معى اليوم احبتى فى الله
كتاب Basic Principles and Components of Fluid Technilogy
يحتوى على المواضيع الاتيه :
Chapter 1
Basic Principles
Rudi A. Lang
1 Introduction... . 23
1.1 Fluid technology... . 23
1.2 Hydro-mechanics 23
1.2.1 Hydrcrstatics..... . 23
1.2.2 Hydro-kinetics... . 24
1.3 Types of energy ',ar15'e" (cho;"e) 24
1. Parameters, symbols, units...•, <,
2 Physics terms... . 26
2.1 Mass, force, pressure..... . 26
2.1.1 Mass... . 26
2.1.2 Force... . 26
2.1.3 Pressure... . 26
2.2 energy, power..... . 27
2.2.1
2.2.2 Energy... . 27
2.2.3 Power.... . 28
2.3 Velocity, acceleration 28
2.3.1 Velocity 28
2.3.2 Acceleration 28
2.4 Hydro-mechanics 28
2.4.1 Hydro·statics.... . 28
2.4.2 Pressure... . 28
2.4.2.1 Pressure due to external forces 29
2.4.2.2 Force transmission 29
2.4.2.3 Pressure transmission 30
2.4.3 Hydro-kinetics... . 30
2.4.3.1 Flow law.... .. 30
2.4.3.2 Law of conservation of energy... .. .. 31
2.4.3.3 Friction and pressure losses... . 31
2.4.3.4 Types of flow... . 32
3 Hydraulic systems... . 33
3.1 Important characteristics of hydraulic systems... . 33
3.2 Design 01 a hydraulic system 33
3.2.1 Energy conversion... . 33
3.2.2 Control of energy...... .. 33
3.2.3 Transport of energy 33
3.2.4 Further information... . 33
3.3 Design of a simple hydraulic system... .. 34
Chapter 2
Symbols to DIN ISO 1219
Rudi A. Lang
1 Basic symbols I function symbols I operational modes... . ...,... . 39
2 Energy transfer and storage... . 42
2.1 Hydraulic pumps and motors... . 42
2.2 Hydraulic cylinders... . 42
2.3 Accumulators.... . 42
3 Open and closed loop control of energy... . 43
3.' Directional valves/continuously variable valves (modulating valves}... . 43
3.2 Check valveslisolaling valves... . . . . .. . 43
3.3 Pressure control valves... . 44
3.4 Flow control valves... . 44
3.5 2-way cartridge valves (logic elements)... . 44
4 Fluid storage and preparation... . 45
5 Measuring devices and indicators..... . 45
Chapter 3
Hydraulic Fluids
.....Eberhard Sumpf
1 Introduction... . 47
2 Fluid requirements... . 48
2.1 Lubrication and anti·wear characteristics... .. .48
2.2 Viscosity... . . 49
2.3 Viscosity index... . 49
2.4 Behaviour of viscosity with respect to pressure .. . 49
2.5 Compatibility with different materials... . 49
2.6 Stability against shearing... . . 49
2.7 Stability against thermal loads... . 49
2.8 Stability against oxidation... . 49
2.9 Low compressibility... . 50
2.10 Little expansion due to temperature... . 50
2.11 Little formation of foam.... . . 50
2.12 Low intake of air and good release of air... .. 50
2.13 High boiling point and low steam pressure... .. 50
2.14 High density...... . 50
2.15 Good thermal conductivity... . 51
2.16 Good di-electric (non-conducting) characteristics... . 51
2.17 Non-hygroscopic... .. . 51
2.18 Fire-resistant - does not burn... . 51
2.19 Non-toxic as a fluid, as vapour and after decomposition 51
2.20 Good protection against corrosion... . 51
2.21 No formation of sticky substances... . 51
2.22 Good filtration capability.... . 51
2.23 Compatible and exchangeable with other fluids..... . 52
2.24 Formation of silt... 52
2.25 User-friendly servicing... . . 52
2.26 Eccologically acceptable... . 52
2.27 Cost and availability... . . 52
3 Summary of common fluids... . 53
4 Example of selection of suitable hydraulic components 54
Chapter 4
Hydaulic Pumps
Rudhard Freitag
1 Introduction :"1 57
2 Basic design 58
2.1 External gear pump 58
2.2 Internal gear pump 58
2.3 Ring gear pump... .. 58
2.4 Screw pump 58
2.5 Single chamber vane pump 59
2.6 Double chamber vane pun'p ,"
2.7 Radial piston pump eccentric cylinder block 59
2.8 Radial piston pump with eccentric shaft 59
2.9 Axial piston pump in bent axis design 60
2.10 Axial piston in swashplate design 60
3 Selection 61
4 Functional Descriptions 61
4.1 Screw pumps 61
4.2 External gear pumps... . 62
4.3 Internal gear pumps 63
4.4 Radial piston pumps 64
4.5 Vane pumps 66
Chapter 5
Hydraulic Motors
Rudhard Freitag
1 Introduction 75
2 Basic design 75
3 Functional desciptions 77
3.1 Gear motors 77
3.2 LSHT motors (slow speed motors) 78
3.2.1 Epicyclic gear motors with central shafts 78
3.2.2 Epicyclic gear motors with drive shafts 80
3.2.3 Basic principle of multi-stroke piston motors 81
3.2.3.1 Multi-stroke axial piston motors with rotating housing 82
3.2.3.2 Multi-stroke axial piston motors with rotating shaft 84
3.2.4 Multi-stroke radial piston motors 85
3.2.4.1 Radial piston motors (single stroke) with internal eccenler. 87
3.2.4.2 Variable displacement radial piston motor~... . 90
Chapter 6
Axial Piston Units
Udo Ostendorff
Introduction 93
Bent axis 96
Swashplate 102
Components 106
Fixed displacement motors and pumps - bent axis design 108
Variable displacement motors in bent axis design for open and closed loop circuits 109
Variable displacement pump in bent axis design for open loop circuits 110
Variable displacement pump in bent axis design for universal applications 113
Variable displacement pump in swashplate design suitable for use in
medium pressure range in open loop systems 113
Variable displacement pump in swashplate design suitable for use in
simple mobile applications in closed loop systems 114
Variable displacement pump in swashplate design suitable for use in
mobile applications in open loop systems 114
Variable displacement pump in swashplate design suitable for use in
high pressure mobile gears in closed loop systems 115
Variable displacement pump in swashplate design suitable for use in
industrial applications in open loop systems 116
Variable displacement pump in swashplate design suitable for use in
industrial applications in closed loop systems .. . 116
Summary of common adjustment methods in axial piston units 117
Chapter 7
Hydraulic Cylinders
Paul Schwab
1 Cylinders in hydraulic circuits 123
2 Types of cylinders with respect to functions 123
2.1 Single acting cylinders 123
2.2 Double acting cylinders 124
2.3 Special types of single and double acting cylinders... . 125
3 Basic design 127
3.1 Tie rod cylinder 127
3.2 Mill type cylinder 130
4 Types of connection and notes on installation 135
5 Buckling... . : 139
5.1 Buckling without side loading 139
5.2 Buckling with side loading 140
6 Cushioning 140
6.1 Cushioning at cylinder base 140
6.2 Deceleration force 140
7 Servo cylinder systems 141
7.1 Servocylinder. 141
7.2 Servo manifold 144
11
Chapter 8
Rotary actuators
Paul Schwab
Rotary piston/rotary actuator... . 148
Parallel piston/rotary actuator... . 148
In-line piston/rotary actuator with connecting rod drive 149
In-line piston/rotary actuator with rack and pinion drive 149
GeneraL .. . ~ 1~
Chapter 9
Accumulators and Accumulator Applications
Martin Reik
1 General... . 151
2 Function... . 152
2.1 Energy storage... . 152
...?? Fluid reserve... . 156
2.3 Emergency operation... . 156
2:4 Compensation of forces... . 158
2.5 Compensation of leakage oil... . 159
2.6 Damping of shocks and vibrations... . 159
2.7 Separation of fluids... . 162
3 Gas accumulators with separating element... 164
3.1 Bladder accumulators... . 165
3.2 Membrane accumulators .. . 165
3.3 Piston accumulators . 166
3.4 Addition of pressure containers... . 166
4 Accessories for hydro-pneumatic accumulators 167
4.1 Safety and isolating control blocks... . 167
4.2 Filling and testing pro"eoure' .
4.3 Nitrogen charging 169
4.4 Fixing elements... . 170
5 Design of hydro-pneumatic accumulaotrs with separating element... .. . 171
5.1 Definition of operational parameters... . 171
5.2 Change of state in a gas... . 172
5.3 Determination of accumulator size... . 173
5.4 Deviations from ideal gas behaviour... . 173
5.5 Design procedure... . 175
5.6 Selection of type of accumulator for typical applications 175
6 Safety regulations 175
13
Chapter 10
Non Return Valves
Dr. Harald Geis, Johann Oppolzer
1 General ':' 179
2 Simple non return valves 180
3 Pilot operated check valves 182
3.1 Model withoulleakage port (valves, SV) 182
3.2 Model with leakage port (valves, type ~L} .
3.3 Applications using pilot operated check valves, types SV and SL. 185
3,4 Pre-fill valves 186
4 2-way cartridge valves (logic elements) 187
Chapter 11
Directional Valves
Dr. Harald Geis, Johann Oppolzer
1 General... . , 189
1.1 Operation and function 189
.,!.2 Special characteristics 189
1.3 Directional valve power 191
1.4 Types of directional valves 192
2 Directional spool valves 193
2.1 Direct operated directional spool valves 194
2.1.1 Electrical operation... .. 194
2.1.2 Mechanical, manual operation 196
2.1.3 Fluid operation (hydraulic or pneumatic) 196
2.2 Pilot operated directional spool valves 197
2.2.1 Spring centred model 198
2.2.2 Pressure centred model 198
2.2.3 Pilot oil supply 200
2.3 Leak free directional spool valves.... . 201
3 Rotary directional spool valves 202
4 Directional poppet valves 203
4.1 Direct operated directional poppet valves 203
4.2 Pilot operated directional poppet valves 205
4.3 Symbols 208
5 Comparison of directional spool valves with directional poppet valves 209
6 Design notes for the selection of a valve size 210
6.1 Dynamic performance limit 210
6.2 Pressure difference in directional valves , 211
Chapter 12
Pressure Control Valves
Dr. Harald Geis, Hans Oppolzer
1 Introduction... . 213
2 Pressure relief valves... . 214
2.1 Task... . 214
2.2 Function.... . 214
2.3 Direct operated pressure relief valves, type DBD 215
2.4 Pilot operated pressure relief valves 216
2.5 Technical data... . 220
3 Pressure sequence valves 226
3.1 Sequence valves... . 226
3.1.1 Direct operated sequence valves, type OZ.O..... . 226
3.1.2 Pilot operated sequence valves, type OZ 227
3.1.3 Sequence valve with internal drain... . 228
3.1.4 Sequence valve with external drain 228
3.2 Accumulator charging valves... . 230
3.2.1 Pilot operated accumulator charging valves, type OA 230
3.2.2 Pilot operated accumulator charging valves, type OAW 231
4 Pressure reducing valves 232
4.1 Task..... . 232
4.2 Function... . 232
04.3 Direct operated pressure reducing valves, type OR.O 232
4.4 Pilot operated 2-way pressure reducing valves, type OR 234
4.5 Pilot operated 3-way pressure reducing valves, type 3DR 236
4.6 Technical data... . 237
Chapter 13
Flow Control Valves
Dr. Harald Geis, Johann Oppolzer
1 General..-.... . 241
2 Throttle valves... . 244
2.1 Viscosity dependent throttle valves.. .. . 244
2.1.1 Pipe mounted throttle valves... . 244
2.1.2 Throttle valves for sub-plate mounting and flange connection
(may also be installed directly into pipes) 245
2.1.3 Throttles and throttle check valves for manifold mounting 246
2.1.4 Throttle check valves for sandwich plate mounting 247
2.1.5 Deceleration valves... . 248
2.2 Throttle valves independent of viscosity... . 249
3 Flow control valves... . . . . . . 250
3.1 GeneraL.. . 250
3.2 2-way flow control valves... . 250
3.2.1 Upstream pressure compensators... . 250
3.2.2 Downstream pressure compensators... .. 252
3.2.3 Application of 2-way flow control valves... 253
3.3 3-way flow control valves... . 254
17
Chapter 14
Filters and Filtration Technology
Martin Reik
Basics... . 257
Notes on design and servicing... . 260
Causes of contamination... . 261
Analysis of solid particle contamination... . 264
Classification systems for the degreee of contamination in a fluid 265
Filtration process 266
Gravity filters... . 266
Pressure line filters...... . 266
Centrifuges... . 266
Filter presses... . 266
Filter element material... . 267
Surface filtration... 267
Depth filters... . 267
Filter element design... . 268
Selection of filtration rating... . 268
Filter testing... . 270
Verification of production quality (Bubble Point Test)... . . 270
Colapse and burst pressure test... 270
Test of compatibility with fluid... . 271
Flow - fatigue characteristics of elements... 272
Determination of pressure losses dependent on flow... . 273
Multipass test... . 274
Documentation on test results... . 276
Types of filter housing .. . 277
Suction filters... . 278
Pressure line filters... . 279
Tank mounted return line filters... . 281
Valve stacking assembly... . 283
Fillers and breathers... . 284
Clogging indicators... . 285
Filtration systems... . 286
Open loop circuit... 286
Closed loop circuit... : 288
~~~~i~~t~fnfi%~~.~.t.~..t.~~.~.~.~~.~~~~~.i.t.......... . ;:~
Filtration design... . . 289
Filter design criteria.... . 290
Selection of filter elements... . 290
Chapter 15
Accessories
Martin Aeik
1 Introduction... . 295
2 Components to reduce noise... . 295
2.1 General... . 295
2.2 Decoupling of component vibrations... .. 295
2.3 Components for the decoupling of vibrations in fluids 299
2.4 Components for the decoupling of noise travelling in air 299
Components for controlling fluid temperature...
The surface of the tank...
Oil-air cooler and heal exchanger...
Components to isolate flow...
Ball valve.....
Double ball valve...
Components for control and display functions...
General....
Display devices which are permanently installed....
Display devices which are not permanently installed...
Chapter 16
Connections
Herbert Exner
Introduction...
Valves for mounting in pipe lines...
Cartridge valves with threaded cavity...
Valves lor subplate mounting .
Standard mounting patterns .
Individual 5ubplates .
Standard manifolds .
Control plates and control manifolds...
Adaptor plates...
Stacking assemblies....
Vertical stacking assemblies...
Horizontal stacking assemblies...
System stacking assemblies...
Mobile control valves .
Single block design .
Sandwich design...
Chapter 17/
Small hydraulic power units
Herbert Exner
Introduction.....
Components of power units...
Small hydraulic power units for intermittent use...
Small hydraulic power units with standard electrical motor...
Appendix
Summary of symbols used...
Glossary ..رابط التحميل :
http://www.mediafire.com/?87rs1eyvkts27gg
