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Standards_for_Engineering_Design_and_Manufacturing
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Part 1
Engineering Design and Manufacturing of Discrete
Products—The Scope..........................1
Chapter 1
Engineering Design and Manufacturing .........................................3
1.1 Introduction..................................................................................................3
1.2 Design Philosophy—Conventional and System Approach.........................8
1.2.1 Design Analysis .............................................................................15
1.2.2 Design for Manufacturing or Assembly .......................................17
1.2.3 Optimization in Design .................................................................18
1.2.4 The Cost Model for Design ..........................................................18
1.3 Manufacturing Philosophy—Conventional and System Approach ..........18
1.3.1 An Overview of Discrete Manufacturing Processes.....................20
1.3.2 Discrete Manufacturing Systems ..................................................21
1.3.3 Production Control ........................................................................23
1.4 Relationship between Design and Manufacturing ....................................24
1.5 Multidisciplinary Aspects of Design and Manufacturing.........................26
1.6 Use of Computers in Design and Manufacturing.....................................26
1.7 Quality and Reliability in Design and Manufacturing .............................27
1.8 Design and Manufacturing for Product Life Cycle..................................28
Bibliography........................................................................................................29
Chapter 2
Standards and Standards Organizations........................................33
2.1 Formalizing Technical Information and Procedures.................................33
2.2 Development of Standards ........................................................................33
2.2.1 A Standard for Standards—BSI Perspective ................................35
2.3 Standards-Developing Organizations ........................................................37
2.3.1 The International Organization for Standardization
and Its Affiliates ............................................................................37
2.3.2 Regional Standards-Developing Organizations ............................38
2.3.3 Major National Standards-Developing Organizations ..................42
2.3.4 Professional Standards Organizations Active
in Developing Standards ...............................................................44
© 20062.3.5 Conformity Assessment.................................................................63
2.3.5.1 Conformity Marking ......................................................64
2.3.6 Users Groups for Standards ..........................................................65
2.3.7 Commercial Organizations for the Supply of Standards..............66
2.4 Economic Benefits of Standardization—A Brief
on a DIN Case Study ................................................................................68
2.4.1 Benefits for Business.....................................................................69
2.4.2 Benefits for the Economy As a Whole .........................................71
Bibliography........................................................................................................73
Chapter 3
Parametric Design and Manufacturing
of Hand Tools—A Case Study......................................................79
3.1 Introduction................................................................................................79
3.2 Typical Design and Manufacture Techniques...........................................80
3.3 CAD/CAM for Hand Tools.......................................................................84
3.4 Software Selection.....................................................................................85
3.5 Parametric Modeling of Wrenches............................................................85
3.6 Conclusion .................................................................................................89
Bibliography........................................................................................................90
Part 2
Standards in Engineering Design
of Discrete Products ........................91
Chapter 4
Review of Standards Related to Techniques
for Engineering Design—A Product Perspective .........................93
4.1 Introduction................................................................................................93
4.2 Engineering Design Classification ............................................................93
4.3 Three-Phase Design Process .....................................................................95
4.4 Role of Product Geometry ........................................................................97
4.5 Multidisciplinary Features in Design......................................................104
4.6 Mechanical Load Analysis ......................................................................104
4.7 The Engineering Materials......................................................................112
4.8 The Machine Elements............................................................................112
4.9 The Control Element ...............................................................................114
4.10 Common Factors Related to Overall Design Process............................118
4.11 Review of Standards for Engineering Design
of Discrete Products ...............................................................................120
4.12 Standards for the Design of Discrete Products......................................121
4.13 Measurement Standards..........................................................................1224.14 Standards Related to Materials...............................................................124
4.15 Standards for the Operation of the Product ...........................................125
4.16 Safety Standards Related to the Product................................................125
4.17 Quality Standards Related to the Product..............................................127
4.18 Reliability Standards Related to the Product .........................................129
4.19 Standards Related to Maintainability .....................................................130
4.20 Product Life Cycle and Emerging Standards.........................................133
4.21 Future Directions in the Standardization of Design
Process for Discrete Products.................................................................134
Bibliography......................................................................................................135
Chapter 5
Discrete Product Development with Pertinent
Standards—A Case Study ...........................................................137
5.1 System Engineering for Discrete Products .............................................137
5.2 Governing Equations and Standards .......................................................138
5.2.1 Combined Loading on the Power Screw—An Example............142
5.2.2 Coefficient of Performance—An Example .................................159
5.2.3 Engineering Properties and Standards ........................................163
5.3 Multidisciplinary Analysis for Discrete Products...................................163
5.4 Selection of Standard Components.........................................................166
Bibliography......................................................................................................166
Part 3
Standards in Manufacturing
of Discrete Products ......................167
Chapter 6
Review of Standards for Manufacturing—
Equipment Perspective ................................................................169
6.1 Manufacturing Processes.........................................................................169
6.2 Production Equipment.............................................................................169
6.3 Elements of Manufacturing Systems ......................................................173
6.4 Standards for Manufacturing Equipment................................................180
6.5 Standards for Design of Manufacturing Equipment...............................182
6.6 Standards Related to MMI and HCI.......................................................183
6.7 Standards Related to Operation of the Equipment .................................184
6.8 Standards Related to Measurements and Measuring
Equipment Precision................................................................................192
6.9 Use of Standards in Manufacturing Operations .....................................193
6.10 Standards Related to Quality Control ....................................................199
6.11 Safety Standards Related to Use of Equipment................................... 1999.2.2 The Visual Modality....................................................................362
9.2.3 Other Sensory Limitations ..........................................................362
9.3 Information-Processing Limitations........................................................362
9.3.1 Expectations.................................................................................362
9.3.2 Information Processing................................................................362
9.3.3 Emotionalism...............................................................................363
9.3.4 Boredom ......................................................................................363
9.3.5 Sensitivity to Stress .....................................................................363
9.4 Limitations of an Effector Subsystem ....................................................363
9.4.1 Body Measurement, or Anthropometry ......................................363
9.4.2 Lifting and Force Capabilities.....................................................363
9.4.3 Response-Speed Capability .........................................................363
9.4.4 Tracking Capabilities...................................................................363
9.5 Human Performance Criteria ..................................................................364
9.5.1 Workplace Design Criteria ..........................................................365
9.5.2 Human Performance Assessment Criteria ..................................365
9.6 The Availability and Application of Standard Information ....................365
Bibliography......................................................................................................369
Part 5
Support Standards in Design and Manufacturing
of Discrete Products ......................371
Chapter 10
Review of Support Standards for Discrete Products ................373
10.1 Automation in Discrete Products ...........................................................373
10.1.1 Information Representation, Coding,
and Exchange Standards............................................................374
10.1.2 Interface Hardware Standards....................................................374
10.1.3 Standards Related to Sensors, Transducers,
and Actuators .............................................................................374
10.1.4 Data Communication Standards ................................................377
10.1.5 Standards Related to Programming Languages ........................381
10.1.6 Software-Development Standards..............................................381
10.2 Quality Assurance...................................................................................381
10.2.1 Quality-Assurance Standards.....................................................382
10.3 Environmental Considerations................................................................386
10.3.1 Standards Related to Disassembly, Recycling,
and Disposal...............................................................................386
10.3.2 Standards Related to Environmental Impact.............................388
10.4 e-Business Related Standards.................................................................390
Bibliography......................................................................................................391Chapter 11
Digital Interfacing and Control Software Development—
A Case Study ..............................................................................393
11.1 Microprocessor Interfacing for Discrete Products .................................393
11.2 Interface Circuit Design .........................................................................394
11.3 Control Software Design ........................................................................395
11.3.1 Use of Application-Specific Standard
for the Development of Control Software.................................395
11.4 Microprocessor Interfacing for a Computerized
Numerical Control Milling Machine ......................................................396
11.4.1 Design of Printed Circuit Boards for Implementation
of Computerized Numerical Control
at a Milling Machine ............................................................... 398
11.4.2 Software Modules for a Computerized Numerical
Control Milling Machine ...........................................................398
11.4.3 Use of Standards in Developing Control Software
and Hardware for Computerized Numerical Control
Milling Machine ........................................................................498
Bibliography......................................................................................................499
Appendix
..........................................................................................................501
A1 Digital Catalogs for Standard Mechanical Components ........................501
A2 Digital Catalogs for Standard Machine Elements ..................................501
A3 Digital Catalogs for Standard Control Elements ....................................501
A4 Digital Catalogs for Engineering Materials............................................501
A5 Digital Libraries for Standards................................................................502
A6 Digital Websites Related to Standards....................................................502
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