenhiser, Jerry, 11.17
Cast iron:
fusion welding, 10.79–80
hard-facing, 10.87
melting point of, 10.88
Cathode ray tubes (CRTs), computer,
2.42
Cathodic protection, 11.13, 11.14
Cathodic reactions, 11.4
Cause and effect of maintenance functions, 1.34
Cause codes, planning and planned
maintenance, 2.50
Caustic soda surfactant alkalis, 11.20
Cavitation corrosion, 5.15, 11.6
Cavity ratio (CR) formulas, in illumination and lighting, 6.121t,
6.121–125, 6.122t, 6.124–125t
Ceiling cavity ratio (CCR), in illumination and lighting, 6.123,
6.124–125t
Ceney, Frank W., 6.3
Central processing unit (CPU), 2.41, 2.42
Centralized lubrication systems,
9.16–18
Centralized vs. Decentralized maintenance, 1.17–18, 1.27–32
area skills and tool requirements in,
1.28
cost control and downtime in, 1.29
crafts requirements in, 1.28
geography in, 1.27
inventory control and maintenance
stores, 2.82, 2.83–85, 2.99
items to be considered in, 1.28–29
organization of business in, 1.27,
1.29–32
shop space allocation and, 1.28
size of plant and, 1.28
supervisory staff and, 1.28–29
work force size in, 1.28
Centrifugal compressor-type air
conditioners, 4.88–89
Centrifugal compressors, 8.94, 925
Centrifugal fans, 4.115
drive arrangements for, 4.109
forward and backward-curved
blades, 4.118–119
in-line flow, 4.119
rotation and discharge in, 4.110
straight or radial-bladed, 4.119
Centrifugal force dust collection systems, 4.135
Centrifugal pumps, 5.201–211, 8.95–96
best efficiency point (BEP) for,
5.206–208
brake horsepower (BHP) rating of,
5.208–209
bypass operations of, 5.210
discharge piping configuration for,
5.209
entrained air or gas in, 5.206
failure modes in, 8.95–96
foundation for, 5.209
friction loss in, 5.209–210
hydraulic curve parameters for,
5.206–208
hydraulic hammer in, 5.211
impeller orientation, single- vs.
multistage, 5.202–203
impeller-type, enclosed vs. open,
5.202
inlet piping configuration for, 5.209
inline, 5.202–203
installation of, 5.209–210
internal configuration of, 5.201–203
multistage, 5.202–203
net positive suction head in, 5.203,
5.204
operation of (startup, bypass, etc.),
5.210–211
opposed impeller-type, 5.203
parallel configuration of, 5.204,
5.205, 5.206
performance factors of, 5.201
piping support for, 5.209
run-out condition in, 5.208
series configuration of, 5.204, 5.205
shutoff condition in, 5.208
single-stage, 5.202–203
suction conditions in, 5.203–206
suction volume in, 5.203–206
total dynamic head (TDH) in, 5.206,
5.207, 5.208–209
total system head (TSH) in, 5.206,
5.207, 5.208, 5.209
vibration analysis of, 8.95–96
(See also Positive displacement
pumps; Pumps)
Centrifugal-type air conditioning,
4.79–80
Ceramic corrosion, 11.9
Chain couplings, 5.45–46
Chain hoists, 5.91–99
capacity of, 5.98
classes and duty ratings of, 5.91–92
design and performance specs for, 5.98
differential-type, 5.92–93, 5.94
extended handwheel-type, 5.93, 5.96
hand chain manually-operated,
5.91–93
inspection of, 5.99
installation of, 5.99
lever-operated manual (puller)-type,
5.91, 5.92
load chain gauging diagram, 5.99
low headroom army-type trolley
hoist as, 5.93, 5.95
overload limiting devices in, 5.93
powered-type, 5.94–97
preventive maintenance for, 5.98
releasable ratchet-type, 5.91, 5.92
selection criteria for, 5.91–92,
5.97–98
spur-geared-type, 5.91, 5.92, 5.93
twin-hook-type, 5.93, 5.95
worm gears in, 5.92
Chains for power transmission, 5.73–82
benefits of use of, 5.75–76
chordal action in, 5.76–77
guide links, 5.75
inspection of, 5.81–82
installation of, 5.77–79
inverted tooth-type, 5.76–77
lubrication for, 5.79–82
maintenance for, 5.81–82
misalignment of shafts and, 5.77–78
pin in, 5.86
pin links in, 5.73
pitch, width, and roller diameter in,
5.73
rocker in, 5.76
roller links in, 5.73
selection criteria for, 5.74–75
service (load) factors for, 5.75–76,
5.75t 5.78
silent chain, 5.73, 5.74
sprockets in, 5.78, 5.79
tensioning in, 5.78, 5.82
wear in, 5.82–83
Chandler, Bryant (Web), 4.29
Chapin, William S., 5.73
Charge–discharge rate, in batteries, 6.88
Charging batteries:
lead-acid, 6.90–94, 6.92t
nickel-cadmium, 6.102–104
nickel-iron batteries, 6.110
Charting devices, 8.4
Charting techniques, in work simplification, 3.89
Chasers, in piping, grinding, 4.153
Check valves, 4.162–164, 5.185,
5.187–189, 5.192–195
Chelating agents, 11.20, 11.21
Chemical cleaning, 11.17–33
abrasion method and, 11.28
alkaline cleaners in, 11.19, 11.20
of boilers, 11.18
cascade method for, 11.23
caustic soda surfactant alkalis in,
11.20
chelating agents in, 11.20, 11.21
circulation in, 11.22, 11.22, 11.23
citric acid in, 11.20
I.4 INDEXChemical cleaning, (Cont.):
complexing agents in, 11.20, 11.21
copper complexers in, 11.21
degradation vs., 11.18
vs. deposits, waterborne, 11.18, 11.19t
environmental concerns in, 11.32–33
fill-and-soak method for, 11.23–24
foam, 11.24
gel, 11.24
high-pressure water jetting (hydroblasting) and, 11.25
hydrodrilling and, 11.26
inhibited muriatic acid (HCl) in, 11.20
inhibited sulfuric acid in, 11.20
inhibitors in, 11.22
inorganic acids in, 11.20
lignin and, 11.18
mechanical and combination
methods in, 11.25–28
monoammoniated citric acid in, 11.20
muriatic acid in, 11.20
nitric acid in, 11.21
onstream method for, 11.24–25
open cooling water systems and, 11.18
organic acids in, 11.20
organic solvents in, 11.20, 11.21–22
organizations of assistance in, 11.32
oxidizing agents in, 11.22
passivating agents in, 11.22, 11.25
phosphoric acid in, 11.21
pickling, 11.25
pigs, plugs, and crawlers in, 11.26–29
pipe flow relationships and, 11.27
polymerization and, 11.18
potassium permanganate in, 11.20
preoperational deposits and, 11.19
selection of method for, 11.29–32
sequestering agents in, 11.20, 11.21
solvents used in, 11.19–22
steam vapor phase, 11.24
sulfamic acid in, 11.21
sulfuric acid in, 11.20
wetting agents in, 11.20
Chemically generated gas-activated
lubricator, 9.16, 9.17
Chloroprene rubber, 11.9, 673
Chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE),
4.5, 4.9
Chordal action, in chain-type drives,
5.76–77
Chrome, corrosion vs., 11.7
Chromium steel, welding, 10.38
Circuit breakers, 6.65–67, 6.67t, 6.83,
8.115–116, 8.118
Circuit interrupters 6.66
Circuit protectors, 8.119
Circuits, 8.118
Citric acid, 11.20
Clad steel, welding, 10.38
Clamp-on instruments, 8.51–52
Classification of equipment, 1.40
Clean Air Act, 4.135
Cleanliness and order, 7.44
Clerical personnel, 1.7
Closed circuit, 8.118
Closed water pump systems, 4.101
Coal tar epoxy, 4.38
Coefficient of utilization (CU), in illumination and lighting, 6.121,
6.123, 6.141
Coils, 8.119
in air conditioning, 4.89–90, 4.104
heating, in air conditioning, 4.99
in motor controller, 6.54–55
Cold working pressure (CWP) rating,
valves, 5.186
Collector rings, synchronous motor,
6.25
Color coding, paints and protective
coatings for, 4.34
Color rendering index (CRI), in illumination and lighting, 6.127
Common mode rejection, in DMM,
8.49
Communication devices, computer,
2.43
Communications, 1.22–23
Internet, 2.109
Commutation, in DC motors, 6.15
Commutators
in DC motor, 6.22–25
in welding machine, 10.57–58
Compensation programs, 3.59–60
wage rate vs. job classification in,
3.64, 3.80–82
Competency-based training, 1.74
Complexing agents, 11.20, 11.21
Compound wound DC motor, 6.13
Compressors:
bull-gear, 8.94–95
centrifugal, 8.94
failure modes in, 8.94–95
inline, 8.94
reciprocating, 8.95
screw, 8.95
vibration analysis and, 8.94–95
Computer-aided design (CAD), 2.47
Computerized maintenance management system (CMMS), 2.86
Computers, 2.41–48
accessing information from, 2.45–46
accounting and financial management using, 2.47
analyses and displays using, 2.58
applications for, 2.46–48
benefits of, 2.45–46, 2.51
central processing unit (CPU) in,
2.41, 2.42
communications devices in, 2.43
components of, 2.41–43
computer-aided design (CAD) and,
2.47
cost control and, 2.51
economics/cost of, 2.44–45
equipment identification in, 2.53–54,
2.72–77
good system characteristics for,
2.52–54
hardware for, 2.41
implementation of maintenance
management using, 2.51–52
input/output (I/O) devices in, 2.42
inventory control using, 2.47, 2.59,
2.67-71
job planning and, 2.47–48
mainframes, minis, and micros in,
2.43–44
material availability reports in, 2.53
office automation applications for,
2.46–47
online inquiries in, 2.52
organizing for, 2.51
PCs in, 2.43–44
personnel recordkeeping and, 2.47
planning and, 2.46, 2.49–77
report generation using, 2.54
scheduling using, 2.49–77
software for, 2.41, 2.43
storage devices in, 2.42–43
training programs and, 2.48, 2.52
work orders and, 2.52–53, 2.55,
2.58–66
(See also Internet for maintenance
and engineering)
Concrete, paints and protective coatings and, 4.32
(See also Floors, concrete)
Condemning limits for lubricants, 9.6t
Condensation dust collection systems,
4.136
Condensers:
in air conditioning, 4.90–92, 4.104
in welding machine, 10.59
Conduction, 8.113, 8.117
Conductors:
in electric motor, 6.83
thermography and, 8.116
Conformability, in plain bearings, 5.4
Conical vs. Cylindrical shaft rotation,
vibration analysis and, 8.88
Connecting rods, reconditioning, 5.16,
5.17
Constant-current charge method, batteries, 6.93, 6.103–104
Constant-voltage charge, batteries,
6.103
Contactor-type relays 6.75
Contacts, electrical, 6.62, 6.83, 6.86
appearance of, 6.59, 6.60
bounce in, 6.57–58
dressing for, 6.60
inspection of, 6.61–62
in motor controller, 6.57
overheating in, 6.63
overtravel measurement for contacts
in, 6.59
poor arc in, 6.64
pressure of, 6.58–59
short life in, 6.64
troubleshooting guide for, 6.63,
6.63–64t
vacuum-type, 6.60–61
wear in, 6.59, 6.61t
welded, 6.63–64t
Continuous process lines, vibration
analysis and, 8.81, 8.96
Continuously wound rheostats, 6.70
Contract-type training programs, 1.77
Control indexes, inventory control and
maintenance stores, 2.96
Control policies, 1.22–23
Control reports, 1.63, 2.49
Control stations, process monitoring
and, 8.32–33
Convection, in thermography, 8.113,
8.117
Conversion coatings, 11.15
Coolers, in air conditioning, 4.92–93
Cooling loads, in air conditioning,
4.75–76
INDEX I.5Cooling methods/systems:
in electric motor, 6.5–6
in chemical cleaning, 11.18
Cooling towers:
in air conditioning, 4.93–94
corrosion in, 11.15
gears, gear motors, and speed reducers in, 5.152
Cooperation with operating personnel
in sanitation and housekeeping,
7.9–10
Coordinating maintenance with production, 1.13, 2.12–13
Copper and copper alloys:
brick masonry and, as stain, 4.60
corrosion of, 11.15, 11.6, 11.7
welding, 10.39
Copper complexers, 11.21
Corner joint, welded, 10.76, 10.77
Corona, 8.117
Correction memos, 7.31, 7.32
Corrective maintenance, 1.39, 2.3–6
history of repairs and, 2.5
identification of incipient problems
for, 2.4
planning for, 2.5
prerequisites of, 2.4
preventive maintenance vs., 3.9–12
procedures for, 2.5–6
role of, 2.6
time required for, 2.6
verification of repair in, 2.6
Corrosion and corrosion control, 11.1,
11.3–16
ABS plastic in, 11.10
acetal homopolymers in, 11.10
in aluminum, 11.7, 11.9
amines vs., 11.15
anodic reactions in, 11.4
aqueous-solution inhibitors vs.,
11.14–15
benzoic acid vs., 11.15
in boilers, 11.14–15
in brass, 11.7, 11.15
cathodic protection vs., 11.13, 11.14
cathodic reactions in, 11.4
causes and types of, 11.4–6
cavitation, 11.6
ceramic, 11.9
chrome, 11.7
cleaning practices vs., 11.12
coatings vs., 11.12–13
control methods for, 11.3–16
conversion coatings vs., 11.15
in cooling towers, 11.15
in copper, 11.15, 11.6, 11.7
crevice, 11.7
damage caused by, 11.3
design vs., 11.12
dezincification in, 11.7–8
dissolution of metals in, 11.4, 11.7
EDP in, 11.15
elastomers vs., synthetic, 11.10–11
in electric motors, 6.21
electrochemical reactions in, 11.4
erosion, 11.6
forms and defects of, 11.6–8
free radicals and, 11.5
galvanic, 11.6
galvanized metals and, 11.4, 11.9
glass fiber reinforced polyester
(GF–UP) in, 11.9, 673
graphite in, 11.9
HEDP in, 11.15
inhibitors vs., 11.14–15
interfilm, 11.8
intergranular, 11.7
machining fluids vs., 11.15
material selection vs., 11.8–11
melting (high temperature), 11.5
2–mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) in,
11.15
microbiological, 11.7
molybdates in, 11.15
organic coatings vs., 11.15
oxidation and, 11.4
pH levels and, 11.6, 11.8, 11.15
phosphonates in, 11.15
pickling vs., 11.15
in piping, 4.149, 4.176
pitting in, 11.6–7
in plain bearings, 5.5
plating vs., 11.15
polyethersulfone in, 11.10
polyethylene (PE) in, 11.9, 11.10
polymeric materials in, 11.8
polymers in, 11.9
polypropylene (PP), 11.9
polystryrene and, 11.10
polyurethane and, 11.10
polyvinylchloride (PVC) in, 11.9,
11.10
polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF) in,
11.9
resistance of various metals to, 11.32
in roof accessories, 4.15
rubbers vs., 11.9, 11.10–11
rust preventive oils vs., 11.14
selective leaching, 11.7
sodium nitrite vs., 11.15
special methods of control for,
11.12–15
stability of materials chart, 11.11t
in stainless steels, 11.9
in steels and iron, 11.6, 11.7, 11.9
stress cracking, 11.7
uniform vs. localized, 11.5–6
zinc, 11.7, 11.9
Corrosive wear, in gear teeth,
5.168–169
Corrosives, vs. ventilating fans and
exhaust systems, 4.121–122
Cost control, 1.24–26, 3.3–12
average return on investment (ROI)
in, 3.3
cause and effect vs., 1.34
centralized vs. decentralized maintenance and, 1.29
classificaiton of maintenance work
in, 1.34–35
computerized, 2.51
for computers, 2.44–45
corrective vs. preventive maintenance in, 3.9–12
cost reports in, 1.34
cost/benefit ratio (CBR) in, 3.4, 3.5
decision making in, 3.3–5
deferred maintenance and, 3.110
downtime and, 3.9–12
in elevators and lifts, 4.73
estimating costs for, 3.101–114
(See also Estimating maintenance
costs)
in illumination and lighting,
6.115–117, 6.117t, 6.145–146,
6.148
incentive payments for workers and,
1.41–61
inflation and, 3.8–9
interest rates and, 3.5–9
internal rate of return (IRR) in, 3.3, 3.5
in inventory control and maintenance
stores, 2.79, 2.80, 2.83, 2.90–91
job classification in, 3.101–102
labor cost estimation in, 3.104–110
maintenance costs as percent of sales
dollar in, 1.64, 1.67
materials cost estimates in,
3.110–112
materials costs reports in, 1.64, 1.67
mean time between maintenance
(MTBM) in, 3.11
mean time to preventive maintenance (MTPM) in, 3.11
mean time to repair (MTTR) in, 3.11
net present value (NPV) in, 3.4, 3.5
overhead cost estimates in,
3.112–113
payback calculation in, 3.3, 3.4
percent rate of return (PRR) in, 3.3,
3.4
PERT statistical approach to, 3.110
planning and planned maintenance,
2.49–50, 3.102
predictive maintenance and, breakdown losses vs., 2.29–30, 2.29
preventive maintenance and, 2.9–10,
3.3–12
profit objective of, 1.33
quickread estimating in, labor costs,
3.108–110
Ranking Index for Maintenance
Expenditures (RIME) in,
2.55–56
reducing maintenance work for,
1.33–40
repairs and, 1.35–40
repetitive maintenance and, 3.102
reports used in, 1.63–68
return on investment (ROI) in, 3.4–9
rule of seven (direct work) calculation for, 3.109
sanitation and housekeeping and,
7.13, 7.14
standards per unit, in estimation,
3.105–108
in thermography, 2.28
in tribology, 8.138–141
in ultrasonic monitoring, 2.29
in vibration monitoring, 2.28
(See also Estimating maintenance
costs)
Cost reports, 1.34
Cost/benefit ratio (CBR), 3.4, 3.5
Counters, 8.64–65, 8.65
Couplings, 4.130
(See also Flexible couplings)
Crack repair, in brick masonry,
4.52–53
Cracks, in gear teeth, 5.169, 5.170
I.6 INDEXCrafts requirements, centralized vs.
decentralized maintenance and,
1.28
Crafts shop, 1.8, 8
Cranes, 5.38–89
adjustment and repairs to, 5.87
electrical systems of, 5.88
governmental regulations for, 5.89
hook deformation in, 5.87
inspection of, 5.84–86
installation and testing of, 5.84
lubrication for, 5.88
maintenance of, 5.85–89
ordering parts for, 5.87
ropes for, 5.88–89
safety of, 5.83, 5.87, 5.89
spare parts for, 5.85–87
wear in, 5.88
Crankcases:
plain bearings in, distortion of,
5.14–15
reconditioning of, bore tolerances
and, 5.16–17, 5.17t
Crankshafts:
plain bearings in, distortion in,
5.14–15
tolerances for reconditioning of,
5.15–16
Crawlers, in chemical cleaning,
11.26–31
Crevice corrosion, 11.7
Critical speed, in vibration analysis,
8.87–88
Critical vs. Noncritical equipment, 1.40
Crush, in plain bearings, 5.8, 5.12–13
Cryogenic liquids, level measurement
for, 8.12–14
Current transformers, 8.58
Current, 8.119
Curvilinear synchronous belt drives,
5.105, 5.109
Cutler, Donald B., 5.45
Cutoff voltage, in batteries, 6.88
Cutting:
air-carbon arc (CAC-A), 10.27–30,
10.28t, 10.29t
oxyacetylene, 10.27-10.28, 10.72–84
oxygen, 10.80–84
plasma arc, 10.30–32
Cutting wear, in wear-particle analysis,
2.23, 8.134, 8.135–137
Cycle times, computer, 2.42
Cycles per second (cps) of vibration, in
vibration analysis, 8.77
Cyclone-type dust collection systems,
4.136, 4.137, 4.142
Daily drop in productivity following
cleaning, 7.8–9, 7.31
Dampers:
in air conditioning, 4.94, 4.97
in fan, 4.125–126, 4.128
D’Arsonval movement, 8.54
Dashpots 6.76
Databases, for vibration analysis,
8.96–98
Datum length (DL), belt drives, 5.103
Davies, Richard, 2.49
DC motors, 6.13–15
application data for, 6.14–15
brushes and commutators in,
6.22–25, 6.22
commutation in, 6.15
compound wound, 6.13
excessive brush wear in, 6.44–46
fast operation in, 6.40
insulation for, 6.15
mechanical design factors for, 6.14
no startup in, 6.36
noisy operation in, 6.41, 6.42
overheating in, 6.38, 6.42
overload protection device trips, 6.37
permanent magnet-type, 6.13–14
series wound, 6.13
shunt wound, 6.13
slow operation in, 6.39
sparking in, 6.23–25, 6.44–46
starts, stops, reverses direction, 6.37
theory and design, 6.13
thermal design factors for, 6.14–15
Dearstyne, R.C., 5.91
Decentralized maintenance (See
Centralized vs. Decentralized
maintenance)
Decision making, work simplification
and, 3.99
Dehumidifiers, 4.101
Delay relays, in welding machine, 10.59
Delta temperature, 8.116
Derisive campaign incentive plan for,
7.44–49
Design and engineering, vibration
analysis and, 8.72
Dew point sensors, 8.26
Dezincification, corrosion, 11.7–8
Diaphragm-type valves, 4.160
Diaphragm-type flexible couplings,
5.51–52
Diaphragm-type pressure gauges,
8.17–19
Dichlorodifluoromethane, 4.82–83t
Dichlorotetrafluoroethane, 4.82–83t
Differential chain hoists, 5.92–94
Diffusion dust collection systems, 4.136
Digital multimeters (DMMs), 8.48–50
Diodes, 8.119
Direct current (dc), 8.119, 8.54
Direct current welder, 10.53
Direct interception dust collection
systems, 4.135
Disconnect devices, for electric
motors,6.65–67, 6.83, 6.85
Disk drives, computer, 2.43
Disk ring flexible couplings, 5.50–51
Dispatch, in scheduling, 1.13
Displacement, in vibration analysis,
8.74–76, 8.77, 8.78, 8.79
Displacement probes, 8.99, 8.99, 8.100
Dissolution of metals, corrosion, 11.4,
11.7
Distribution, 8.119
Documentation, in inventory control
and maintenance stores, 2.86–89
Domains and domain name servers
(DNS), 2.113
Domains, 2.114, 166
Double helical gears, 5.147–150, 5.159t
Double-wedge rising stem gate valve,
5.191, 5.192
Downtime, 1.25–26
centralized vs. decentralized maintenance and, 1.29
cost control of, 3.9–12
inventory control and maintenance
stores vs., 2.81
percent downtime reports for, 1.64,
1.67
Drains, for motor controller, 6.51
Dressing, contact, 6.60
Drives:
adjustable-while-in-motion belt in,
5.132–135, 5.138t
in air conditioning,4.95
belt (See Belt drives)
belt transmissions and, 5.138–139,
5.139t, 5.140
fan, 4.109, 4.128, 4.130
flat belt-type, 5.144–145, 5.145t
friction disk-type, 5.141, 5.142
geared differential-type, 5.144, 5.144
gears, gear drives, and speed
reducers, 5.147–171
general friction-type belt in,
5.129–130
mechanical variable speed (See
Mechanical variable/adjustable
speed [MAS] drives)
open vs. sealed (packaged) types,
5.130
packaged belt, 5.139–141, 5.141t
static adjustment-type, 5.135–137,
5.137t
traction-type, 5.141–144, 5.143t
variable speed (See Mechanical
variable/adjustable speed
[MAS]drives)
(See also Belt drives; Mechanical
variable/adjustable speed
[MAS]drives)
Drop point, grease, 5.42, 9.8, 9.8t
Drum controllers, electric motor, 6.72,
6.72, 6.73
Dry centrifugal dust collection systems,
4.136, 4.137, 4.142
Dry dynamic dust collection systems,
4.136, 4.137, 4.142–143
Ducts, in air cleaners, 4.146
Dunkle, Samuel G., 4.135
Duoline lubrication system, 9.22
Dust collection and air cleaning equipment, 4.135–148
Clean Air Act and, 4.135
dos and don’ts of maintaining,
4.147–148
dry dynamic-type, 4.136, 4.142–143
electrostatic precipitator, 4.141–142,
4.144–146
exhaust hoods and ducts in, 4.146
fabric filter-type, 4.139, 4.140,
4.141, 4.144
gas absorption-type, 4.137–138
health and safety and, 4.135
inertial or dry centrifugal systems in,
4.136, 4.137, 4.142
maintenance of, 4.142–146
multiple centrifugal-type, 4.136,
4.137, 4.142
nozzle-type scrubber, 4.139, 4.140
orifice-type scrubber, 4.138, 4.143
particulate scrubber, 4.138–139
INDEX I.7Dust collection and air cleaning
equipment, (Cont.):
preventive maintenance in, 4.146–147
simple cyclone-type, 4.136, 4.137,
4.142
threshold limit values (TLVs) for,
4.135
types of, 4.135–136
venturi scrubber, 4.139, 4.140
wet centrifugal scrubber, 4.138,
4.143
wet collector (scrubber), 4.137–139,
4.143
wet dynamic scrubber, 4.138, 4.143
Dusty environments
dust collection and air cleaning
equipment for, 4.135–148
ventilating fans and exhaust systems,
4.122
Duty ratings, ladders (Type I, II, etc.),
4.186
Dynamometers, 8.55, 8.56, 8.57, 8.59
Eccentricity, in plain bearings, 5.8
Economic order quantity (EOQ)
calculation, 2.91
Economics of preventive maintenance
(See Cost control, preventive
maintenance)
Economizers, air conditioning, 4.96
Edison Electrical Institute, 11.32
EDP, 11.15
Effective center, in roller bearings,
5.28–29
Effective length (EL), belt drives,
5.103–104
Efficiency, mechanical
batteries, 6.88
fan, 4.110
static efficiency (SE) in, 4.108
total efficiency (ME) in, 4.108
Efficiency rating of workers, 1.16–17,
3.59–82
analyzing jobs and job descriptions
for, 3.62–67
compensation programs vs., 3.59–60
defining factors in, 3.63
evaluating jobs for, 3.63
general principles of
job classifications and, 3.63–64,
3.68–76
quantitative approach to, 3.60–61
relative weights of factors in, 3.61–62
reports on, 1.64, 1.67
in sanitation and housekeeping,
7.31–32
traditional factors in, 3.60–61,
3.77–79
wage rate vs. job classification in,
3.64, 3.80–82
work simplification and, 3.98–99
Efflorescence, on brick masonry, 4.54,
4.57
Ejection lubrication system, 9.23,
9.25–26
Elastomeric flexible couplings, 5.52–54
Elastomers, synthetic, 11.10–11
Electric motors, 6.3–47
(See also Shaft alignment, in flexible
couplings)
AC induction motors, 6.8–12
classification of, 6.8
design characteristics of, 6.9–10
formulas and calculations for,
6.46–47t
insulation for, 6.10–12
nameplate coding, 6.46t
no startup in, 6.32
noisy operation in, 6.31, 6.35
overheating in, 6.33–36
power supply for, 6.9–10
slow acceleration in, 6.32
speed–torque characteristics of,
6.8–9
temperature rise in, 6.12
theory and construction of, 6.8
troubleshooting charts for,
6.31–35
vacuum pressure impregnation
(VPI) insulation in, 6.11–12
voltage variations and, 6.9–10
in air conditioning, 4.105–106
adjustable-type relays in, 6.78–82
appearance of contacts in, 6.59, 6.60
application data for, 6.6–8
arc chambers in, 6.54, 6.55–56, 6.62
bearing failure and rotor damage in,
6.19
bearing failure and stator damage in,
6.21
belt drives and, 5.105, 5.111t
blowout coils in, 6.62
bounce in contacts of, 6.57–58
brushes and collector rings in, 6.25
bus bars in, 6.85
for chain hoists, 5.94–97
circuit breakers for, 6.65–67, 6.67t,
6.83
circuit interrupters for 6.66
cleaning and drying windings in, 6.28
commutation in, 6.15
conductors in, 6.83
contact troubleshooting guide for,
6.63, 6.63–64t
contactor-type relays in, 6.75
contacts in, 6.57, 6.62, 6.83, 6.86
control components, 6.49–87
controller ratings for: single-phase
motor, single–phase full voltage, jogging duty, 6.65
single-phase motor, single–phase
full voltage, limited plugging/jogging duty, 6.64
three-phase motor, jogging duty,
three-phase full voltage
severe duty, 6.65
three-phase motor, normal service,
three-phase full voltage limited
plugging/jogging duty, 6.65
cooling methods for, 6.5–6
corrosion in, 6.21
dashpots in 6.76
DC motors, 6.13–15
application data for, 6.14–15
brushes and commutators in,
6.22–25
commutation in, 6.15
compound wound, 6.13
excessive brush wear in, 6.44–46
fast operation in, 6.40
insulation for, 6.15
mechanical design factors for, 6.14
noisy operation in, 6.41, 6.42
overheating in, 6.38, 6.42
overload protection device trips,
6.37
permanent magnet-type, 6.13–14
series wound, 6.13
shunt wound, 6.13
slow operation in, 6.39
sparking in, 6.23–25, 6.44–46
starts, stops, reverses direction in,
6.37
theory and design, 6.13
thermal design factors for, 6.14–15
troubleshooting charts for, 6.36–45t
disconnect devices for, 6.65–67,
6.83, 6.85
dressing for contacts in, 6.60
drum controllers for, 6.72, 6.72, 6.73
dynamometer load testing in, 6.29,
6.29
electrical skills required for maintenance of, 6.50
enclosures for, 6.4–6
environmental considerations for, 6.6
excessive brush wear in, 6.44–46
failure modes for, 8.93
fast operation in, 6.40
fault conditions in, controller maintenance and, 6.82–84
formulas and calculations for,
6.46–47t
fusable safety switch disconnects
for, 6.65
fuses and fuse holders for, 6.83, 6.85
grounding and, 6.72–74
inspecting contacts in, 6.61–62
inspection of, 6.14
insulation for, 6.10–12, 6.15, 6.26
insulation resistance tests for, 2.26
insulators in, 6.62, 6.85
interlocks in, 6.86–87
lubrication of, 6.16–19
magnetic overload relays in 6.76
magnets in, 6.53–55, 6.62
maintenance plan for, 6.15–16
manual motor controllers for,
6.56–57
manual vs. machine-operated controller devices for, 6.74–75
mechanical variable/adjustable speed
(MAS) drives, 5.129–145
megger testing of, 6.26, 6.27–28
motor control center for, 6.84–87
nameplate coding, 6.46t
National Electrical Manufacturers
Association (NEMA) ratings
for, 6.3
no startup in, 6.32, 6.36
noisy operation in, 6.19–21, 6.31,
6.35, 6.41, 6.42
operating (magnet) coils in, 6.54–55
operating considerations for, 6.6–7
overheating in, 6.19–20, 6.33–36,
6.38, 6.42, 6.63
overload protection device trips, 6.37
overload relays in, 6.84
overtravel measurement for contacts
in, 6.59
I.8 INDEXovervoltage in, 6.55
polarization index for, 6.28
power circuit components in, 6.53
power supply for, 6.7–8, 6.8t, 6.9–10
predictive maintenance program for,
2.26, 6.29
pressure of contacts in, 6.58–59
protector circuits for, 6.66–67
ratings for, 6.3–6.4
relays in, 6.75–82, 6.77, 6.78, 6.79,
6.83t
rheostats for, starting and speed regulating, 6.67–72
secondary circuit of wound–
rotor-type, 6.70–71
shading coils in, 6.53–54
shaft alignment, pump-to-motor, 5.59
shock hazards in, 6.16, 6.22, 6.28,
6.30
short circuits and, 6.82–84
shunts in, 6.55, 6.56, 6.62
slow acceleration in, 6.32
slow operation in, 6.39
solid-state overload relays in, 6.76–78
sparking in, 6.23–25, 6.44–46
starts, stops, reverses direction in, 6.37
surge testing in, 6.28
synchronous, brushes and collector
rings in, 6.26
synchronous speeds (rpm) in, 6.46t
temperature rise in, 6.12
terminals in, 6.62, 6.83, 6.85
testing, 2.26, 6.26–29
thermal overload relays in,
6.75–6.76, 6.86
thermography and, 8.114, 8.115
Time Tactor relays in, 6.79–82
totally enclosed fan-cooled (TEFC),
8.93
troubleshooting flowcharts for, 6.30,
6.31–45
“unusual service conditions” defined
for, 6.7
vacuum contacts for, 6.60–61
vacuum pressure impregnation (VPI)
insulation in, 6.11–12, 6.12
vibration analysis and, 6.19–21, 8.93
wear in contacts of, 6.59, 6.61t
welded contacts in, 6.63–64t
in welding machines, 10.57–59
windings in, 6.25–28
Electrical connections, soldering, 10.68
Electrical equipment, 6.1
Electrical generation, 1.4
(See also Utilities)
Electrical test/measurement instruments, 8.43–69
ammeters, clamp-on-type, 8.51–52,
8.51
amperage measurement, 8.52–53
analog multimeters, 8.44–47
clamp-on types, 8.51–52, 8.51
current transformers in, 8.58
D’Arsonval movement in, 8.54
DC meter, 8.54
digital multimeters (DMMs),
8.48–50
dynamometers, 8.55, 8.56, 8.57, 8.59
frequency counters and timers,
8.64–65
high-resistance determination,
8.63–64
iron vane ac mechanism for, 8.55
Kelvin bridge, 8.63, 8.63, 8.64
low resistance determination, 8.63
megger tester, 8.60–62
miscellaneous, 8.68–69
multimeters, 8.44–51
ohmmeters, 8.60
oscilloscopes, 8.65–68
potential transformers in, 8.58
power analyzers, 8.50–51
power factor meter, clamp-on-type,
8.52, 8.53
power measurement, 8.57–58
resistance measurement, 8.59–64
selection criteria for, 8.43–44
single-function instruments, 8.51–65
solid-state circuit checkers, 8.68
special purpose industrial multimeters, 8.50–51
true rms measurement in, 8.55
tube checkers, 8.68
volt ohm milliammeter (VOM),
8.44–51, 8.44–48
voltage measurement, 8.52–53
voltmeters, 8.54–55, 8.54, 8.55
wattage measurement, 8.52–53
wattmeters, 8.52, 8.53, 8.57–59
Wheatstone bridge, 8.62–63
Electrochemical gas-activated lubricators, 9.16, 9.17
Electrochemical reactions, 11.4
Electrode holders, welding, 10.22, 10.55
Electrodes for welding, 10.6, 10.8t,
10.10, 10.21–22, 10.41, 10.43t,
10.44
gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW),
10.21–22
hard surfacing, 10.44
submerged arc welding (SAW),
10.41, 10.43t
Electrodes and electrolytes, in batteries, 6.89, 6.104–108, 6.110–113
Electrodynamometers, 8.56
Electrogas welding, 10.34
Electromagnetic interference (EMI),
8.119
Electromagnetic spectrum, thermography and, 8.111–112, 8.117
Electroslag welding, 10.34
Electrostatic dust collection systems,
4.136
Electrostatic precipitator, 4.141–142,
4.144–146
Elevators and lifts, 4.65–74
age adjustments and premaintenance
repairs to, 4.74
check charts for, 4.68–69
cleaning of machinery in, 4.69
contract maintenance for, 4.71
cost of maintenance in, 4.73
do-it-yourself maintenance for,
4.71
emergency service for, 4.70–71
inspections of, 4.72
machine room equipment for, 4.69
maintenance objectives for, 4.65–66
manufacturer maintenance for,
4.71–72
parts replacement for, 4.72
performance and efficiency of, 4.66
personnel for maintenance of, 4.68–69
preventive maintenance for, 4.73
repairs to, 4.74
safety and dependability of, 4.66–68,
4.72
testing equipment (CRT) for, 4.70
troubleshooting and adjustment of,
4.69, 4.70
warranties on new equipment and,
4.73–74
Eliminators, in air conditioning, 4.93
Embeddability, in plain bearings, 5.4
Emergency maintenance:
for elevators and lifts, 4.70–71
for piping leaks, 4.149, 4.150
for roof leaks, 4.10–11
Emissions, 8.117
Emissivity, in thermography, 8.110,
8.117
Emittance, 8.117
Enclosures, electric motor, 6.4–6,
6.50–51, 6.50t, 6.83, 6.84–85
End lateral roller bearings, shaft, 5.29
Energy conservation, illumination and
lighting, 6.116–117, 6.117t
Energy, 4.107
Engineering, preventive, 1.14
Engineers, 1.7
ENIAC, 2.41
Environmental protection, chemical
cleaning and, 11.32–33
Epicyclic gears, 5.153–155
Epoxy coatings, 4.37–38
Equalizing charge, nickel-cadmium
batteries, 6.104
Equipment identification, in planning
and planned maintenance, 2.50,
2.53–54, 2.72–77
Equipment management, work measurement and, 3.23–25
Equipment selection and purchase,
maintenance personnel input for,
1.19–20
Equipment, existing, 1.4
Ergonomics, motion economy and,
four basic principles of, 3.96–98
Erosion corrosion, 11.6
Estimated jobs, work measurement
and, 3.48–49
Estimating maintenance costs,
3.101–114
benchmarks (slotting) in, 3.105,
3.106–107
deferred maintenance and, 3.110
job classification in, 3.101–102
labor cost, 3.104–110
materials cost estimates in, 3.110–112
overhead cost estimates in, 3.112–113
PERT statistical approach to, 3.110
planned maintenance and, 3.102
preparation of, persons responsible,
3.103–104
prerequisites for, 3.101
quickread estimating in, labor costs,
3.108–110
repetitive maintenance and, 3.102
rule of seven (direct work) calculation for, 3.109
INDEX I.9Estimating maintenance costs, (Cont.):
selecting appropriate techniques for,
3.110, 3.111
standards per unit in, 3.105–108
training estimators for, 3.113–114
use of estimates in, 3.102–103
(See also Cost control)
Estimating time to repair, 2.7–10
Ethylene propylene diene terpolymer
(EPDM), 4.5, 4.8, 4.9
Evaporative condensers, in air conditioning, 4.92
Excitation, gear excitation, 8.85
Exhaust hoods, air cleaner, 4.146
Exhaust systems (See Ventilating fans
and exhaust systems)
Expansion joints, in brick masonry,
4.54
Experts, for work simplification, 3.83–84
Extended handwheel chain hoist, 5.93,
5.96
Extension ladders, 4.186, 4.188–191
External stand–off ladders, 4.195, 4.195
Eye protection, for paints and protective coatings, 4.43
Fabric filter air cleaners, 4.139, 4.140,
4.141, 4.144
Face grouting, in brick masonry, 4.51
Factors in sanitation, 7.13, 7.15–17
Failure modes:
thermography and, 8.114
vibration analysis and, 8.90–96
Fan capacity (cfm), 4.107, 4.114, 4.115
Fans, 4.107–133
abrasive environment use of, 4.122
adjustable pitch blades in, 4.117
in air conditioning, 4.88, 4.92, 4.93,
4.96
Air Moving and Conditioning
Association (AMCA) and, 4.108
axial fans, 4.115
tube–axial-type, 4.116–118
vane axial-type, 4.116–118
backward-curved blade centrifugal,
4.118
balancing of, 4.130–132
bearings in, 4.130
brake horsepower (bhp) in, 4.108,
4.115
centrifugal fans, 4.115
drive arrangements for, 4.109
forward and backward-curved
blades, 4.118–119
in-line flow, 4.119
rotation and discharge in, 4.110
straight or radial blade, 4.119
corrosive environment use, 4.121–122
couplings in, 4.130
dampers for, 4.125–126, 4.128
density change vs., 4.112, 4.113
drive arrangement in, 4.109, 4.128,
4.130
efficiency rating in, 4.110
electrostatic precipitator, 4.145
failure modes in, 8.94
fan capacity (cfm) in, 4.107, 4.114,
4.115
fan rating in, 4.108
flammable gas/vapor environment
use, 4.122–123
forward-curved blade centrifugal,
4.118–119
foundations and mountings for,
4.127–128
free delivery capacity in, 4.108
handling and storage of, 4.127
high temperature use, 4.121
inspection, 4.129
installation of, 4.127–129
jet pump, 4.120
low capacity/pressure in, 4.132
multirating tables for, 4.109–112,
4.112t
noise in, 4.123–125, 4.132
outlet velocity (OV) in, 4.108
overheating in, 4.132
overloading, 4.133
performance laws for, 4.114–115
prestart check for, 4.128
propeller-type, 4.115–116
protective devices for, 4.129
recommended uses for, 4.115–120
roof exhaust, 4.120
safety in, 4.123, 4.129
severe duty types, 4.120–122
sizes of, 4.108
special purpose, 4.115
speed (rpm) of, 4.110, 4.114, 4.115,
4.126
static efficiency (SE) in, 4.108
static no delivery pressure (SND) in,
4.108
static pressure (SP) in, 4.107, 4.115
symptoms of trouble in, 4.132–133
terminology and definitions in,
4.107–108
tip speed in, 4.108
total efficiency (ME) in, 4.108
total pressure (TP) in, 4.108
troubleshooting of, 4.132–133
types of, 4.115–120
variable inlet vanes for, 4.126, 4.127,
4.128
velocity pressure (VP) in, 4.107–108
vibration analysis and, 8.86, 8.94
vibration analysis in, 4.130–132,
4.131t
volume-control devices in,
4.125–126
wheel rotation in, 4.128
FAQs (frequently asked questions), 2.110
Far infrared, 8.117
Fatigue strength, in plain bearings, 5.4
Fatigue wear, in flexible couplings, 5.45
Fatigue, in gear teeth, 5.167–168
Ferritic stainless steel (See Stainless
steels)
Ferrography, lubricating oil, 2.24–25,
8.133
Fiberglass ladders, 4.184–185, 4.188
File transfer and File Transfer Protocol
(FTP), 2.111–112
Fill-and-soak method for chemical
cleaning, 11.23–24
Fillet joint, welded, 10.76, 10.77
Filters, air, 4.97–99, 4.139, 4.140,
4.141, 4.144
Filters, electrical, 8.119
Fire dampers, air conditioning, 4.94
Fire permits, 1.21
Fire safety
lubrication and oils, 9.8
paints and protective coatings and,
4.43–44
First in first out (FIFO), 2.11
Flammable gases, ventilating fans and
exhaust systems, 4.122–123
Flanges:
piping, 4.152, 4.155, 4.156,
4.174–176, 4.179t
plain bearings, 5.7
roof, leaking, 4.13
Flashing:
brick masonry, 4.51
roof, 4.3, 4.7, 4.13, 4.14
Flashover, 8.119
Flat belt drives, 5.144–145, 5.145t
Flat roofs (See Roofs, low sloped
membrane-type)
Flat seat globe (600 Brinell) valve,
5.188, 5.189
Flexible couplings, 5.45–71
abrasive wear in, 5.48
block and jaw (See Oldham-type)
chain-type, 5.45–46
covers for, 5.46, 5.49
diaphragm-type, 5.51–52
elastomeric-type, 5.52–54
failure of, causes for, 5.54–56
fatigue in, 5.45
floating shaft gear-type, 5.46–48
gear-type, 5.45, 5.46, 5.47
grease in, 5.46, 5.48
grid-type, 5.45, 5.49
inspection of, 5.49
installation of, 5.55
laminated disk ring-type, 5.50–51
lubrication for, 5.45, 5.48, 5.49
materials used in, 5.45, 493
misalignment of connected shafts
and, 5.46, 5.49, 5.51, 5.52,
5.55–56, 5.57–71
Oldham-type, 5.45, 5.49, 5.50
selection criteria for, 5.54–55
shaft alignment, in flexible couplings, 5.46, 5.49, 5.51, 5.52,
5.55–56, 5.57–71
across-the-flex element alignment
for, 5.68–71
alignment readings for, 5.58
coupling center members and, 5.57
face/rim alignment method for,
5.63–68
indicator sag in, 5.58
pump-to-motor alignment guide
for, 5.59
reverse indicator (vertical and horizontal) procedures for,
5.59–63
shaft relationship in, 5.58
soft foot in, 5.58
thermal growth in, 5.58
shaft center line relationship for,
5.56–57
sleeves in, 5.48
spindle-type, 5.48
Float charge, nickel-cadmium batteries,
6.104
Floating shaft gear coupling, 5.46–48
I.10 INDEXFloor cavity ratio (FCR), in illumination and lighting, 6.123,
6.124–125t
Floors, concrete, 4.19–28
abrasion resistance in, 4.23
aggregates in, 4.20–21
carbonization or “dusting” of, 4.27
corrosion resistant topping for, 4.28
cost of new, 4.20
crack control for, 4.22–23
earth subgrade and slab design for,
4.21
maintaining and cleaning, 4.26–27
monolithically finished, 4.23
new, 4.20–25
reinforcement for, 4.22–23
resurfacing of, 4.26
sealers and finishes for, 4.27–28
shrinkage and joints in, 4.21–23
superflat, 4.25
toppings for, 4.23–25, 4.28
water-to-cement ratio in, 4.20–21
Flow chart of maintenance procedures,
1.38
Flow of work requests, 1.12
Flow process chart/diagram, in work
simplification, 3.89–92
Flow rate, positive displacement
pumps, 5.211, 5.212
Flowmeters, 8.5–9, 8.34–36
pneumatic flow measurement
devices, 8.27–30
Fluid management program, lubrication, 9.4–6
Fluorescent lamps, in illumination and
lighting, 6.121t, 6.126–127, 6.136,
6.139, 6.145–146
Fluorinated rubber, 11.9
Flux, soldering, 10.66t
Flux cored arc welding (FCAW),
10.10, 10.11, 10.15
Foam, in chemical cleaning, 11.24
FOG index, training programs and, 1.71
Folding scaffolds, 4.193–194
Follow-up, for planned maintenance
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