كتاب Advanced Gas Turbine Cycles

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Advanced Gas Turbine Cycles
المحتويات
Preface
Notation
Chapter 1   A brief review of power generation thermodynamics
Introduction
Criteria for the performance of power plants
Efficiency of a closed circuit gas turbine plant
Efficiency of an open circuit gas turbine plant
Heatrate
Energy utilisation factor
Ideal (Carnot) power plant performance
Limitations of other cycles
Modifications of gas turbine cycles to achieve higher
thermalefficiency
References
Chapter 2   Reversibility and availability Introduction
Reversibility availability and exergy
Flow in the presence of an environment at To (not
involving chemical reaction)
Flow with heat transfer at temperature T
Exergy flux
Application of the exergy flux equation to a closed cycle
The relationships between 6 (+and ZCR ZQ
The maximum work output in a chemical reaction at To
The adiabatic combustion process
The work output and rational efficiency of an open circuit
gas turbine
A final comment on the use of exergy
References
Chapter 3 Basic gas turbine cycles
31 Introduction
Air standard cycles (uncooled)    28
Reversible cycles    28
The reversible simple (Joule-Brayton) cycle [CHTIR   28
The reversible recuperative cycle [Cm]R   29
30
The reversible intercooled cycle [CICHTIR   32
The 'ultimate' gas turbine cycle    32
Irreversible air standard cycles    33
Component performance    33
The irreversible simple cycle [CHTII   34
The irreversible recuperative cycle [CHTXII   37
Discussion   39
The [CBTII open circuit plant-a general approach    39
Computer calculations for open circuit gas turbines    43
The [CBTIIG plant   43
Comparison of several types of gas turbine plants   44
Discussion   45
References   46
The reversible reheat cycle [CHTHTIR
Cycle efficiency with turbine cooling (cooling flow
ratesspecified)   47
Introduction   47
Air-standard cooled cycles    48
Cooling of internally reversible cycles    49
Cycle [CHTIRCI with single step cooling    49
Cycle [cHT]RC* with two step cooling   51
Cycle [cHT]Rm with multi-step cooling    52
54
Cooling of irreversible cycles    55
Cycle with single-step cooling [CH'I'IIcl   55
rotor inlet temperature (for single-step cooling)    56
Cycle with two step cooling [CHTIIa    58
Cycle with multi-step cooling [CHTlICM   59
Comment   59
Open cooling of turbine blade rows-detailed fluid
mechanics and thermodynamics   59
Introduction   59
Change in stagnation enthalpy (or temperature) through
Change of total pressure through an open cooled blade row
The turbine exit condition (for reversible cooled cycles)
Efficiency as a function of combustion temperature or
The simple approach   61
an open cooled blade row
Breakdown of losses in the cooling process
61 Cycle calculations with turbine cooling   65
Conclusions    68
References   69
Chapter 5   Full calculations of plant efficiency    71
51Introduction    71
Cooling flow requirements    71
Convective cooling    71
Film cooling   72
Assumptions for cycle calculations   73
Estimates of cooling flow fraction    73
Single step cooling    75
Multi-stage cooling    75
A note on real gas effects   82
Other studies of gas turbine plants with turbine cooling   82
Exergy calculations   82
Conclusions    84
References   84
Chapter 6   ‘Wet’ gas turbine plants   85
6Introduction
Simple analyses of STIG type plants
The basic STIG plant
The recuperative STIG plant
Simple analyses of EGT type plants
The simple EGT plant with water injection
Recent developments
Developments of the STIG cycle
The ISTIG cycle
A discussion of dry recuperative plants with ideal heat
exchangers
The combined STIG cycle
The FAST cycle
Developments of the EGT cycle
The RWI cycle
The HAT cycle
The REVAP cycle
The CHAT cycle
The TOPHAT cycle
Simpler direct water injection cycles
85Contents
A discussion of the basic thermodynamics of
these developments
Conclusions
References
Some detailed parametric studies of wet cycles
The combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT)
Introduction
A combined plant with heat loss between two cyclic
plants in series
An ideal combination of cyclic plants
The combined cycle gas turbine plant (QCGT)
The exhaust heated (unfired) CCGT
The integrated coal gasification combined
cycle plant (IGCC)
The exhaust heated (supplementary fired) CCGT
The efficiency of an exhaust heated CCGT plant
The optimum pressure ratio for a CCGT plant
Reheating in the upper gas turbine cycle
A parametric calculation
Regenerative feed heating
Discussion and conclusions
References
Novel gas turbine cycles
Introduction
Plants (A) with addition of equipment to remove the carbon
dioxide produced in combustion
Plants (B) with modification of the fuel in
combustion-chemically reformed gas turbine
(CRGT) cycles
Classification of gas-fired plants using novel cycles
Plants (C) using non-carbon fuel (hydrogen)
Plants (D) with modification of the oxidant in combustion
Outline of discussion of novel cycles
COz removal equipment
The chemical absorption process
The physical absorption process
Semi-closure
The chemical reactions involved in various cycles
Complete combustion in a conventional open circuit plant
Thermo-chemical recuperation using steam (steamTCR)
Thermo-chemical recuperation using flue gases
Combustion with recycled flue gas as a carrier
Cycles A with additional removal equipment for carbon
Direct removal of COz from an existing plant
Modifications of the cycles of conventional plants using the
Cycles B with modification of the fuel in combustion
through thenno-chemical recuperation (TCR)
The flue gas thermo-chemically recuperated (FG/TCR) cycle
Cycles C burning non-carbon fuel (hydrogen)
Cycles D with modification of the oxidant in combustion
(fluegas/TCR)   143
Descriptions of cycles    144
dioxide sequestration   144
semi-closed gas turbine cycle concept
The steam/TCR cycle   149
14Partial oxidation cycles   155
Plants with combustion modification (full oxidation)   158
IGCC cycles with C02 removal (Cycles E)    160
Summary   162
References   164
CHAPTER 9   The gas turbine as a cogeneration 167
(combined heat and power) plant
91Introduction   167
Performance criteria for CHP plants   168
Energy utilisation factor   168
Artificial thermal efficiency   170
Fuel energy saving ratio
The unmatched gas turbine CHP plant
The Beilen CHP plant    177
The Liverpool University CHP plant   180
References   181
Range of operation for a gas turbine CHP plant
Design of gas turbines as cogeneration (CHP) plants
Some practical gas turbine cogeneration plants
APPENDIX A Derivation of required cooling flows   183
Al Introduction   183
A2 Convective cooling only   183
A3 Film cooling   185
A4 The cooling efficiency    186
xii contmrs
AS   Summary   186
References   187
APPENDIX B Economics of gas turbine plants    189
BI Introduction   189
B2 Electricity pricing   189
B3 The capital charge factor    190
B4 Examples of electricity pricing    191
References   194
B5 Carbon dioxide production and the effects of a carbon tax   192
Index    195
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