Fundamentals of
Geotechnical Engineering
Fundamentals of Geotechnical Engineering combines the essential components of Braja Das' market leading texts, Principles of Geotechnical Engineering and Principles of Foundation Engineering. The text includes the fundamental concepts of soil mechanics as well as foundation engineering without becoming cluttered with excessive details and alternatives. Foundations. features a wealth of worked out examples, as well as figures to help students with theory and problem solving skills. Das maintains the careful balance of current research and practical field applications that has made his books the leaders in the field.
Contents
1 Geotechnical Engineering—A Historical Perspective 1
1.1 Geotechnical Engineering Prior to the 18th Century 1
1.2 Preclassical Period of Soil Mechanics (1700 –1776) 4
1.3 Classical Soil Mechanics—Phase I (1776 –1856) 5
1.4 Classical Soil Mechanics—Phase II (1856 –1910) 5
1.5 Modern Soil Mechanics (1910 –1927) 6
1.6 Geotechnical Engineering after 1927 7
References 11
2 Soil Deposits and Grain-Size Analysis 13
2.1 Natural Soil Deposits-General 13
2.2 Residual Soil 14
2.3 Gravity Transported Soil 14
2.4 Alluvial Deposits 14
2.5 Lacustrine Deposits 16
2.6 Glacial Deposits 17
2.7 Aeolian Soil Deposits 17
2.8 Organic Soil 18
2.9 Soil-Particle Size 19
2.10 Clay Minerals 20
2.11 Specific Gravity (Gs) 23
2.12 Mechanical Analysis of Soil 24
2.13 Effective Size, Uniformity Coefficient, and Coefficient
of Gradation 32
Problems 35
References 37Weight–Volume Relationships, Plasticity,
and Soil Classification 38
3.1 Weight–Volume Relationships 38
3.2 Relationships among Unit Weight, Void Ratio,
Moisture Content, and Specific Gravity 41
3.3 Relationships among Unit Weight, Porosity, and Moisture Content 44
3.4 Relative Density 51
3.5 Consistency of Soil 53
3.6 Activity 60
3.7 Liquidity Index 62
3.8 Plasticity Chart 62
3.9 Soil Classification 63
Problems 75
References 77
4 Soil Compaction 78
4.1 Compaction—General Principles 78
4.2 Standard Proctor Test 79
4.3 Factors Affecting Compaction 83
4.4 Modified Proctor Test 86
4.5 Empirical Relationships 90
4.6 Field Compaction 91
4.7 Specifications for Field Compaction 94
4.8 Determination of Field Unit Weight after Compaction 96
4.9 Special Compaction Techniques 99
4.10 Effect of Compaction on Cohesive Soil Properties 104
Problems 107
References 109
5 Hydraulic Conductivity and Seepage 111
Hydraulic Conductivity 111
5.1 Bernoulli’s Equation 111
5.2 Darcy’s Law 113
5.3 Hydraulic Conductivity 115
5.4 Laboratory Determination of Hydraulic Conductivity 116
5.5 Empirical Relations for Hydraulic Conductivity 122
5.6 Equivalent Hydraulic Conductivity in Stratified Soil 129
5.7 Permeability Test in the Field by Pumping from Wells 131
Seepage 134
5.8 Laplace’s Equation of Continuity 134
5.9 Flow Nets 136
Problems 142
References 146Stresses in a Soil Mass 147
Effective Stress Concept 147
6.1 Stresses in Saturated Soil without Seepage 147
6.2 Stresses in Saturated Soil with Seepage 151
6.3 Effective Stress in Partially Saturated Soil 156
6.4 Seepage Force 157
6.5 Heaving in Soil Due to Flow Around Sheet Piles 159
Vertical Stress Increase Due to Various Types of Loading 161
6.6 Stress Caused by a Point Load 161
6.7 Westergaard’s Solution for Vertical Stress Due to a Point Load 163
6.8 Vertical Stress Caused by a Line Load 165
6.9 Vertical Stress Caused by a Line Load of Finite Length 166
6.10 Vertical Stress Caused by a Strip Load (Finite Width
and Infinite Length) 170
6.11 Vertical Stress Below a Uniformly Loaded Circular Area 172
6.12 Vertical Stress Caused by a Rectangularly Loaded Area 174
6.13 Solutions for Westergaard Material 179
Problems 180
References 185
7 Consolidation 186
7.1 Fundamentals of Consolidation 186
7.2 One-Dimensional Laboratory Consolidation Test 188
7.3 Void Ratio–Pressure Plots 190
7.4 Normally Consolidated and Overconsolidated Clays 192
7.5 Effect of Disturbance on Void Ratio–Pressure Relationship 194
7.6 Calculation of Settlement from One-Dimensional Primary Consolidation 196
7.7 Compression Index (Cc) and Swell Index (Cs) 198
7.8 Settlement from Secondary Consolidation 203
7.9 Time Rate of Consolidation 206
7.10 Coefficient of Consolidation 212
7.11 Calculation of Primary Consolidation Settlement under a Foundation 220
7.12 Skempton-Bjerrum Modification for Consolidation Settlement 223
7.13 Precompression—General Considerations 227
7.14 Sand Drains 231
Problems 237
References 241
8 Shear Strength of Soil 243
8.1 Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criteria 243
8.2 Inclination of the Plane of Failure Caused by Shear 245
Laboratory Determination of Shear Strength Parameters 247
8.3 Direct Shear Test 2478.4 Triaxial Shear Test 255
8.5 Consolidated-Drained Test 256
8.6 Consolidated-Undrained Test 265
8.7 Unconsolidated-Undrained Test 270
8.8 Unconfined Compression Test on Saturated Clay 272
8.9 Sensitivity and Thixotropy of Clay 274
8.10 Anisotropy in Undrained Shear Strength 276
Problems 278
References 280
9 Slope Stability 282
9.1 Factor of Safety 283
9.2 Stability of Infinite Slopes 284
9.3 Finite Slopes 287
9.4 Analysis of Finite Slope with Circularly Cylindrical
Failure Surface—General 290
9.5 Mass Procedure of Stability Analysis (Circularly
Cylindrical Failure Surface) 292
9.6 Method of Slices 310
9.7 Bishop’s Simplified Method of Slices 314
9.8 Analysis of Simple Slopes with Steady–State Seepage 318
9.9 Mass Procedure for Stability of Clay Slope with Earthquake Forces 322
Problems 326
References 329
10 Subsurface Exploration 330
10.1 Subsurface Exploration Program 330
10.2 Exploratory Borings in the Field 333
10.3 Procedures for Sampling Soil 337
10.4 Observation of Water Levels 343
10.5 Vane Shear Test 345
10.6 Cone Penetration Test 351
10.7 Pressuremeter Test (PMT) 358
10.8 Dilatometer Test 360
10.9 Coring of Rocks 363
10.10 Preparation of Boring Logs 365
10.11 Soil Exploration Report 367
Problems 367
References 371
11 Lateral Earth Pressure 373
11.1 Earth Pressure at Rest 373
11.2 Rankine’s Theory of Active and Passive Earth Pressures 377
11.3 Diagrams for Lateral Earth Pressure Distribution against Retaining Walls 38611.4 Rankine’s Active and Passive Pressure with Sloping Backfill 400
11.5 Retaining Walls with Friction 405
11.6 Coulomb’s Earth Pressure Theory 407
11.7 Passive Pressure Assuming Curved Failure Surface in Soil 415
Problems 418
References 420
12 Shallow Foundations—Bearing Capacity
and Settlement 422
Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations 423
12.1 General Concepts 423
12.2 Ultimate Bearing Capacity Theory 425
12.3 Modification of Bearing Capacity Equations for Water Table 430
12.4 The Factor of Safety 431
12.5 Eccentrically Loaded Foundations 436
Settlement of Shallow Foundations 447
12.6 Types of Foundation Settlement 447
12.7 Elastic Settlement 448
12.8 Range of Material Parameters for Computing Elastic Settlement 457
12.9 Settlement of Sandy Soil: Use of Strain Influence Factor 458
12.10 Allowable Bearing Pressure in Sand Based on
Settlement Consideration 462
12.11 Common Types of Mat Foundations 463
12.12 Bearing Capacity of Mat Foundations 464
12.13 Compensated Foundations 467
Problems 469
References 473
13 Retaining Walls and Braced Cuts 475
Retaining Walls 475
13.1 Retaining Walls—General 475
13.2 Proportioning Retaining Walls 477
13.3 Application of Lateral Earth Pressure Theories to Design 478
13.4 Check for Overturning 480
13.5 Check for Sliding along the Base 482
13.6 Check for Bearing Capacity Failure 484
Mechanically Stabilized Retaining Walls 493
13.7 Soil Reinforcement 493
13.8 Considerations in Soil Reinforcement 493
13.9 General Design Considerations 496
13.10 Retaining Walls with Metallic Strip Reinforcement 496
13.11 Step-by-Step-Design Procedure Using Metallic
Strip Reinforcement 499
13.12 Retaining Walls with Geotextile Reinforcement 505
13.13 Retaining Walls with Geogrid Reinforcement 508
Contents xiiiBraced Cuts 510
13.14 Braced Cuts—General 510
13.15 Lateral Earth Pressure in Braced Cuts 514
13.16 Soil Parameters for Cuts in Layered Soil 516
13.17 Design of Various Components of a Braced Cut 517
13.18 Heave of the Bottom of a Cut in Clay 523
13.19 Lateral Yielding of Sheet Piles and Ground Settlement 526
Problems 527
References 531
14 Deep Foundations—Piles and Drilled Shafts 532
Pile Foundations 532
14.1 Need for Pile Foundations 532
14.2 Types of Piles and Their Structural Characteristics 534
14.3 Estimation of Pile Length 542
14.4 Installation of Piles 543
14.5 Load Transfer Mechanism 545
14.6 Equations for Estimation of Pile Capacity 546
14.7 Calculation of qp—Meyerhof’s Method 548
14.8 Frictional Resistance, Qs 550
14.9 Allowable Pile Capacity 556
14.10 Load-Carrying Capacity of Pile Point Resting on Rock 557
14.11 Elastic Settlement of Piles 563
14.12 Pile-Driving Formulas 566
14.13 Negative Skin Friction 569
14.14 Group Piles—Efficiency 574
14.15 Elastic Settlement of Group Piles 579
14.16 Consolidation Settlement of Group Piles 580
Drilled Shafts 584
14.17 Types of Drilled Shafts 584
14.18 Construction Procedures 585
14.19 Estimation of Load-Bearing Capacity 589
14.20 Settlement of Drilled Shafts at Working Load 595
14.21 Load-Bearing Capacity Based on Settlement 595
Problems 603
References 609
Answers to Selected Problems 611
Index 615
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