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 |  موضوع: كتاب Industrial Noise Control and Acoustics الإثنين 20 مايو 2013, 11:04 pm | |
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Industrial Noise Control and Acoustics - Randall F Barron
Randall F. Barron
Louisiana Tech University
Ruston, Louisiana, U.S.A.
ويتناول الموضوعات الأتية :
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Noise Control 1
1.2 Historical Background 3
1.3 Principles of Noise Control 7
1.3.1 Noise Control at the Source 8
1.3.2 Noise Control in the Transmission Path 9
1.3.3 Noise Control at the Receiver 9
References 10
2 Basics of Acoustics 12
2.1 Speed of Sound 12
2.2 Wavelength, Frequency, and Wave Number 13
2.3 Acoustic Pressure and Particle Velocity 15
2.4 Acoustic Intensity and Acoustic Energy Density 17
2.5 Spherical Waves 21
2.6 Directivity Factor and Directivity Index 24
2.7 Levels and the Decibel 27
2.8 Combination of Sound Sources 31
2.9 Octave Bands 33
2.10 Weighted Sound Levels 34
Problems 37
References 40
3 Acoustic Measurements 41
3.1 Sound Level Meters 42
3.2 Intensity Level Meters 46
3.3 Octave Band Filters 49
3.4 Acoustic Analyzers 50
3.5 Dosimeter 50
3.6 Measurement of Sound Power 51
3.6.1 Sound Power Measurement in a Reverberant Room 52
3.6.2 Sound Power Measurement in an Anechoic or
Semi-Anechoic Room 58
3.6.3 Sound Power Survey Measurements 62
3.6.4 Measurement of the Directivity Factor 66
3.7 Noise Measurement Procedures 69
Problems 73
References 76
4 Transmission of Sound 78
4.1 The Wave Equation 78
4.2 Complex Number Notation 83
4.3 Wave Equation Solution 84
4.4 Solution for Spherical Waves 88
4.5 Changes in Media with Normal Incidence 91
4.6 Changes in Media with Oblique Incidence 96
4.7 Sound Transmission Through a Wall 101
4.8 Transmission Loss for Walls 107
4.8.1 Region I: Stiffness-Controlled Region 108
4.8.2 Resonant Frequency 111
4.8.3 Region II: Mass-Controlled Region 112
4.8.4 Critical Frequency 113
4.8.5 Region III: Damping-Controlled Region 113
4.9 Approximate Method for Estimating the TL 117
4.10 Transmission Loss for Composite Walls 120
4.10.1 Elements in Parallel 121
4.10.2 Composite Wall with Air Space 122
4.10.3 Two-Layer Laminate 127
4.10.4 Rib-Stiffened Panels 131
4.11 Sound Transmission Class 134
4.12 Absorption of Sound 139
4.13 Attenuation Coefficient 143
Problems 153
References 160
5 Noise Sources 162
5.1 Sound Transmission Indoors and Outdoors 162
5.2 Fan Noise 164
5.3 Electric Motor Noise 169
5.4 Pump Noise 171
5.5 Gas Compressor Noise 173
5.6 Transformer Noise 177
5.7 Cooling Tower Noise 178
5.8 Noise from Gas Vents 182
5.9 Appliance and Equipment Noise 185
5.10 Valve Noise 186
5.10.1 Sources of Valve Noise 186
5.10.2 Noise Prediction for Gas Flows 188
5.10.3 Noise Prediction for Liquid Flows 190
5.11 Air Distribution System Noise 192
5.11.1 Noise Attenuation in Air Distribution
Systems 193
5.11.2 Noise Generation in Air Distribution System
Fittings 195
5.11.3 Noise Generation in Grilles 198
5.12 Traffic Noise 207
5.13 Train Noise 211
5.13.1 Railroad Car Noise 211
5.13.2 Locomotive Noise 213
5.13.3 Complete Train Noise 214
Problems 217
References 222
6 Acoustic Criteria 225
6.1 The Human Ear 226
6.2 Hearing Loss 229
6.3 Industrial Noise Criteria 231
6.4 Speech Interference Level 235
6.5 Noise Criteria for Interior Spaces 238
6.6 Community Reaction to Environmental Noise 243
6.7 The Day-Night Level 247
6.7.1 EPA Criteria 247
6.7.2 Estimation of Community Reaction 250
6.8 HUD Criteria 253
6.9 Aircraft Noise Criteria 255
6.9.1 Perceived Noise Level 256
6.9.2 Noise Exposure Forecast 257
Problems 262
References 267
7 Room Acoustics 269
7.1 Surface Absorption Coefficients 269
7.1.1 Values for Surface Absorption Coefficients 269
7.1.2 Noise Reduction Coefficient 270
7.1.3 Mechanism of Acoustic Absorption 271
7.1.4 Average Absorption Coefficient 274
7.2 Steady-State Sound Level in a Room 274
7.3 Reverberation Time 281
7.4 Effect of Energy Absorption in the Air 289
7.4.1 Steady-State Sound Level with Absorption in
the Air 289
7.4.2 Reverberation Time with Absorption in the Air 291
7.5 Noise from an Adjacent Room 293
7.5.1 Sound Source Covering One Wall 293
7.5.2 Sound Transmission from an Adjacent Room 295
7.6 Acoustic Enclosures 299
7.6.1 Small Acoustic Enclosures 300
7.6.2 Large Acoustic Enclosures 304
7.6.3 Design Practice for Enclosures 311
7.7 Acoustic Barriers 312
7.7.1 Barriers Located Outdoors 313
7.7.2 Barriers Located Indoors 317
Problems 321
References 328
8 Silencer Design 330
8.1 Silencer Design Requirements 330
8.2 Lumped Parameter Analysis 332
8.2.1 Acoustic Mass 332
8.2.2 Acoustic Compliance 335
8.2.3 Acoustic Resistance 338
8.2.4 Transfer Matrix 339
8.3 The Helmholtz Resonator 341
8.3.1 Helmholtz Resonator System 341
8.3.2 Resonance for the Helmholtz Resonator 342
8.3.3 Acoustic Impedance for the Helmholtz
Resonator 343
8.3.4 Half-Power Bandwidth 344
8.3.5 Sound Pressure Level Gain 348
8.4 Side Branch Mufflers 350
8.4.1 Transmission Loss for a Side-Branch Muffler 351
8.4.2 Directed Design Procedure for Side-Branch
Mufflers 357
8.4.3 Closed Tube as a Side-Branch Muffler 361
8.4.4 Open Tube (Orifice) as a Side Branch 365
8.5 Expansion Chamber Mufflers 368
8.5.1 Transmission Loss for an Expansion Chamber
Muffler 368
8.5.2 Design Procedure for Single-Expansion Chamber Mufflers 371
8.5.3 Double-Chamber Mufflers 373
8.6 Dissipative Mufflers 377
8.7 Evaluation of the Attenuation Coefficient 381
8.7.1 Estimation of the Attenuation Coefficient 381
8.7.2 Effective Density 383
8.7.3 Effective Elasticity Coefficient 384
8.7.4 Effective Specific Flow Resistance 385
8.7.5 Correction for Random Incidence End Effects 387
8.8 Commercial Silencers 389
8.9 Plenum Chambers 391
Problems 397
References 405
9 Vibration Isolation for Noise Control 406
9.1 Undamped Single-Degree-of-Freedom (SDOF) System 407
9.2 Damped Single-Degree-of-Freedom (SDOF) System 410
9.2.1 Critically Damped System 411
9.2.2 Over-Damped System 412
9.2.3 Under-Damped System 412
9.3 Damping Factors 413
9.4 Forced Vibration 419
9.5 Mechanical Impedance and Mobility 424
9.6 Transmissibility 427
9.7 Rotating Unbalance 431
9.8 Displacement Excitation 436
9.9 Dynamic Vibration Isolator 439
9.10 Vibration Isolation Materials 446
9.10.1 Cork and Felt Resilient Materials 446
9.10.2 Rubber and Elastomer Vibration Isolators 450
9.10.3 Metal Spring Isolators 457
9.11 Effects of Vibration on Humans 464
Problems 469
References 474
10 Case Studies in Noise Control 475
10.1 Introduction 475
10.2 Folding Carton Packing Station Noise 476
10.2.1 Analysis 476
10.2.2 Control Approach Chosen 479
10.2.3 Cost 479
10.2.4 Pitfalls 480
10.3 Metal Cut-Off Saw Noise 480
10.3.1 Analysis 480
10.3.2 Control Approach Chosen 481
10.3.3 Cost 482
10.3.4 Pitfalls 482
10.4 Paper Machine Wet End 482
10.4.1 Analysis 483
10.4.2 Control Approach Chosen 487
10.4.3 Cost 487
10.4.4 Pitfalls 488
10.5 Air Scrap Handling Duct Noise 488
10.5.1 Analysis 488
10.5.2 Control Approach Chosen 491
10.5.3 Cost 492
10.5.4 Pitfalls 492
10.6 Air-Operated Hoist Motor 492
10.7 Blanking Press Noise 494
10.7.1 Analysis 495
10.7.2 Control Approach Chosen 497
10.7.3 Cost 497
10.7.4 Pitfalls 497
10.8 Noise in a Small Meeting Room 498
10.8.1 Analysis 499
10.8.2 Control Approach Chosen 502
10.8.3 Cost 503
10.8.4 Pitfalls 503
Problems 503
References 504
AppendixA Preferred Prefixes in SI 506
AppendixB Properties of Gases, Liquids, and Solids 507
AppendixC Plate Properties of Solids 509
AppendixD Surface Absorption Coefficients 510
AppendixE Nomenclature 514
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