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 |  موضوع: كتاب Theory and Design for Mechanical Measurements الجمعة 22 مارس 2013, 9:36 am | |
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Theory and Design for Mechanical Measurements Fifth Edition
Richard S. Figliola
Clemson University
Donald E. Beasley
Clemson University
ويتناول الموضوعات الأتية :
Contents
1 Basic Concepts of Measurement Methods 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 General Measurement System 2
1.3 Experimental Test Plan 6
1.4 Calibration 15
1.5 Standards 23
1.6 Presenting Data 30
1.7 Summary 31
References 31
Nomenclature 32
Problems 32
2 Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Signals 41
2.1 Introduction 41
2.2 Input/Output Signal Concepts 41
2.3 Signal Analysis 46
2.4 Signal Amplitude And Frequency 49
2.5 Fourier Transform and The Frequency Spectrum 63
2.6 Summary 71
References 71
Suggested Reading 71
Nomenclature 72
Problems 72
3 Measurement System Behavior 79
3.1 Introduction 79
3.2 General Model for a Measurement System 79
3.3 Special Cases of the General System Model 83
3.4 Transfer Functions 104
3.5 Phase Linearity 106
3.6 Multiple-Function Inputs 107
3.7 Coupled Systems 109
3.8 Summary 111
References 111
Nomenclature 111
Problems 112
v4 Probability and Statistics 118
4.1 Introduction 118
4.2 Statistical Measurement Theory 119
4.3 Describing the Behavior of a Population 125
4.4 Statistics of Finite-Sized Data Sets 129
4.5 Chi-Squared Distribution 135
4.6 Regression Analysis 139
4.7 Data Outlier Detection 147
4.8 Number of Measurements Required 148
4.9 Monte Carlo Simulations 150
4.10 Summary 152
References 152
Nomenclature 153
Problems 153
5 Uncertainty Analysis 161
5.1 Introduction 161
5.2 Measurement Errors 162
5.3 Design-Stage Uncertainty Analysis 164
5.4 Identifying Error Sources 168
5.5 Systematic and Random Errors 170
5.6 Uncertainty Analysis: Error Propagation 172
5.7 Advanced-Stage Uncertainty Analysis 176
5.8 Multiple-Measurement Uncertainty Analysis 182
5.9 Correction for Correlated Errors 195
5.10 Nonsymmetrical Systematic Uncertainty Interval 197
5.11 Summary 198
References 199
Nomenclature 199
Problems 200
6 Analog Electrical Devices and Measurements 209
6.1 Introduction 209
6.2 Analog Devices: Current Measurements 210
6.3 Analog Devices: Voltage Measurements 214
6.4 Analog Devices: Resistance Measurements 219
6.5 Loading Errors and Impedance Matching 226
6.6 Analog Signal Conditioning: Amplifiers 230
6.7 Analog Signal Conditioning: Special-Purpose Circuits 234
6.8 Analog Signal Conditioning: Filters 239
6.9 Grounds, Shielding, and Connecting Wires 250
6.10 Summary 252
References 253
Nomenclature 253
Problems 254
vi Contents7 Sampling, Digital Devices, and Data Acquisition 260
7.1 Introduction 260
7.2 Sampling Concepts 261
7.3 Digital Devices: Bits and Words 269
7.4 Transmitting Digital Numbers: High and Low Signals 271
7.5 Voltage Measurements 271
7.6 Data-Acquisition Systems 283
7.7 Data-Acquisition System Components 284
7.8 Analog Input-Output Communication 288
7.9 Digital Input-Output Communication 293
7.10 Digital Image Acquisition and Processing 299
7.11 Summary 303
References 303
Suggested Reading 304
Nomenclature 304
Problems 305
8 Temperature Measurements 309
8.1 Introduction 309
8.2 Temperature Standards and Definition 310
8.3 Thermometry Based on Thermal Expansion 313
8.4 Electrical Resistance Thermometry 315
8.5 Thermoelectric Temperature Measurement 330
8.6 Radiative Temperature Measurements 351
8.7 Physical Errors in Temperature Measurement 356
8.8 Summary 365
References 365
Nomenclature 366
Problems 367
9 Pressure and Velocity Measurements 375
9.1 Introduction 375
9.2 Pressure Concepts 375
9.3 Pressure Reference Instruments 378
9.4 Pressure Transducers 386
9.5 Pressure Transducer Calibration 392
9.6 Pressure Measurements in Moving Fluids 396
9.7 Modeling Pressure and Fluid Systems 400
9.8 Design and Installation: Transmission Effects 401
9.9 Fluid Velocity Measuring Systems 405
9.10 Summary 415
References 416
Nomenclature 417
Problems 417
Contents vii10 Flow Measurements 423
10.1 Introduction 423
10.2 Historical Background 423
10.3 Flow Rate Concepts 424
10.4 Volume Flow Rate Through Velocity Determination 425
10.5 Pressure Differential Meters 427
10.6 Insertion Volume Flow Meters 446
10.7 Mass Flow Meters 454
10.8 Flow Meter Calibration and Standards 459
10.9 Estimating Standard Flow Rate 460
10.10 Summary 461
References 461
Nomenclature 462
Problems 462
11 Strain Measurement 466
11.1 Introduction 466
11.2 Stress and Strain 466
11.3 Resistance Strain Gauges 469
11.4 Strain Gauge Electrical Circuits 476
11.5 Practical Considerations for Strain Measurement 479
11.6 Apparent Strain and Temperature Compensation 482
11.7 Optical Strain Measuring Techniques 492
11.8 Summary 497
References 498
Nomenclature 498
Problems 499
12 Mechatronics: Sensors, Actuators, and Controls 504
12.1 Introduction 504
12.2 Sensors 504
12.3 Actuators 534
12.4 Controls 540
12.5 Summary 557
Nomenclature 558
References 558
Problems 559
viii ContentsAppendix A A Guide for Technical Writing 563
A Guide For Technical Writing 563
References 568
Appendix B Property Data and Conversion Factors 569
Appendix C Laplace Transform Basics 576
C.1 Final Value Theorem 577
C.2 Laplace Transform Pairs 577
References 577
Glossary 578
Index 58
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