| كتاب Machine Drawing - Third Edition | |
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|
كاتب الموضوع | رسالة |
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rambomenaa كبير مهندسين
عدد المساهمات : 2041 التقييم : 3379 تاريخ التسجيل : 21/01/2012 العمر : 47 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير الصيانة بشركة تصنيع ورق الجامعة : حلوان
| موضوع: كتاب Machine Drawing - Third Edition الخميس 21 يونيو 2012, 7:14 pm | |
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تذكير بمساهمة فاتح الموضوع : أخوانى فى الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Machine Drawing - Third Edition First angle projection As per the latest BIS standards For Degree and AM1E Third Edition Dr, K.L, Narayana Dr. P. Kannaiah K. Venkata Reddy
ويتناول الموضوعات الأتية :
Foreword Preface to Third Edition Preface to First Edition 1.1 Graphic Language 1 1.1.1 General 1 1.1.2 Importance of Graphic Language 1 1.1.3 Need for Correct Drawings 1 1.2 Classification of Drawings 2 1.2.1 Machine Drawing 2 1.2.2 Production Drawing 2 1.2.3 Part Drawing 2 1.2.4 Assembly Drawing 3
2.1 Introduction 10 2.2 Drawing Sheet 10 2.2.1 Sheet Sizes 10 2.2.2 Designation of Sizes 10 2.2.3 Title Block 11 2.2.4 Borders and Frames 11 2.2.5 Centring Marks 12 2.2.6 Metric Reference Graduation 12 2.2.7 Grid Reference System (Zoning) 13 2.2.8 Trimming Marks 13 2.3 Scales 13 2.3.1 Designation 13 2.3.2 Recommended Scales 13 2.3.3 Scale Specification 13 2.4 Lines 14 2.4.1 Thickness of Lines 15 2.4.2 Order of Priority of Coinciding Lines 16 2.4.3 Termination of Leader Lines 17 2.5 Lettering 18 2.5.1 Dimensions 18 achine Drawing 2.6 Sections 19 2.6.1 Hatching of Sections 20 2.6.2 Cutting Planes 21 2.6.3 Revolved or Removed Section 23 2.6.4 Half Section 24 2.6.5 Local Section 24 2.6.6 Arrangement of Successive Sections 24 2.7 Conventional Representation 24 2.7.1 Materials 24 2.7.2 Machine Components 24 2.8 Dimensioning 25 2.8.1 General Principles 25 2.8.2 Method of Execution 28 2.8.3 Termination and Origin Indication 30 2.8.4 Methods of Indicating Dimensions 30 2.8.5 Arrangement of Dimensions 32 2.8.6 Special Indications 33 2.9 Standard Abbreviations 37 2.10 Examples 38 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 Principle of First Angle Projection 43 3.3 Methods of Obtaining Orthographic Views 44 3.3.1 View from the Front 44 3.3.2 View from Above 44 3.3.3 View from the Side 44 3.4 Presentation of Views 45 3.5 Designation and Relative Positions of Views 45 3.6 Position of the Object 46 3.6.1 Hidden Lines 47 3.6.2 Curved Surfaces 47 3.7 Selection of Views 47 3.7.1 One-view Drawings 48 3.7.2 Two-view Drawings 48 3.7.3 Three-view Drawings 49 3.8 Development of Missing Views 50 3.8.1 To Construct the View from the Left, from the Two Given Views 50 3.9 Spacing the Views 50 3.10 Examples 51 4.1 Introduction 64 4.2 Full Section 64 4.3 Half Section 65 4.4 Auxiliary Sections 66 4.5 Examples 67Contents xiii 5.1 Introduction 77 5.2 Screw Thread Nomenclature 77 5.3 Forms of Threads 78 5.3.1 Other Thread Profiles 79 5.4 Thread Series 80 5.5 Thread Designation 81 5.6 Multi-start Threads 81 5.7 Right Hand and Left Hand Threads 81 5.7.1 Coupler-nut 82 5.8 Representation of Threads 82 5.8.1 Representation of Threaded Parts in Assembly 84 5.9 Bolted Joint 85 5.9.1 Methods of Drawing Hexagonal (Bolt Head) Nut 85 5.9.2 Method of Drawing Square (Bolt Head) Nut 87 5.9.3 Hexagonal and Square Headed Bolts 88 5.9.4 Washers 89 5.9.5 Other Forms of Bolts 89 5.9.6 Other Forms of Nuts 91 5.9.7 Cap Screws and Machine Screws 92 5.9.8 Set Screws 93 5.10 Locking Arrangements for Nuts 94 5.10.1 Lock Nut 94 5.10.2 Locking by Split Pin 95 5.10.3 Locking by Castle Nut 95 5.10.4 Wile’s Lock Nut 96 5.10.5 Locking by Set Screw 96 5.10.6 Grooved Nut 96 5.10.7 Locking by Screw 96 5.10.8 Locking by Plate 97 5.10.9 Locking by Spring Washer 97 5.11 Foundation Bolts 98 5.11.1 Eye Foundation Bolt 98 5.11.2 Bent Foundation Bolt 98 5.11.3 Rag Foundation Bolt 98 5.11.4 Lewis Foundation Bolt 99 5.11.5 Cotter Foundation Bolt 100 6.1 Introduction 103 6.2 Keys 103 6.2.1 Saddle Keys 103 6.2.2 Sunk Keys 104 6.3 Cotter Joints 109 6.3.1 Cotter Joint with Sleev 111 6.3.2 Cotter Joint with Socket and Spigot Ends 111 6.3.3 Cotter Joint with a Gib 111xiv Machine Drawing 6.4 Pin Joints 112 6.4.1 Knuckle Joint 113 7.1 Introduction 115 7.2 Rigid Couplings 115 7.2.1 Sleeve or Muff Couplings 115 7.2.2 Flanged Couplings 117 7.3 Flexible Couplings 119 7.3.1 Bushed Pin Type Flanged Coupling 119 7.3.2 Compression Coupling 120 7.4 Dis-engaging Couplings 120 7.4.1 Claw Coupling 120 7.4.2 Cone Coupling 122 7.5 Non-aligned Couplings 123 7.5.1 Universal Coupling (Hooke’s Joint) 123 7.5.2 Oldham Coupling 124 7.5.3 Cushion Coupling 125 8.1 Introduction 127 8.2 Joints for Steam Pipes 127 8.2.1 Joints for Cast Iron Pipes 128 8.2.2 Joints for Copper Pipes 129 8.2.3 Joints for Wrought Iron and Steel Pipes 130 8.3 Joints for Hydraulic Pipes 130 8.3.1 Socket and Spigot Joint 131 8.3.2 Flanged Joint 131 8.4 Special Pipe Joints 131 8.4.1 Union Joint 131 8.4.2 Expansion Joint 133 8.5 Pipe Fittings 134 8.5.1 GI Pipe Fittings 135 8.5.2 CI Pipe Fittings 136 8.5.3 PVC Pipes and Fittings 136 8.6 Pipe Layout 140 9.1 Introduction 142 9.2 Belt Driven Pulleys 142 9.2.1 Flat Belt Pulleys 142 9.2.2 V-belt Pulleys 145 9.2.3 Rope Pulley 147 10.1 Introduction 150Contents xv 10.2 Rivets and Riveting 150 10.2.1 Rivet 150 10.2.2 Riveting 150 10.2.3 Caulking and Fullering 151 10.3 Rivet Heads 151 10.4 Definitions 151 10.4.1 Pitch 151 10.4.2 Margin 152 10.4.3 Chain Riveting 152 10.4.4 Zig-Zag Riveting 152 10.4.5 Row Pitch 152 10.4.6 Diagonal Pitch 152 10.5 Classification of Riveted Joints 152 10.5.1 Structural Joints 152 10.5.2 Boiler Joints 154 11.1 Introduction 161 11.2 Welded Joints and Symbols 161 11.2.1 Position of the Weld Symbols on the Drawings 162 11.2.2 Conventional Signs 166 11.2.3 Location of Welds 166 11.2.4 Position of the Arrow Line 166 11.2.5 Position of the Reference Line 167 11.2.6 Position of the Symbol 167 11.3 Dimensioning of Welds 168 11.3.1 Dimensioning Fillet Welds 168 11.4 Edge Preparation of Welds 168 11.5 Surface Finish 169 11.6 Rules to be Observed while Applying Symbols 169 11.7 Welding Process Designations (Abbreviations) 171 11.8 Examples 171 12.1 Introduction 176 12.2 Sliding Contact Bearings 176 12.2.1 Journal Bearings 176 12.3 Rolling Contact (Anti-friction) Bearings 183 12.3.1 Radial Bearings 184 12.3.2 Thrust Bearings 185 13.1 Introduction 189 13.2 Chain Drives 189 13.3 Roller Chains 189 13.4 Inverted Tooth or Silent Chains 190xvi Machine Drawing 13.5 Sprockets 190 13.6 Design of Roller Chain Drives 190 13.7 Gears 191 13.8 Types of Gears 191 13.9 Gear Nomenclature 191 13.10 Tooth Profiles 192 13.10.1 Involute Tooth Profile 192 13.10.2 Approximate Construction of Tooth Profiles 193 13.11 Gears and Gearing 195 13.11.1 Spur Gear 195 13.11.2 Spur Gearing 195 13.11.3 Helical Gear 196 13.11.4 Helical Gearing 196 13.11.5 Bevel Gear 196 13.11.6 Bevel Gearing 197 13.11.7 Worm and Worm Gear (Wheel) 197 14.1 Introduction 200 14.2 Presentation of Work Piece 200 14.3 Jig Components 200 14.3.1 Jig Body 200 14.3.2 Locating Devices 201 14.3.3 Clamping Devices 201 14.3.4 Bushings 201 14.4 Various Types of Jigs 203 14.4.1 Channel Jig 203 14.4.2 Box Jig 204 14.5. Fixture Components 204 14.5.1 Fixture Base 204 14.5.2 Clamps 204 14.5.3 Set Blocks 205 14.6 Types of Fixtures 205 14.6.1 Indexing Type Milling Fixture 205 14.6.2 Turning Fixture 205 14.6.3 Welding Fixture 206 15.1 Introduction 208 15.2 Limit System 208 15.2.1 Tolerance 208 15.2.2 Limits 208 15.2.3 Deviation 208 15.2.4 Actual Deviation 208 15.2.5 Upper Deviation 208 15.2.6 Lower Deviation 209 15.2.7 Allowance 209Contents xvii 15.2.8 Basic Size 209 15.2.9 Design Size 209 15.2.10 Actual Size 209 15.3 Tolerances 209 15.3.1 Fundamental Tolerances 212 15.3.2 Fundamental Deviations 212 15.3.3 Method of Placing Limit Dimensions (Tolerancing Individual Dimensions) 225 15.4 Fits 227 15.4.1 Clearance Fit 227 15.4.2 Transition Fit 227 15.4.3 Interference Fit 228 15.5 Tolerances of Form and Position 232 15.5.1 Introduction 232 15.5.2 Form Variation 232 15.5.3 Position Variation 232 15.5.4 Geometrical Tolerance 232 15.5.5 Tolerance Zone 232 15.5.6 Definitions 232 15.5.7 Indicating Geometrical Tolerances on the Drawing 234 15.5.8 Indication of Feature Controlled 234 15.5.9 Standards Followed in Industry 235 16.1 Introduction 242 16.2 Surface Roughness 242 16.2.1 Actual Profile, A f 243 16.2.2 Reference Profile, R f 243 16.2.3 Datum Profile, D f 243 16.2.4 Mean Profile, Mf 243 16.2.5 Peak-to-valley Height, Rt 243 16.2.6 Mean Roughness Index, Ra 243 16.2.7 Surface Roughness Number 243 16.3 Machining Symbols 245 16.4 Indication of Surface Roughness 245 16.4.1 Indication of Special Surface Roughness Characteristics 246 16.4.2 Indication of Machining Allowance 248 16.4.3 Indications of Surface Roughness Symbols on Drawings 248 17.1 Introduction 251 17.2 Examples 251 17.2.1 Rear Tool Post 251 17.2.2 Pump Housing 252 17.2.3 Gear Box Cover 254 17.2.4 Steam Stop Valve 254 17.3 Exercises 257 17.3.1 Worm Gear Housing 257xviii Machine Drawing 17.3.2 Connector 258 17.3.3 Square Tool Post 259 17.3.4 Milling Fixture 261 18.1 Introduction 264 18.2 Engine Parts 265 18.2.1 Stuffing Box 265 18.2.2 Steam Engine Crosshead 265 18.2.3 Crosshead 265 18.2.4 Steam Engine Connecting Rod End 265 18.2.5 Marine Engine Connecting Rod End 267 18.2.6 Piston 270 18.2.7 Radial Engine Sub-assembly 271 18.2.8 Eccentric 273 18.2.9 Rotary Gear Pump 273 18.2.10 Air Valve 276 18.2.11 Fuel Injector 276 18.2.12 Single Plate Clutch 276 18.2.13 Multiplate Friction Clutch 279 18.3 Machine Tool Parts and Accessories 284 18.3.1 Single Tool Post 284 18.3.2 Square Tool Post 284 18.3.3 Clapper Block 285 18.3.4 Shaper Tool Head Slide 287 18.3.5 Lathe Tail-stock 289 18.3.6 Milling Machine Tail-stock 289 18.3.7 Revolving Centre 291 18.3.8 Floating Reamer Holder 294 18.3.9 Machine Vice 294 18.3.10 Swivel Machine Vice 294 18.3.11 Drill Jig 298 18.3.12 Indexing Drill Jig 299 18.3.13 Self-centring Chuck 299 18.3.14 Four Jaw Chuck 299 18.4 Valves and Boiler Mountings 303 18.4.1 Gate Valve 303 18.4.2 Screw Down Stop Valve 306 18.4.3 Non-return Valve (Light Duty) 306 18.4.4 Non-return Valve 306 18.4.5 Air Cock 310 18.4.6 Blow-off Cock 310 18.4.7 Feed Check Valve 310 18.4.8 Pressure Relief Valve 314 18.4.9 Lever Safety Valve 315 18.4.10 Spring Loaded Relief Valve 318 18.4.11 Ramsbottom Safety Valve 318 18.5 Miscellaneous Parts 321 18.5.1 Socket and Spigot Joint 32118.5.2 Knuckle Joint 322 18.5.3 Protected Flanged Coupling 323 18.5.4 Bushed-pin Type Flanged Coupling 323 18.5.5 Oldham Coupling 324 18.5.6 Universal Coupling 326 18.5.7 Plummer Block 327 18.5.8 Swivel Bearing 329 18.5.9 Foot-step Bearing 329 18.5.10 C-clamp 331 18.5.11 Crane Hook 332 18.5.12 V-Belt Drive 334 18.5.13 Screw Jack 335 18.5.14 Pipe Vice 335 18.5.15 Speed Reducer 335 19.1 Introduction 355 19.2 Engine Parts 356 19.2.1 Petrol Engine Connecting Rod 356 19.2.2 Marine Engine Connecting Rod End 357 19.2.3 Steam Engine Connecting Rod End 357 19.2.4 Spark Plug 357 19.2.5 Steam Engine Crosshead 357 19.2.6 Automobile Gear Box 362 19.2.7 Split-sheave Eccentric 366 19.3 Machine Tool Parts and Accessories 366 19.3.1 Tool Post 366 19.3.2 Lathe Slide Rest 366 19.3.3 Lathe Speed Gear Box 368 19.3.4 Milling Machine Tail Stock 370 19.3.5 Lathe Travelling Rest 370 19.3.6 Self-centering Vice 370 19.3.7 Milling Fixture 376 19.3.8 Indexing Drill Jig 376 19.3.9 Pierce and Blank Tool 376 19.4 Miscellaneous Parts 376 19.4.1 Blow-off Cock 376 19.4.2 Steam Stop Valve 381 19.4.3 Ramsbottom Safety Valve 381 19.4.4 Diaphragm Regulator 381 19.4.5 Angle Plummer Block 381 19.4.6 Castor Wheel 388 19.4.7 Speed Reducer 388
20.1 Introduction 389 20.2 Types of Production Drawings 389 20.2.1 Detail or Part Drawings 389 Contents xix20.2.2 Working Assembly Drawings 392 20.2.3 Detailed Drawings and Manufacturing Methods 392 20.3 Example 393 20.3.1 Petrol Engine Connecting Rod 393
21.1 Introduction 397 21.2 Overview 397 21.3 Required Equipment 397 21.3.1 Computer 397 21.3.2 Terminal 398 21.3.3 Keyboard 398 21.3.4 Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) 398 21.3.5 Plotters 398 21.3.6 Printers 398 21.3.7 Digitizers 398 21.3.8 Locators and Selectors 398 21.4 Display Technology 398 21.4.1 Plotting the Drawings 399 21.5 Basics of Operating System 399 21.6 Starting AutoCAD 399 21.6.1 Invoking AutoCAD Commands 400 21.6.2 Interactive Techniques 400 21.7 Planning for a Drawing 402 21.7.1 Co-ordinate System 402 21.7.2 Basic Geometric Commands 403 21.7.3 Drawing Entity-POINT 403 21.7.4 Drawing Entity-LINE 404 21.7.5 Drawing Entity-ELLIPSE 405 21.7.6 Drawing Entity-POLYGON 405 21.7.7 Drawing Entity-RECTANGLE 406 21.7.8 Drawing Entity-CIRCLE 406 21.7.9 Drawing Entity–ARC 407 21.8 Object Selection 407 21.8.1 Edit Commands 408 21.8.2 Zoom Command 409 21.8.3 Cross-hatching and Pattern Filling 410 21.8.4 Utility Commands 410 21.9 Types of Modelling 411 21.9.1 2D Wire Frame 411 21.9.2 3D Wire Frame 411 21.9.3 Surface Modelling 411 21.9.4 Solid Modelling 411 21.10 View Point 412 21.10.1 V-point Co-ordinates View(s) Displayed 413 21.11 View Ports 413 21.12 Creation of 3D Primitives 414 21.12.1 To Draw a Cylinder 414 xx Machine Drawing21.12.2 To Draw Cone 415 21.12.3 To Draw a Box 415 21.13 Creation of Composite Solids 415 21.13.1 To Create Regions 415 21.13.2 Solid Modelling 416 21.13.3 Mass Property 416 21.14 Sectional View 416 21.15 Isometric Drawing 417 21.15.1 Setting Isometric Grid and Snap 417 21.16 Basic Dimensioning 417 21.16.1 Dimensioning Fundamentals 418 21.16.2 Dimensioning Methods 418 21.16.3 Linear Dimensions 419 21.16.4 Continuing Linear Dimensions 419 21.16.5 Example for Dimensioning 420 21.17 Polyline (Pline) 421 21.18 Offset 422 21.19 Elevation and Thickness 423 21.20 Change Prop 424 21.21 Extrusion 424 Objective Questions 428 Answers 440 Annexure 442 Index 44
كلمة سر فك الضغط : books-world.net The Unzip Password : books-world.net أتمنى أن تستفيدوا منه وأن ينال إعجابكم رابط من موقع عالم الكتب لتنزيل كتاب Machine Drawing - Third Edition رابط مباشر لتنزيل كتاب Machine Drawing - Third Edition
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كاتب الموضوع | رسالة |
---|
rambomenaa كبير مهندسين
عدد المساهمات : 2041 تاريخ التسجيل : 21/01/2012
| موضوع: كتاب Machine Drawing - Third Edition الخميس 21 يونيو 2012, 7:14 pm | |
|
أخوانى فى الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Machine Drawing - Third Edition First angle projection As per the latest BIS standards For Degree and AM1E Third Edition Dr, K.L, Narayana Dr. P. Kannaiah K. Venkata Reddy
ويتناول الموضوعات الأتية :
Foreword Preface to Third Edition Preface to First Edition 1.1 Graphic Language 1 1.1.1 General 1 1.1.2 Importance of Graphic Language 1 1.1.3 Need for Correct Drawings 1 1.2 Classification of Drawings 2 1.2.1 Machine Drawing 2 1.2.2 Production Drawing 2 1.2.3 Part Drawing 2 1.2.4 Assembly Drawing 3
2.1 Introduction 10 2.2 Drawing Sheet 10 2.2.1 Sheet Sizes 10 2.2.2 Designation of Sizes 10 2.2.3 Title Block 11 2.2.4 Borders and Frames 11 2.2.5 Centring Marks 12 2.2.6 Metric Reference Graduation 12 2.2.7 Grid Reference System (Zoning) 13 2.2.8 Trimming Marks 13 2.3 Scales 13 2.3.1 Designation 13 2.3.2 Recommended Scales 13 2.3.3 Scale Specification 13 2.4 Lines 14 2.4.1 Thickness of Lines 15 2.4.2 Order of Priority of Coinciding Lines 16 2.4.3 Termination of Leader Lines 17 2.5 Lettering 18 2.5.1 Dimensions 18 achine Drawing 2.6 Sections 19 2.6.1 Hatching of Sections 20 2.6.2 Cutting Planes 21 2.6.3 Revolved or Removed Section 23 2.6.4 Half Section 24 2.6.5 Local Section 24 2.6.6 Arrangement of Successive Sections 24 2.7 Conventional Representation 24 2.7.1 Materials 24 2.7.2 Machine Components 24 2.8 Dimensioning 25 2.8.1 General Principles 25 2.8.2 Method of Execution 28 2.8.3 Termination and Origin Indication 30 2.8.4 Methods of Indicating Dimensions 30 2.8.5 Arrangement of Dimensions 32 2.8.6 Special Indications 33 2.9 Standard Abbreviations 37 2.10 Examples 38 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 Principle of First Angle Projection 43 3.3 Methods of Obtaining Orthographic Views 44 3.3.1 View from the Front 44 3.3.2 View from Above 44 3.3.3 View from the Side 44 3.4 Presentation of Views 45 3.5 Designation and Relative Positions of Views 45 3.6 Position of the Object 46 3.6.1 Hidden Lines 47 3.6.2 Curved Surfaces 47 3.7 Selection of Views 47 3.7.1 One-view Drawings 48 3.7.2 Two-view Drawings 48 3.7.3 Three-view Drawings 49 3.8 Development of Missing Views 50 3.8.1 To Construct the View from the Left, from the Two Given Views 50 3.9 Spacing the Views 50 3.10 Examples 51 4.1 Introduction 64 4.2 Full Section 64 4.3 Half Section 65 4.4 Auxiliary Sections 66 4.5 Examples 67Contents xiii 5.1 Introduction 77 5.2 Screw Thread Nomenclature 77 5.3 Forms of Threads 78 5.3.1 Other Thread Profiles 79 5.4 Thread Series 80 5.5 Thread Designation 81 5.6 Multi-start Threads 81 5.7 Right Hand and Left Hand Threads 81 5.7.1 Coupler-nut 82 5.8 Representation of Threads 82 5.8.1 Representation of Threaded Parts in Assembly 84 5.9 Bolted Joint 85 5.9.1 Methods of Drawing Hexagonal (Bolt Head) Nut 85 5.9.2 Method of Drawing Square (Bolt Head) Nut 87 5.9.3 Hexagonal and Square Headed Bolts 88 5.9.4 Washers 89 5.9.5 Other Forms of Bolts 89 5.9.6 Other Forms of Nuts 91 5.9.7 Cap Screws and Machine Screws 92 5.9.8 Set Screws 93 5.10 Locking Arrangements for Nuts 94 5.10.1 Lock Nut 94 5.10.2 Locking by Split Pin 95 5.10.3 Locking by Castle Nut 95 5.10.4 Wile’s Lock Nut 96 5.10.5 Locking by Set Screw 96 5.10.6 Grooved Nut 96 5.10.7 Locking by Screw 96 5.10.8 Locking by Plate 97 5.10.9 Locking by Spring Washer 97 5.11 Foundation Bolts 98 5.11.1 Eye Foundation Bolt 98 5.11.2 Bent Foundation Bolt 98 5.11.3 Rag Foundation Bolt 98 5.11.4 Lewis Foundation Bolt 99 5.11.5 Cotter Foundation Bolt 100 6.1 Introduction 103 6.2 Keys 103 6.2.1 Saddle Keys 103 6.2.2 Sunk Keys 104 6.3 Cotter Joints 109 6.3.1 Cotter Joint with Sleev 111 6.3.2 Cotter Joint with Socket and Spigot Ends 111 6.3.3 Cotter Joint with a Gib 111xiv Machine Drawing 6.4 Pin Joints 112 6.4.1 Knuckle Joint 113 7.1 Introduction 115 7.2 Rigid Couplings 115 7.2.1 Sleeve or Muff Couplings 115 7.2.2 Flanged Couplings 117 7.3 Flexible Couplings 119 7.3.1 Bushed Pin Type Flanged Coupling 119 7.3.2 Compression Coupling 120 7.4 Dis-engaging Couplings 120 7.4.1 Claw Coupling 120 7.4.2 Cone Coupling 122 7.5 Non-aligned Couplings 123 7.5.1 Universal Coupling (Hooke’s Joint) 123 7.5.2 Oldham Coupling 124 7.5.3 Cushion Coupling 125 8.1 Introduction 127 8.2 Joints for Steam Pipes 127 8.2.1 Joints for Cast Iron Pipes 128 8.2.2 Joints for Copper Pipes 129 8.2.3 Joints for Wrought Iron and Steel Pipes 130 8.3 Joints for Hydraulic Pipes 130 8.3.1 Socket and Spigot Joint 131 8.3.2 Flanged Joint 131 8.4 Special Pipe Joints 131 8.4.1 Union Joint 131 8.4.2 Expansion Joint 133 8.5 Pipe Fittings 134 8.5.1 GI Pipe Fittings 135 8.5.2 CI Pipe Fittings 136 8.5.3 PVC Pipes and Fittings 136 8.6 Pipe Layout 140 9.1 Introduction 142 9.2 Belt Driven Pulleys 142 9.2.1 Flat Belt Pulleys 142 9.2.2 V-belt Pulleys 145 9.2.3 Rope Pulley 147 10.1 Introduction 150Contents xv 10.2 Rivets and Riveting 150 10.2.1 Rivet 150 10.2.2 Riveting 150 10.2.3 Caulking and Fullering 151 10.3 Rivet Heads 151 10.4 Definitions 151 10.4.1 Pitch 151 10.4.2 Margin 152 10.4.3 Chain Riveting 152 10.4.4 Zig-Zag Riveting 152 10.4.5 Row Pitch 152 10.4.6 Diagonal Pitch 152 10.5 Classification of Riveted Joints 152 10.5.1 Structural Joints 152 10.5.2 Boiler Joints 154 11.1 Introduction 161 11.2 Welded Joints and Symbols 161 11.2.1 Position of the Weld Symbols on the Drawings 162 11.2.2 Conventional Signs 166 11.2.3 Location of Welds 166 11.2.4 Position of the Arrow Line 166 11.2.5 Position of the Reference Line 167 11.2.6 Position of the Symbol 167 11.3 Dimensioning of Welds 168 11.3.1 Dimensioning Fillet Welds 168 11.4 Edge Preparation of Welds 168 11.5 Surface Finish 169 11.6 Rules to be Observed while Applying Symbols 169 11.7 Welding Process Designations (Abbreviations) 171 11.8 Examples 171 12.1 Introduction 176 12.2 Sliding Contact Bearings 176 12.2.1 Journal Bearings 176 12.3 Rolling Contact (Anti-friction) Bearings 183 12.3.1 Radial Bearings 184 12.3.2 Thrust Bearings 185 13.1 Introduction 189 13.2 Chain Drives 189 13.3 Roller Chains 189 13.4 Inverted Tooth or Silent Chains 190xvi Machine Drawing 13.5 Sprockets 190 13.6 Design of Roller Chain Drives 190 13.7 Gears 191 13.8 Types of Gears 191 13.9 Gear Nomenclature 191 13.10 Tooth Profiles 192 13.10.1 Involute Tooth Profile 192 13.10.2 Approximate Construction of Tooth Profiles 193 13.11 Gears and Gearing 195 13.11.1 Spur Gear 195 13.11.2 Spur Gearing 195 13.11.3 Helical Gear 196 13.11.4 Helical Gearing 196 13.11.5 Bevel Gear 196 13.11.6 Bevel Gearing 197 13.11.7 Worm and Worm Gear (Wheel) 197 14.1 Introduction 200 14.2 Presentation of Work Piece 200 14.3 Jig Components 200 14.3.1 Jig Body 200 14.3.2 Locating Devices 201 14.3.3 Clamping Devices 201 14.3.4 Bushings 201 14.4 Various Types of Jigs 203 14.4.1 Channel Jig 203 14.4.2 Box Jig 204 14.5. Fixture Components 204 14.5.1 Fixture Base 204 14.5.2 Clamps 204 14.5.3 Set Blocks 205 14.6 Types of Fixtures 205 14.6.1 Indexing Type Milling Fixture 205 14.6.2 Turning Fixture 205 14.6.3 Welding Fixture 206 15.1 Introduction 208 15.2 Limit System 208 15.2.1 Tolerance 208 15.2.2 Limits 208 15.2.3 Deviation 208 15.2.4 Actual Deviation 208 15.2.5 Upper Deviation 208 15.2.6 Lower Deviation 209 15.2.7 Allowance 209Contents xvii 15.2.8 Basic Size 209 15.2.9 Design Size 209 15.2.10 Actual Size 209 15.3 Tolerances 209 15.3.1 Fundamental Tolerances 212 15.3.2 Fundamental Deviations 212 15.3.3 Method of Placing Limit Dimensions (Tolerancing Individual Dimensions) 225 15.4 Fits 227 15.4.1 Clearance Fit 227 15.4.2 Transition Fit 227 15.4.3 Interference Fit 228 15.5 Tolerances of Form and Position 232 15.5.1 Introduction 232 15.5.2 Form Variation 232 15.5.3 Position Variation 232 15.5.4 Geometrical Tolerance 232 15.5.5 Tolerance Zone 232 15.5.6 Definitions 232 15.5.7 Indicating Geometrical Tolerances on the Drawing 234 15.5.8 Indication of Feature Controlled 234 15.5.9 Standards Followed in Industry 235 16.1 Introduction 242 16.2 Surface Roughness 242 16.2.1 Actual Profile, A f 243 16.2.2 Reference Profile, R f 243 16.2.3 Datum Profile, D f 243 16.2.4 Mean Profile, Mf 243 16.2.5 Peak-to-valley Height, Rt 243 16.2.6 Mean Roughness Index, Ra 243 16.2.7 Surface Roughness Number 243 16.3 Machining Symbols 245 16.4 Indication of Surface Roughness 245 16.4.1 Indication of Special Surface Roughness Characteristics 246 16.4.2 Indication of Machining Allowance 248 16.4.3 Indications of Surface Roughness Symbols on Drawings 248 17.1 Introduction 251 17.2 Examples 251 17.2.1 Rear Tool Post 251 17.2.2 Pump Housing 252 17.2.3 Gear Box Cover 254 17.2.4 Steam Stop Valve 254 17.3 Exercises 257 17.3.1 Worm Gear Housing 257xviii Machine Drawing 17.3.2 Connector 258 17.3.3 Square Tool Post 259 17.3.4 Milling Fixture 261 18.1 Introduction 264 18.2 Engine Parts 265 18.2.1 Stuffing Box 265 18.2.2 Steam Engine Crosshead 265 18.2.3 Crosshead 265 18.2.4 Steam Engine Connecting Rod End 265 18.2.5 Marine Engine Connecting Rod End 267 18.2.6 Piston 270 18.2.7 Radial Engine Sub-assembly 271 18.2.8 Eccentric 273 18.2.9 Rotary Gear Pump 273 18.2.10 Air Valve 276 18.2.11 Fuel Injector 276 18.2.12 Single Plate Clutch 276 18.2.13 Multiplate Friction Clutch 279 18.3 Machine Tool Parts and Accessories 284 18.3.1 Single Tool Post 284 18.3.2 Square Tool Post 284 18.3.3 Clapper Block 285 18.3.4 Shaper Tool Head Slide 287 18.3.5 Lathe Tail-stock 289 18.3.6 Milling Machine Tail-stock 289 18.3.7 Revolving Centre 291 18.3.8 Floating Reamer Holder 294 18.3.9 Machine Vice 294 18.3.10 Swivel Machine Vice 294 18.3.11 Drill Jig 298 18.3.12 Indexing Drill Jig 299 18.3.13 Self-centring Chuck 299 18.3.14 Four Jaw Chuck 299 18.4 Valves and Boiler Mountings 303 18.4.1 Gate Valve 303 18.4.2 Screw Down Stop Valve 306 18.4.3 Non-return Valve (Light Duty) 306 18.4.4 Non-return Valve 306 18.4.5 Air Cock 310 18.4.6 Blow-off Cock 310 18.4.7 Feed Check Valve 310 18.4.8 Pressure Relief Valve 314 18.4.9 Lever Safety Valve 315 18.4.10 Spring Loaded Relief Valve 318 18.4.11 Ramsbottom Safety Valve 318 18.5 Miscellaneous Parts 321 18.5.1 Socket and Spigot Joint 32118.5.2 Knuckle Joint 322 18.5.3 Protected Flanged Coupling 323 18.5.4 Bushed-pin Type Flanged Coupling 323 18.5.5 Oldham Coupling 324 18.5.6 Universal Coupling 326 18.5.7 Plummer Block 327 18.5.8 Swivel Bearing 329 18.5.9 Foot-step Bearing 329 18.5.10 C-clamp 331 18.5.11 Crane Hook 332 18.5.12 V-Belt Drive 334 18.5.13 Screw Jack 335 18.5.14 Pipe Vice 335 18.5.15 Speed Reducer 335 19.1 Introduction 355 19.2 Engine Parts 356 19.2.1 Petrol Engine Connecting Rod 356 19.2.2 Marine Engine Connecting Rod End 357 19.2.3 Steam Engine Connecting Rod End 357 19.2.4 Spark Plug 357 19.2.5 Steam Engine Crosshead 357 19.2.6 Automobile Gear Box 362 19.2.7 Split-sheave Eccentric 366 19.3 Machine Tool Parts and Accessories 366 19.3.1 Tool Post 366 19.3.2 Lathe Slide Rest 366 19.3.3 Lathe Speed Gear Box 368 19.3.4 Milling Machine Tail Stock 370 19.3.5 Lathe Travelling Rest 370 19.3.6 Self-centering Vice 370 19.3.7 Milling Fixture 376 19.3.8 Indexing Drill Jig 376 19.3.9 Pierce and Blank Tool 376 19.4 Miscellaneous Parts 376 19.4.1 Blow-off Cock 376 19.4.2 Steam Stop Valve 381 19.4.3 Ramsbottom Safety Valve 381 19.4.4 Diaphragm Regulator 381 19.4.5 Angle Plummer Block 381 19.4.6 Castor Wheel 388 19.4.7 Speed Reducer 388
20.1 Introduction 389 20.2 Types of Production Drawings 389 20.2.1 Detail or Part Drawings 389 Contents xix20.2.2 Working Assembly Drawings 392 20.2.3 Detailed Drawings and Manufacturing Methods 392 20.3 Example 393 20.3.1 Petrol Engine Connecting Rod 393
21.1 Introduction 397 21.2 Overview 397 21.3 Required Equipment 397 21.3.1 Computer 397 21.3.2 Terminal 398 21.3.3 Keyboard 398 21.3.4 Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) 398 21.3.5 Plotters 398 21.3.6 Printers 398 21.3.7 Digitizers 398 21.3.8 Locators and Selectors 398 21.4 Display Technology 398 21.4.1 Plotting the Drawings 399 21.5 Basics of Operating System 399 21.6 Starting AutoCAD 399 21.6.1 Invoking AutoCAD Commands 400 21.6.2 Interactive Techniques 400 21.7 Planning for a Drawing 402 21.7.1 Co-ordinate System 402 21.7.2 Basic Geometric Commands 403 21.7.3 Drawing Entity-POINT 403 21.7.4 Drawing Entity-LINE 404 21.7.5 Drawing Entity-ELLIPSE 405 21.7.6 Drawing Entity-POLYGON 405 21.7.7 Drawing Entity-RECTANGLE 406 21.7.8 Drawing Entity-CIRCLE 406 21.7.9 Drawing Entity–ARC 407 21.8 Object Selection 407 21.8.1 Edit Commands 408 21.8.2 Zoom Command 409 21.8.3 Cross-hatching and Pattern Filling 410 21.8.4 Utility Commands 410 21.9 Types of Modelling 411 21.9.1 2D Wire Frame 411 21.9.2 3D Wire Frame 411 21.9.3 Surface Modelling 411 21.9.4 Solid Modelling 411 21.10 View Point 412 21.10.1 V-point Co-ordinates View(s) Displayed 413 21.11 View Ports 413 21.12 Creation of 3D Primitives 414 21.12.1 To Draw a Cylinder 414 xx Machine Drawing21.12.2 To Draw Cone 415 21.12.3 To Draw a Box 415 21.13 Creation of Composite Solids 415 21.13.1 To Create Regions 415 21.13.2 Solid Modelling 416 21.13.3 Mass Property 416 21.14 Sectional View 416 21.15 Isometric Drawing 417 21.15.1 Setting Isometric Grid and Snap 417 21.16 Basic Dimensioning 417 21.16.1 Dimensioning Fundamentals 418 21.16.2 Dimensioning Methods 418 21.16.3 Linear Dimensions 419 21.16.4 Continuing Linear Dimensions 419 21.16.5 Example for Dimensioning 420 21.17 Polyline (Pline) 421 21.18 Offset 422 21.19 Elevation and Thickness 423 21.20 Change Prop 424 21.21 Extrusion 424 Objective Questions 428 Answers 440 Annexure 442 Index 44
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