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أخوانى فى الله أحضرت لكم كتاب ASM Metals Handbook Vol 01 Properties and Selection Irons, Steels and High Performance Alloys
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Table of Contents Section Features Front Matter Front Matter Front Matter Preface Preface Table of Contents Interactive Graphs Interactive Phase Diagrams and Graphs Cast Irons 1. Classification and Basic Metallurgy of Cast Iron 1. Classification and Basic Metallurgy of Cast Iron 1. Classification and Basic Metallurgy of Cast Iron 1.1 Classification 1.1 Classification 1.2 Principles of the Metallurgy of Cast Iron 1.2 Principles of the Metallurgy of Cast Iron 1.2 Principles of the Metallurgy of Cast Iron 1.3 Malleable Irons 1.3 Malleable Irons 1.3 Malleable Irons References References 2. Gray Iron 2. Gray Iron 2. Gray Iron 2.1 Classes of Gray Iron 2.1 Classes of Gray Iron 2.2 Applications 2.2 Applications 2.3 Castability 2.3 Castability 2.4 Microstructure 2.4 Microstructure 2.5 Section Sensitivity 2.5 Section Sensitivity 2.6 Prevailing Sections 2.6 Prevailing Sections 2.7 Test Bar Properties 2.7 Test Bar Properties 2.8 Fatigue Limit in Reversed Bending 2.8 Fatigue Limit in Reversed Bending 2.9 Pressure Tightness 2.9 Pressure Tightness 2.10 Impact Resistance 2.10 Impact Resistance 2.11 Machinability 2.11 Machinability 2.12 Wear 2.12 Wear 2.13 Resistance to Scuffing 2.13 Resistance to Scuffing 2.14 Resistance to Normal Wear 2.14 Resistance to Normal Wear 2.15 Elevated-Temperature Properties 2.15 Elevated-Temperature Properties 2.16 Dimensional Stability 2.16 Dimensional Stability 2.17 Effect of Shakeout Practice 2.17 Effect of Shakeout Practice 2.18 Alloying to Modify As-Cast Properties 2.18 Alloying to Modify As-Cast Properties 2.19 Heat Treatment 2.19 Heat Treatment 2.20 Physical Properties 2.20 Physical Properties References References Selected References Selected References 3. Ductile Iron 3. Ductile Iron 3. Ductile Iron 3.1 Specifications 3.1 Specifications 3.2 Ductile Iron Applications 3.2 Ductile Iron Applications 3.3 Metallurgical Control in Ductile Iron Production 3.3 Metallurgical Control in Ductile Iron Production 3.3 Metallurgical Control in Ductile Iron Production 3.4 Mechanical Properties 3.4 Mechanical Properties 3.5 Mechanical Properties at Elevated Temperatures 3.5 Mechanical Properties at Elevated Temperatures 3.6 Hardenability 3.6 Hardenability Table 11 Creep strength of several ductile irons at 425 °C (800 °F) Table 11 Creep strength of several ductile irons at 425 °C (800 °F) 3.7 Physical Properties 3.7 Physical Properties Table 13 Coefficients of thermal expansion for ferritic and pearlitic ductile irons Table 13 Coefficients of thermal expansion for ferritic and pearlitic ductile irons 3.8 Machinability 3.8 Machinability 3.9 Welding 3.9 Welding References References 4. Compacted Graphite Iron 4. Compacted Graphite Iron 4. Compacted Graphite Iron 4.1 Chemical Composition 4.1 Chemical Composition 4.2 Castability 4.2 Castability 4.3 Mechanical Properties at Room Temperature 4.3 Mechanical Properties at Room Temperature Table 2 Tensile properties, hardness, and thermal conductivity of various CG irons at room temperature Table 2 Tensile properties, hardness, and thermal conductivity of various CG irons at room temperature 4.4 Elevated-Temperature Properties 4.4 Elevated-Temperature Properties 4.5 Physical Properties 4.5 Physical Properties 4.6 Other Properties 4.6 Other Properties 4.7 Applications 4.7 Applications References References 5. Malleable Iron 5. Malleable Iron 5. Malleable Iron 5.1 Metallurgical Factors 5.1 Metallurgical Factors Table 2 Properties of malleable iron castings Table 2 Properties of malleable iron castings 5.2 Types and Properties of Malleable Iron 5.2 Types and Properties of Malleable Iron 5.2 Types and Properties of Malleable Iron 5.3 Applications 5.3 Applications References References 6. Alloy Cast Irons 6. Alloy Cast Irons 6. Alloy Cast Irons 6.1 Classification of Alloy Cast Irons 6.1 Classification of Alloy Cast Irons 6.2 Effects of Alloying Elements 6.2 Effects of Alloying Elements 6.3 Effects of Inoculants 6.3 Effects of Inoculants 6.4 Abrasion-Resistant Cast Irons 6.4 Abrasion-Resistant Cast Irons Table 6 Physical properties of selected alloy cast irons Table 6 Physical properties of selected alloy cast irons 6.5 Corrosion-Resistant Cast Irons 6.5 Corrosion-Resistant Cast Irons 6.5 Corrosion-Resistant Cast Irons 6.6 Heat-Resistant Cast Irons 6.6 Heat-Resistant Cast Irons References References Selected References Selected References Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels 7. Steel Processing Technology 7. Steel Processing Technology 7. Steel Processing Technology
7.1 Liquid Processing of Steel 7.1 Liquid Processing of Steel 7.1 Liquid Processing of Steel 7.2 Processing of Solid Steel 7.2 Processing of Solid Steel 7.2 Processing of Solid Steel References References 8. Microstructures, Processing, and Properties of Steels 8. Microstructures, Processing, and Properties of Steels 8. Microstructures, Processing, and Properties of Steels 8.1 Iron-Carbon Phase Diagram 8.1 Iron-Carbon Phase Diagram 8.2 Carbon Content and Properties 8.2 Carbon Content and Properties 8.3 Pearlite and Bainite 8.3 Pearlite and Bainite 8.4 Proeutectoid Ferrite and Cementite 8.4 Proeutectoid Ferrite and Cementite 8.5 Processing: Ferrite-Pearlite Microstructures 8.5 Processing: Ferrite-Pearlite Microstructures 8.6 Processing: Ferritic Microstructures 8.6 Processing: Ferritic Microstructures 8.7 Martensite 8.7 Martensite 8.8 Tempering of Martensite 8.8 Tempering of Martensite 8.9 Processing: Quenched and Tempered Microstructures 8.9 Processing: Quenched and Tempered Microstructures 8.10 Processing: Direct-Cooled Forging Microstructures 8.10 Processing: Direct-Cooled Forging Microstructures 8.11 Summary 8.11 Summary References 9. Classification and Designation of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels 9. Classification and Designation of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels 9. Classification and Designation of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels 9.1 Classification of Steels 9.1 Classification of Steels 9.1 Classification of Steels 9.2 Effects of Alloying Elements 9.2 Effects of Alloying Elements 9.3 Carbon Steels Table 11 SAE-AISI system of designations Table 11 SAE-AISI system of designations 9.4 High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels 9.4 High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels Table 12 Carbon steel compositions applicable to semifinished products for forging, hot-rolled and cold-finished bars, wire rods, and seamless tubing Table 12 Carbon steel compositions applicable to semifinished products for forging, hot-rolled and cold-finished bars, wire rods, and seamless tubing 9.5 Low-Alloy Steels 9.5 Low-Alloy Steels Table 13 Carbon steel compositions applicable only to structural shapes, plates, strip, sheets, and welded tubing Table 13 Carbon steel compositions applicable only to structural shapes, plates, strip, sheets, and welded tubing 9.6 Designations for Steels 9.6 Designations for Steels 9.6 Designations for Steels 9.7 Specifications for Steels 9.7 Specifications for Steels 9.7 Specifications for Steels 9.8 International Designations and Specifications 9.8 International Designations and Specifications Table 26 Product descriptions and carbon contents for wrought carbon steels (AMS designations) Table 26 Product descriptions and carbon contents for wrought carbon steels (AMS designations) References References Table 27 - Table 32 Table 27 - Table 32 Table 33 - Table 43 10. Physical Properties of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels 10. Physical Properties of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels 10. Physical Properties of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels Coefficients of linear thermal expansion for carbon and low-alloy steels Coefficients of linear thermal expansion for carbon and low-alloy steels Thermal conductivities of carbon and low-alloy steels Thermal conductivities of carbon and low-alloy steels Specific heats of carbon and low-alloy steels Specific heats of carbon and low-alloy steels Electrical resistivities of carbon and low-alloy steels Electrical resistivities of carbon and low-alloy steels 11. Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel Sheet and Strip 11. Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel Sheet and Strip 11. Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel Sheet and Strip 11.1 Plain Carbon Steel 11.1 Plain Carbon Steel 11.1 Plain Carbon Steel 11.2 Low-Alloy Steel 11.2 Low-Alloy Steel 11.2 Low-Alloy Steel 11.3 Direct Casting Methods 11.3 Direct Casting Methods References 12. Precoated Steel Sheet 12. Precoated Steel Sheet 12. Precoated Steel Sheet 12.1 Zinc Coatings 12.1 Zinc Coatings 12.2 Aluminum Coatings 12.2 Aluminum Coatings 12.3 Aluminum-Zinc Alloy Coatings 12.3 Aluminum-Zinc Alloy Coatings 12.4 Tin Coatings 12.4 Tin Coatings 12.5 Terne Coatings 12.5 Terne Coatings 12.6 Phosphate Coatings 12.6 Phosphate Coatings 12.7 Preprimed Sheet 12.7 Preprimed Sheet 12.8 Organic Composite Coatings 12.8 Organic Composite Coatings 12.9 Prepainted Sheet 12.9 Prepainted Sheet References 13. Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel Plate 13.1 Steelmaking Practices 13.1 Steelmaking Practices Table 2 Standard carbon steel plate compositions applicable for structural applications Table 2 Standard carbon steel plate compositions applicable for structural applications 13.2 Platemaking Practices 13.2 Platemaking Practices 13.3 Plate Imperfections 13.3 Plate Imperfections Table 5 ASTM specifications for structural quality steel plate Table 5 ASTM specifications for structural quality steel plate 13.4 Heat Treatment 13.4 Heat Treatment 13.5 Types of Steel Plate 13.5 Types of Steel Plate 13.5 Types of Steel Plate 13.6 Mechanical Properties 13.6 Mechanical Properties 13.7 Fabrication Considerations 13.7 Fabrication Considerations References 14. Hot-Rolled Steel Bars and Shapes 14.1 Dimensions and Tolerances 14.1 Dimensions and Tolerances 14.2 Surface Imperfections 14.2 Surface Imperfections 14.2 Surface Imperfections 14.3 Surface Treatment 14.3 Surface Treatment 14.4 Heat Treatment 14.4 Heat Treatment 14.5 Product Requirements 14.5 Product Requirements Table 2 Lowest maximum hardness that can be expected for hot-rolled steel bars, billets, and slabs with ordinary mill annealing Table 2 Lowest maximum hardness that can be expected for hot-rolled steel bars, billets, and slabs with ordinary mill annealing 14.6 Product Categories 14.6 Product Categories 14.7 Merchant Quality Bars 14.7 Merchant Quality Bars 14.8 Special Quality Bars 14.8 Special Quality Bars 14.9 Carbon Steel Bars for Specific Applications 14.9 Carbon Steel Bars for Specific Applications 14.10 Alloy Steel Bars 14.10 Alloy Steel Bars 14.11 High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel Bars 14.11 High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel Bars 14.12 Concrete-Reinforcing Bars 14.12 Concrete-Reinforcing Bars 14.13 Structural Shapes 14.13 Structural Shapes 14.14 Special Shapes 14.14 Special Shapes References 15. Cold-Finished Steel Bars 15.1 Bar Sizes 15.2 Product Types 15.2 Product Types 15.3 Product Quality Descriptors 15.3 Product Quality Descriptors 15.3 Product Quality Descriptors 15.4 Mechanical Properties 15.4 Mechanical Properties 15.5 Residual Stresses 15.5 Residual Stresses 15.6 Heat Treatment 15.6 Heat Treatment 15.6 Heat Treatment 15.7 Machinability 15.7 Machinability Table 11 Hardness and machinability ratings of cold-drawn alloy steels Table 11 Hardness and machinability ratings of cold-drawn alloy steels 15.8 Strength Considerations 15.8 Strength Considerations 15.9 Special Die Drawing 15.9 Special Die Drawing References 16. Steel Wire Rod 16. Steel Wire Rod 16.1 Cleaning and Coating 16.2 Heat Treatment 16.2 Heat Treatment 16.3 Carbon Steel Rod 16.3 Carbon Steel Rod 16.4 Qualities and Commodities of Carbon Steel Rod 16.4 Qualities and Commodities of Carbon Steel Rod 16.5 Special Requirements for Carbon Steel Rod 16.5 Special Requirements for Carbon Steel Rod 16.6 Mechanical Properties of Carbon Steel Rod 16.6 Mechanical Properties of Carbon Steel Rod 16.7 Alloy Steel Rod 16.7 Alloy Steel Rod 16.8 Qualities and Commodities for Alloy Steel Rod 16.8 Qualities and Commodities for Alloy Steel Rod 16.9 Special Requirements for Alloy Steel Rod 16.9 Special Requirements for Alloy Steel Rod Acknowledgment Acknowledgment 17. Steel Wire 17. Steel Wire 17. Steel Wire 17.1 Wire Configurations and Sizes 17.1 Wire Configurations and Sizes 17.2 Wiremaking Practices 17.2 Wiremaking Practices Table 1 Steel wire gage sizes Table 1 Steel wire gage sizes 17.3 Specification Wire 17.3 Specification Wire 17.4 Metallic Coated Wire 17.4 Metallic Coated Wire 17.5 Quality Descriptions and Commodities 17.5 Quality Descriptions and Commodities 17.5 Quality Descriptions and Commodities 17.6 Mechanical Properties: Round Wire versus Flat Wire 17.6 Mechanical Properties: Round Wire versus Flat Wire Acknowledgment 18. Threaded Steel Fasteners 18.1 Specification and Selection 18.2 Fastener Tests 18.2 Fastener Tests 18.3 Mechanical Properties 18.3 Mechanical Properties 18.4 Fabrication 18.4 Fabrication 18.5 Clamping Forces 18.5 Clamping Forces References 19. Steel Springs 19.1 Mechanical Properties 19.2 Characteristics of Spring Steel Grade 19.2 Characteristics of Spring Steel Grade 19.3 Wire Quality 19.3 Wire Quality 19.4 Residual Stresses 19.4 Residual Stresses 19.5 Plating of Springs 19.5 Plating of Springs 19.6 Fatigue 19.6 Fatigue 19.7 Effect of Temperature 19.7 Effect of Temperature 19.8 Hot-Wound Springs 19.8 Hot-Wound Springs 19.9 Costs 19.9 Costs 19.10 Design 19.10 Design 19.11 Compression Springs 19.11 Compression Springs 19.12 Extension Springs 19.12 Extension Springs 19.13 Leaf Springs 19.13 Leaf Springs References 20. Steel Tubular Products 20.1 Product Classification 20.2 Welding Processes 20.2 Welding Processes 20.3 Seamless Processes 20.3 Seamless Processes 20.4 Cold Finishing 20.4 Cold Finishing 20.5 Pipe Sizes and Specifications 20.5 Pipe Sizes and Specifications 20.6 Common Types of Pipe 20.6 Common Types of Pipe Table 7 Minimum tensile properties of carbon and alloy steel pipe (ASTM, API, and CSA) Table 7 Minimum tensile properties of carbon and alloy steel pipe (ASTM, API, and CSA) 20.7 Pressure Tubes 20.7 Pressure Tubes 20.8 Structural Tubing 20.8 Structural Tubing Table 11 Minimum tensile properties of carbon and alloy steel pressure tubes (ASTM) Table 11 Minimum tensile properties of carbon and alloy steel pressure tubes (ASTM) 20.9 Mechanical Tubing 20.9 Mechanical Tubing 20.9 Mechanical Tubing References References 21. Closed-Die Forgings 21.1 Types of Forgings 21.1 Types of Forgings 21.2 Selection of Steel 21.2 Selection of Steel 21.3 Material Control 21.3 Material Control 21.4 Mechanical Properties 21.4 Mechanical Properties 21.5 Design Stress Calculations 21.5 Design Stress Calculations 21.6 Fundamentals of Hammer and Press Forgings 21.6 Fundamentals of Hammer and Press Forgings 21.7 Tolerances 21.7 Tolerances 21.8 Allowance for Machining 21.8 Allowance for Machining 21.9 Design of Hot Upset Forgings 21.9 Design of Hot Upset Forgings 21.10 Design of Hot Extrusion Forgings 21.10 Design of Hot Extrusion Forgings
22. High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel Forgings 22. High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel Forgings 22. High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel Forgings
22.1 Microalloying Elements 22.1 Microalloying Elements 22.2 Metallurgical Effects 22.2 Metallurgical Effects 22.3 Future Outlook 22.3 Future Outlook References References
23. Steel Castings 23. Steel Castings 23. Steel Castings
23.1 Classifications and Specifications 23.1 Classifications and Specifications 23.2 Mechanical Properties 23.2 Mechanical Properties Table 3 Plane-strain fracture toughness of cast low-alloy steels at room temperature Table 3 Plane-strain fracture toughness of cast low-alloy steels at room temperature 23.3 Low-Carbon Cast Steels 23.3 Low-Carbon Cast Steels 23.4 Medium-Carbon Cast Steels 23.4 Medium-Carbon Cast Steels 23.5 High-Carbon Cast Steels 23.5 High-Carbon Cast Steels 23.6 Low-Alloy Cast Steels 23.6 Low-Alloy Cast Steels 23.7 Physical Properties 23.7 Physical Properties 23.8 Engineering Properties 23.8 Engineering Properties 23.9 Nondestructive Inspection 23.9 Nondestructive Inspection References References
24. Bearing Steels 24. Bearing Steels 24. Bearing Steels
24.1 High-Carbon or Low-Carbon Steels 24.1 High-Carbon or Low-Carbon Steels 24.2 Microstructure Characteristics 24.2 Microstructure Characteristics 24.3 Bearing Steel Quality 24.3 Bearing Steel Quality 24.4 Effect of Heat Treatment 24.4 Effect of Heat Treatment 24.5 Special-Purpose Bearing Steels 24.5 Special-Purpose Bearing Steels References References Selected References Selected References
25. High-Strength Structural and High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels 25. High-Strength Structural and High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels 25. High-Strength Structural and High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels
25.1 Structural Carbon Steels 25.1 Structural Carbon Steels 25.2 Quenched and Tempered Low-Alloy Steel 25.2 Quenched and Tempered Low-Alloy Steel 25.3 HSLA Steels 25.3 HSLA Steels 25.3 HSLA Steels Acknowledgment Acknowledgment References References
26. Dual-Phase Steels 26. Dual-Phase Steels 26. Dual-Phase Steels
26.1 Heat Treatment of Dual-Phase Steels 26.1 Heat Treatment of Dual-Phase Steels 26.2 Mechanical Properties of Dual-Phase Steels 26.2 Mechanical Properties of Dual-Phase Steels 26.3 New Advances in Dual-Phase Steels 26.3 New Advances in Dual-Phase Steels References References Selected References Selected References
27. Ultrahigh-Strength Steels 27. Ultrahigh-Strength Steels 27. Ultrahigh-Strength Steels
27.1 Medium-Carbon Low-Alloy Steels 27.1 Medium-Carbon Low-Alloy Steels 27.1 Medium-Carbon Low-Alloy Steels 27.2 Medium-Alloy Air-Hardening Steels 27.2 Medium-Alloy Air-Hardening Steels 27.2 Medium-Alloy Air-Hardening Steels 27.3 High Fracture Toughness Steels 27.3 High Fracture Toughness Steels 27.3 High Fracture Toughness Steels References References
Hardenability of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels Hardenability of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels 28. Hardenable Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels 28. Hardenable Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels 28. Hardenable Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels
28.1 Hardenability 28.1 Hardenability 28.2 Carbon Steels Containing up to 0.25% C 28.2 Carbon Steels Containing up to 0.25% C 28.3 Carbon Steels Containing 0.25 to 0.55% C 28.3 Carbon Steels Containing 0.25 to 0.55% C 28.4 Carbon Steels Containing 0.55 to 1.00% C 28.4 Carbon Steels Containing 0.55 to 1.00% C 28.5 Alloy Steels 28.5 Alloy Steels 28.6 Alloying Elements in Quenching 28.6 Alloying Elements in Quenching 28.7 Mechanical Properties 28.7 Mechanical Properties 28.8 Tempering 28.8 Tempering 28.9 Distortion in Heat Treatment 28.9 Distortion in Heat Treatment 28.10 Induction and Flame Hardening 28.10 Induction and Flame Hardening 28.11 Fabrication of Parts and Assemblies 28.11 Fabrication of Parts and Assemblies References References
29. Hardenability of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels 29. Hardenability of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels 29. Hardenability of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels
29.1 Hardenability Testing 29.1 Hardenability Testing 29.2 Low-Hardenability Steels 29.2 Low-Hardenability Steels 29.3 Calculation of Hardenability 29.3 Calculation of Hardenability 29.4 Effect of Carbon Content 29.4 Effect of Carbon Content 29.5 Calculation of Hardenability 29.5 Calculation of Hardenability 29.6 Effect of Carbon Content 29.6 Effect of Carbon Content 29.7 Alloying Elements 29.7 Alloying Elements 29.8 Effect of Grain Size 29.8 Effect of Grain Size 29.9 Variations within Heats 29.9 Variations within Heats 29.10 Determining Hardenability Requirements 29.10 Determining Hardenability Requirements 29.11 General Hardenability Selection Charts 29.11 General Hardenability Selection Charts 29.12 Use of the Charts 29.12 Use of the Charts 29.13 H-Steels 29.13 H-Steels 29.14 Use of Hardenability Limits 29.14 Use of Hardenability Limits 29.14 Use of Hardenability Limits 29.15 Steels for Case Hardening 29.15 Steels for Case Hardening 29.16 Steel Castings 29.16 Steel Castings References References Selected References Selected References
30. Hardenability Curves 30. Hardenability Curves 30. Hardenability Curves
References References SAE/AISI 1038H - SAE/AISI 4032H SAE/AISI 1038H - SAE/AISI 4032H SAE/AISI 4037H - SAE/AISI 4817H SAE/AISI 4037H - SAE/AISI 4817H SAE/AISI 4820H - SAE/AISI 6118H SAE/AISI 4820H - SAE/AISI 6118H SAE/AISI 6150H - SAE/AISI 9310H SAE/AISI 6150H - SAE/AISI 9310H SAE/AISI 94B15H - SAE/AISI 94B30H SAE/AISI 94B15H - SAE/AISI 94B30H
Fabrication Characteristics of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels Fabrication Characteristics of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels 31. Sheet Formability of Steels 31. Sheet Formability of Steels 31. Sheet Formability of Steels
31.1 Mechanical Properties and Formability 31.1 Mechanical Properties and Formability 31.2 Circle Grid Analysis 31.2 Circle Grid Analysis 31.3 Simulative Forming Tests 31.3 Simulative Forming Tests 31.4 Effects of Steel Composition on Formability 31.4 Effects of Steel Composition on Formability 31.5 Effects of Steelmaking Practices on Formability 31.5 Effects of Steelmaking Practices on Formability 31.6 Correlation between Microstructure and Formability 31.6 Correlation between Microstructure and Formability 31.7 Effect of Metallic Coatings on Formability 31.7 Effect of Metallic Coatings on Formability 31.8 Selection of Steel Sheet 31.8 Selection of Steel Sheet References References Selected References Selected References
32. Bulk Formability of Steels 32. Bulk Formability of Steels 32. Bulk Formability of Steels
32.1 Formability Characteristics 32.1 Formability Characteristics 32.2 Formability Tests 32.2 Formability Tests 32.2 Formability Tests 32.3 Evaluating Forgeability 32.3 Evaluating Forgeability 32.3 Evaluating Forgeability 32.4 Microalloyed Steels 32.4 Microalloyed Steels 32.4 Microalloyed Steels References References
33. Machinability of Steels 33. Machinability of Steels 33. Machinability of Steels
33.1 Measures of Machinability 33.1 Measures of Machinability 33.2 Scatter in Machinability Ratings 33.2 Scatter in Machinability Ratings 33.3 Machinability Ratings of Steels 33.3 Machinability Ratings of Steels 33.4 Microstructure 33.4 Microstructure 33.5 Carbon Steels 33.5 Carbon Steels Table 4 Machinability ratings of plain carbon steels Table 4 Machinability ratings of plain carbon steels 33.6 Resulfurized Carbon Steels 33.6 Resulfurized Carbon Steels Table 5 Machinability ratings of resulfurized and rephosphorized carbon steels, percent of cutting speed for B1112/1212 Table 5 Machinability ratings of resulfurized and rephosphorized carbon steels, percent of cutting speed for B1112/1212 33.7 Carbon Steels with other Additives 33.7 Carbon Steels with other Additives 33.8 Leaded Carbon and Resulfurized Steels 33.8 Leaded Carbon and Resulfurized Steels Table 6 Machinability ratings for alloy steels compared to 1212 steel Table 6 Machinability ratings for alloy steels compared to 1212 steel 33.9 Carburizing Steels 33.9 Carburizing Steels 33.10 Through-Hardening Alloy Steels 33.10 Through-Hardening Alloy Steels 33.11 Cold-Drawn Steel 33.11 Cold-Drawn Steel References References
34. Weldability of Steels 34. Weldability of Steels 34. Weldability of Steels
34.1 Characteristic Features of Welds 34.1 Characteristic Features of Welds 34.2 Metallurgical Factors That Affect Weldability 34.2 Metallurgical Factors That Affect Weldability 34.3 Weld Cracking 34.3 Weld Cracking 34.4 Weldability of Steels 34.4 Weldability of Steels 34.5 Weldability Tests 34.5 Weldability Tests 34.6 Fabrication Weldability Tests 34.6 Fabrication Weldability Tests Reference Reference Selected References Selected References
Service Characteristics of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels Service Characteristics of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels 35. Elevated-Temperature Properties of Ferritic Steels 35. Elevated-Temperature Properties of Ferritic Steels 35. Elevated-Temperature Properties of Ferritic Steels 36. Effect of Neutron Irradiation on Properties of Steels 36. Effect of Neutron Irradiation on Properties of Steels 36. Effect of Neutron Irradiation on Properties of Steels
36.1 Irradiation Damage Processes 36.1 Irradiation Damage Processes 36.2 Void Swelling 36.2 Void Swelling 36.3 Mechanical Properties 36.3 Mechanical Properties References References
37. Low-Temperature Properties of Structural Steels 37. Low-Temperature Properties of Structural Steels 37. Low-Temperature Properties of Structural Steels
37.1 Design and Failure Criteria 37.1 Design and Failure Criteria 37.2 Assessment of Fracture Resistance 37.2 Assessment of Fracture Resistance 37.3 Fracture Toughness Requirements 37.3 Fracture Toughness Requirements 37.4 Fatigue Crack Growth in Structural Steel 37.4 Fatigue Crack Growth in Structural Steel 37.5 Steel Specifications 37.5 Steel Specifications 37.6 Advances in Steel Technology 37.6 Advances in Steel Technology 37.7 Fracture Toughness Characteristics of Structural Steels 37.7 Fracture Toughness Characteristics of Structural Steels 37.8 Fracture Toughness of Welded Structures 37.8 Fracture Toughness of Welded Structures Table 6 Tensile properties of offshore low-temperature structural steels Table 6 Tensile properties of offshore low-temperature structural steels Acknowledgment Acknowledgment References References
38. Fatigue Resistance of Steels 38. Fatigue Resistance of Steels 38. Fatigue Resistance of Steels
38.1 Fatigue Resistance 38.1 Fatigue Resistance 38.2 Prevention of Fatigue Failure 38.2 Prevention of Fatigue Failure 38.3 Symbols and Definitions 38.3 Symbols and Definitions 38.4 Stress-Based Approach to Fatigue 38.4 Stress-Based Approach to Fatigue 38.5 Strain-Based Approach to Fatigue 38.5 Strain-Based Approach to Fatigue 38.6 Metallurgical Variables of Fatigue Behavior 38.6 Metallurgical Variables of Fatigue Behavior 38.7 Application of Fatigue Data 38.7 Application of Fatigue Data References References
39. Embrittlement of Steels 39. Embrittlement of Steels 39. Embrittlement of Steels
39.1 Embrittlement of Iron 39.1 Embrittlement of Iron 39.2 Embrittlement in Carbon Steels and Alloy Steels 39.2 Embrittlement in Carbon Steels and Alloy Steels 39.2 Embrittlement in Carbon Steels and Alloy Steels 39.3 Overheating 39.3 Overheating 39.4 Thermal Embrittlement of Maraging Steels 39.4 Thermal Embrittlement of Maraging Steels 39.5 Quench Cracking 39.5 Quench Cracking 39.6 Temper Embrittlement in Alloy Steels 39.6 Temper Embrittlement in Alloy Steels 39.6 Temper Embrittlement in Alloy Steels 39.7 Tempered Martensite Embrittlement 39.7 Tempered Martensite Embrittlement 39.8 Sensitization 39.8 Sensitization 39.9 475 °C Embrittlement 39.9 475 °C Embrittlement 39.10 Sigma Phase Embrittlement 39.10 Sigma Phase Embrittlement 39.11 Hydrogen Damage 39.11 Hydrogen Damage 39.11 Hydrogen Damage 39.12 Metal-Induced Embrittlement 39.12 Metal-Induced Embrittlement 39.12 Metal-Induced Embrittlement 39.13 Neutron Irradiation Embrittlement 39.13 Neutron Irradiation Embrittlement 39.14 Stress-Corrosion Cracking 39.14 Stress-Corrosion Cracking 39.14 Stress-Corrosion Cracking References References
40. Notch Toughness of Steels 40. Notch Toughness of Steels 40. Notch Toughness of Steels
40.1 Ductile-to-Brittle Transition 40.1 Ductile-to-Brittle Transition 40.2 Effects of Composition 40.2 Effects of Composition 40.3 Effects of Manufacturing Practices 40.3 Effects of Manufacturing Practices 40.3 Effects of Manufacturing Practices 40.4 Effects of Microstructure 40.4 Effects of Microstructure 40.4 Effects of Microstructure 40.5 Variability of Charpy Test Results 40.5 Variability of Charpy Test Results 40.6 Correlations of Notch Toughness with other Mechanical Properties 40.6 Correlations of Notch Toughness with other Mechanical Properties References References
Specialty Steels and Heat-Resistant Alloys Specialty Steels and Heat-Resistant Alloys 41. Wrought Tool Steels 41. Wrought Tool Steels 41. Wrought Tool Steels
41.1 Classification and Characteristics 41.1 Classification and Characteristics 41.1 Classification and Characteristics 41.2 Cold-Work Steels 41.2 Cold-Work Steels 41.3 Shock-Resisting Steels 41.3 Shock-Resisting Steels 41.3 Shock-Resisting Steels 41.4 Mold Steels 41.4 Mold Steels 41.4 Mold Steels 41.5 Typical Heat Treatments and Properties 41.5 Typical Heat Treatments and Properties 41.6 Testing of Tool Steels 41.6 Testing of Tool Steels 41.6 Testing of Tool Steels 41.7 Machining Allowances 41.7 Machining Allowances 41.8 Precision Cast Hot-Work Tools 41.8 Precision Cast Hot-Work Tools 41.9 Surface Treatments 41.9 Surface Treatments References References Selected References Selected References
42. P/M Tool Steels 42. P/M Tool Steels 42. P/M Tool Steels
42.1 P/M High-Speed Tool Steels 42.1 P/M High-Speed Tool Steels 42.1 P/M High-Speed Tool Steels 42.2 P/M Cold-Work Tool Steels 42.2 P/M Cold-Work Tool Steels 42.3 P/M Hot-Work Tool Steels 42.3 P/M Hot-Work Tool Steels References References Selected References Selected References
43. Maraging Steels 43. Maraging Steels 43. Maraging Steels
43.1 Physical Metallurgy 43.1 Physical Metallurgy 43.2 Commercial Alloys 43.2 Commercial Alloys 43.3 Processing 43.3 Processing 43.4 Properties of Maraging Steels 43.4 Properties of Maraging Steels 43.5 Applications 43.5 Applications References References
44. Ferrous Powder Metallurgy Materials 44. Ferrous Powder Metallurgy Materials 44. Ferrous Powder Metallurgy Materials
44.1 Metal Powder Characteristics and Control 44.1 Metal Powder Characteristics and Control 44.2 Powder Preparation 44.2 Powder Preparation 44.3 Powder Compacting 44.3 Powder Compacting 44.4 Sintering 44.4 Sintering 44.5 Secondary Operations 44.5 Secondary Operations 44.6 Designation of P/M Materials 44.6 Designation of P/M Materials 44.7 Mechanical and Physical Properties of Sintered Ferrous P/M Materials 44.7 Mechanical and Physical Properties of Sintered Ferrous P/M Materials Table 4 Minimum and typical mechanical properties of ferrous P/M materials Table 4 Minimum and typical mechanical properties of ferrous P/M materials 44.8 Infiltration 44.8 Infiltration 44.9 Heat Treatment of Ferrous P/M Materials 44.9 Heat Treatment of Ferrous P/M Materials 44.10 Re-Pressing 44.10 Re-Pressing 44.11 Powder Forging 44.11 Powder Forging 44.11 Powder Forging 44.12 Metal Injection Molding (MIM) Technology 44.12 Metal Injection Molding (MIM) Technology References References
45. Austenitic Manganese Steels 45. Austenitic Manganese Steels 45. Austenitic Manganese Steels 46. Wrought Stainless Steels 46. Wrought Stainless Steels 46. Wrought Stainless Steels
46.1 Classification of Stainless Steels 46.1 Classification of Stainless Steels 46.2 Factors in Selection 46.2 Factors in Selection 46.3 Product Forms 46.3 Product Forms 46.3 Product Forms 46.4 Pipe, Tubes, and Tubing 46.4 Pipe, Tubes, and Tubing 46.5 Tensile Properties 46.5 Tensile Properties 46.5 Tensile Properties 46.6 Notch Toughness and Transition Temperature 46.6 Notch Toughness and Transition Temperature 46.6 Notch Toughness and Transition Temperature 46.7 Fatigue Strength 46.7 Fatigue Strength 46.8 Elevated-Temperature Properties 46.8 Elevated-Temperature Properties Table 11 Minimum mechanical properties of martensitic stainless steels Table 11 Minimum mechanical properties of martensitic stainless steels 46.9 Subzero-Temperature Properties 46.9 Subzero-Temperature Properties Table 12 Minimum mechanical properties of precipitation-hardening stainless steels Table 12 Minimum mechanical properties of precipitation-hardening stainless steels 46.10 Influence of Product Form on Properties 46.10 Influence of Product Form on Properties 46.10 Influence of Product Form on Properties 46.11 Physical Properties 46.11 Physical Properties 46.12 Corrosion Properties 46.12 Corrosion Properties 46.12 Corrosion Properties 46.13 Surface Finishing of Stainless Steel 46.13 Surface Finishing of Stainless Steel 46.14 Mill Finishes 46.14 Mill Finishes 46.15 Interim Surface Protection 46.15 Interim Surface Protection 46.16 In-Service Care 46.16 In-Service Care 46.17 Fabrication Characteristics 46.17 Fabrication Characteristics 46.17 Fabrication Characteristics References References Selected References Selected References
47. Cast Stainless Steels 47. Cast Stainless Steels 47. Cast Stainless Steels
47.1 Grade Designations and Compositions 47.1 Grade Designations and Compositions 47.2 Composition and Microstructure 47.2 Composition and Microstructure 47.3 Heat Treatment 47.3 Heat Treatment 47.4 Corrosion-Resistant Steel Castings 47.4 Corrosion-Resistant Steel Castings 47.4 Corrosion-Resistant Steel Castings 47.5 Heat-Resistant Cast Steels 47.5 Heat-Resistant Cast Steels 47.5 Heat-Resistant Cast Steels 47.6 Manufacturing Characteristics 47.6 Manufacturing Characteristics 47.7 Galling 47.7 Galling 47.8 Magnetic Properties 47.8 Magnetic Properties References References
48. Elevated-Temperature Properties of Stainless Steels 48. Elevated-Temperature Properties of Stainless Steels 48. Elevated-Temperature Properties of Stainless Steels
48.1 Production of Steel 48.1 Production of Steel 48.2 Product Forms 48.2 Product Forms 48.3 Mechanical Property Considerations 48.3 Mechanical Property Considerations 48.4 Corrosion Considerations 48.4 Corrosion Considerations 48.5 Ferritic Stainless Steels 48.5 Ferritic Stainless Steels 48.5 Ferritic Stainless Steels 48.6 Quenched and Tempered Martensitic Stainless Steels 48.6 Quenched and Tempered Martensitic Stainless Steels 48.7 Precipitation-Hardening Martensitic Stainless Steels 48.7 Precipitation-Hardening Martensitic Stainless Steels 48.8 Precipitation-Hardening Semiaustenitic Stainless Steels 48.8 Precipitation-Hardening Semiaustenitic Stainless Steels 48.9 Austenitic Stainless Steels 48.9 Austenitic Stainless Steels Acknowledgment Acknowledgment References References Selected References Selected References 49. Wrought and P/M Superalloys 49. Wrought and P/M Superalloys 49. Wrought and P/M Superalloys 49.1 Wrought Nickel Alloys 49.1 Wrought Nickel Alloys 49.1 Wrought Nickel Alloys 49.2 Iron-Base Superalloys 49.2 Iron-Base Superalloys 49.2 Iron-Base Superalloys 49.3 Cobalt-Base Superalloys 49.3 Cobalt-Base Superalloys Table 8 Physical properties of selected wrought superalloys Table 8 Physical properties of selected wrought superalloys 49.4 Melting and Consolidation of Wrought Alloys 49.4 Melting and Consolidation of Wrought Alloys 49.4 Melting and Consolidation of Wrought Alloys 49.5 P/M Alloys 49.5 P/M Alloys References References Appendix: P/M Cobalt-Base Wear-Resistant Materials Appendix: P/M Cobalt-Base Wear-Resistant Materials Appendix: P/M Cobalt-Base Wear-Resistant Materials 50. Polycrystalline Cast Superalloys 50. Polycrystalline Cast Superalloys 50. Polycrystalline Cast Superalloys 50.1 Superalloy Design 50.1 Superalloy Design 50.1 Superalloy Design 50.2 Vacuum Induction Melting of Superalloys 50.2 Vacuum Induction Melting of Superalloys 50.3 Quality Considerations 50.3 Quality Considerations 50.4 Investment Casting of Superalloys 50.4 Investment Casting of Superalloys 50.4 Investment Casting of Superalloys 50.5 Control of Casting Microstructure 50.5 Control of Casting Microstructure 50.6 Postcasting Processing 50.6 Postcasting Processing References References 51. Directionally Solidified and Single-Crystal Superalloys 51. Directionally Solidified and Single-Crystal Superalloys 51. Directionally Solidified and Single-Crystal Superalloys 51.1 Directionally Solidified Superalloys 51.1 Directionally Solidified Superalloys 51.2 Single-Crystal Superalloys 51.2 Single-Crystal Superalloys 51.3 Chemistry and SX Castability 51.3 Chemistry and SX Castability References References Special Engineering Topics Special Engineering Topics 52. Strategic Materials Availability and Supply 52. Strategic Materials Availability and Supply 52. Strategic Materials Availability and Supply 52.1 Reserves and Resources 52.1 Reserves and Resources 52.2 Strategic Materials 52.2 Strategic Materials 52.3 The Superalloys 52.3 The Superalloys 52.4 COSAM Program Approach 52.4 COSAM Program Approach 52.4 COSAM Program Approach 52.5 COSAM Program Results 52.5 COSAM Program Results Appendix: Manganese Availability Appendix: Manganese Availability Appendix: Manganese Availability 53. Recycling of Iron, Steel, and Superalloys 53. Recycling of Iron, Steel, and Superalloys 53. Recycling of Iron, Steel, and Superalloys 53.1 Recycling Iron and Steel Scrap 53.1 Recycling Iron and Steel Scrap 53.1 Recycling Iron and Steel Scrap 53.2 Recycling Stainless Steel and Superalloy Scrap 53.2 Recycling Stainless Steel and Superalloy Scrap 53.2 Recycling Stainless Steel and Superalloy Scrap References References Metric Conversion Guide Metric Conversion Guide Abbreviations, Symbols, and Tradenames Abbreviations, Symbols, and Tradenames Abbreviations, Symbols, and Tradenames Abbreviations and Symbols Abbreviations and Symbols Greek Alphabet Greek Alphabet Tradenames Tradenames Index Index
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