كتاب Engineering Tribology 3rd Ed
منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى
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منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى
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 كتاب Engineering Tribology 3rd Ed

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تاريخ التسجيل : 01/07/2009
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العمل : مدير منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى

كتاب  Engineering Tribology 3rd Ed Empty
مُساهمةموضوع: كتاب Engineering Tribology 3rd Ed   كتاب  Engineering Tribology 3rd Ed Emptyالثلاثاء 02 أغسطس 2016, 10:33 pm

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Engineering Tribology 3rd Ed

Gwidon W. Stachowiak
School  of  Mechanical  Engineering,
University  of  Western  Australia,
Perth,  Australia

Andrew W. Batchelor
School  of  Engineering,
Monash  University  Malaysia,
Bandar  Sunway,  Selangor,  Malaysia

كتاب  Engineering Tribology 3rd Ed Xpm9qh2tcguw
ويتناول الموضوعات الأتية :

INTRODUCTION
 Background
 Meaning of tribology
Lubrication
Wear
 Cost of friction and wear
 Summary
References
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LUBRICANTS
 Introduction
 Oil viscosity
Dynamic viscosity
Kinematic viscosity
 Viscosity temperature relationship
Viscosity-temperature equations
Viscosity-temperature chart
 Viscosity index
 Viscosity pressure relationship
 Viscosity-shear rate relationship
Pseudoplastic behaviour
Thixotropic behaviour
 Viscosity measurements
Capillary viscometers
Rotational viscometers
 Rotating cylinder viscometer
 Cone on plate viscometer
Other viscometers
 Viscosity of mixtures
 Oil viscosity classification
VIII ENGINEERING TRIBOLOGY
SAE viscosity classification
ISO viscosity classification
 Lubricant density and specific gravity
 Thermal properties of lubricants
Specific heat
Thermal conductivity
Thermal diffusivity
 Temperature characteristics of lubricants
Pour point and cloud point
Flash point and fire point
Volatility and evaporation
Oxidation stability
Thermal stability
Surface tension
Neutralization number
Carbon residue
 Optical properties of lubricants
Refractive index
 Additive compatibility and solubility
Additive compatibility
Additive solubility
 Lubricant impurities and contaminants
Water content
Sulphur content
Ash content
Chlorine content
 Solubility of gases in oils
 Summary
References
 LUBRICANTS AND THEIR COMPOSITION
 Introduction
 Mineral oils
Sources of mineral oils
Manufacture of mineral oils
Types of mineral oils
 Chemical forms
 Sulphur content
 Viscosity
CONTENTS IX
 Synthetic oils
Manufacturing of synthetic oils
Hydrocarbon synthetic lubricants
 Polyalphaolefins
 Polyphenyl ethers
 Esters
 Cycloaliphatics
 Polyglycols
Silicon analogues of hydrocarbons
 Silicones
 Silahydrocarbons
Organohalogens
 Perfluoropolyethers
 Chlorofluorocarbons
 Chlorotrifluoroethylenes
 Perfluoropolyalkylethers
 Emulsions and aqueous lubricants
Manufacturing of emulsions
Characteristics
Applications
 Greases
Manufacturing of greases
Composition
 Base oils
 Thickener
 Additives
 Fillers
Lubrication mechanism of greases
Grease characteristics
 Consistency of greases
 Mechanical stability
 Drop point
 Oxidation stability
 Thermal stability
 Evaporation loss
 Grease viscosity characteristics
Classification of greases
Grease compatibility
Degradation of greases
X ENGINEERING TRIBOLOGY
 Lubricant additives
Wear and friction improvers
 Adsorption or boundary additives
 Anti-wear additives
 Extreme pressure additives
Anti-oxidants
 Oil oxidation
 Oxidation inhibitors
Corrosion control additives
Contamination control additives
Viscosity improvers
Pour point depressants
Foam inhibitors
Interference between additives
 Summary
References
 HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION
 Introduction
 Reynolds equation
Simplifying assumptions
Equilibrium of an element
Continuity of flow in a column
Simplifications to the Reynolds equation
 Unidirectional velocity approximation
 Steady film thickness approximation
 Isoviscous approximation
 Infinitely long bearing approximation
 Narrow bearing approximation
Bearing parameters predicted from Reynolds equation
 Pressure distribution
 Load capacity
 Friction force
 Coefficient of friction
 Lubricant flow
Summary
 Pad bearings
Infinite linear pad bearing
 Bearing geometry
CONTENTS XI
 Pressure distribution
 Load capacity
 Friction force
 Coefficient of friction
 Lubricant flow rate
Infinite Rayleigh step bearing
Other wedge geometries of infinite pad bearings
 Tapered land wedge
 Parabolic wedge
 Parallel surface bearings
 Spiral groove bearing
Finite pad bearings
Pivoted pad bearing
Inlet boundary conditions in pad bearing analysis
 Converging-diverging wedges
Bearing geometry
Pressure distribution
 Full-Sommerfeld boundary condition
 Half-Sommerfeld boundary condition
 Reynolds boundary condition
Load capacity
 Journal bearings
Evaluation of the main parameters
 Bearing geometry
 Pressure distribution
 Load capacity
 Friction force
 Coefficient of friction
 Lubricant flow rate
Practical and operational aspects of journal bearings
 Lubricant supply
 Cavitation
 Journal bearings with movable pads
 Journal bearings incorporating a Rayleigh step
 Oil whirl or lubricant caused vibration
 Rotating load
 Tilted shafts
 Partial bearings
 Elastic deformation of the bearing
XII ENGINEERING TRIBOLOGY
 Infinitely long approximation in journal bearings
 Thermal effects in bearings
Heat transfer mechanisms in bearings
 Conduction
 Convection
 Conducted/convected heat ratio
Isoviscous thermal analysis of bearings
 Iterative method
 Constant flow method
Non-isoviscous thermal analysis of bearings with locally varying viscosity
Multiple regression in bearing analysis
Bearing inlet temperature and thermal interaction between pads of a
Michell bearing
 Limits of hydrodynamic lubrication
 Hydrodynamic lubrication with non-Newtonian fluids
Turbulence and hydrodynamic lubrication
Hydrodynamic lubrication with non-Newtonian lubricants
Inertial effects in hydrodynamics
Compressible fluids
Compressible hydrodynamic lubrication in gas bearings
 Reynolds equation for squeeze films
Pressure distribution
Load capacity
Squeeze time
Cavitation and squeeze films
Microscopic squeeze film effects between rough sliding surfaces
 Porous bearings
 Summary
References
 COMPUTATIONAL HYDRODYNAMICS
 Introduction
 Non-dimensionalization of the Reynolds equation
 The Vogelpohl parameter
 Finite difference equivalent of the Reynolds equation
Definition of solution domain and boundary conditions
Calculation of pressure field
Calculation of dimensionless friction force and friction coefficient
Numerical solution technique for Vogelpohl equation
CONTENTS XIII
 Numerical analysis of hydrodynamic lubrication in idealized journal
and partial arc bearings
Example of data from numerical analysis, the effect of shaft misalignment
 Numerical analysis of hydrodynamic lubrication in a real bearing
 Thermohydrodynamic lubrication
Governing equations and boundary conditions in
thermohydrodynamic lubrication
 Governing equations in thermohydrodynamic lubrication for a
one-dimensional bearing
 Thermohydrodynamic equations for the finite pad bearing
 Boundary conditions
Finite difference equations for thermohydrodynamic lubrication
Treatment of boundary conditions in thermohydrodynamic lubrication
Computer program for the analysis of an infinitely long pad bearing in
the case of thermohydrodynamic lubrication
Example of the analysis of an infinitely long pad bearing in the case of
thermohydrodynamic lubrication
 Elastic deformations in a pad bearing
Computer program for the analysis of an elastically deforming onedimensional
pivoted Michell pad bearing
Effect of elastic deformation of the pad on load capacity and film thickness
 Cavitation and film reformation in grooved journal bearings
Computer program for the analysis of grooved ° journal bearings
Example of the analysis of a grooved ° journal bearing
 Vibrational stability in journal bearings
Determination of stiffness and damping coefficients
Computer program for the analysis of vibrational stability in a partial arc
journal bearing
Example of the analysis of vibrational stability in a partial arc journal bearing
 Summary
References
 HYDROSTATIC LUBRICATION
 Introduction
 Hydrostatic bearing analysis
Flat circular hydrostatic pad bearing
 Pressure distribution
 Lubricant flow
 Load capacity
 Friction torque
XIV ENGINEERING TRIBOLOGY
 Friction power loss
Non-flat circular hydrostatic pad bearings
 Pressure distribution
 Lubricant flow
 Load capacity
 Friction torque
 Friction power loss
 Generalized approach to hydrostatic bearing analysis
Flat circular pad bearings
Flat square pad bearings
 Optimization of hydrostatic bearing design
Minimization of power
 Low speed recessed bearings
 High speed recessed bearings
Control of lubricant film thickness and bearing stiffness
 Stiffness with constant flow method
 Stiffness with capillary restrictors
 Stiffness with an orifice
 Stiffness with pressure sensors
 Aerostatic bearings
Pressure distribution
Gas flow
Load capacity
Friction torque
Power loss
 Hybrid bearings
 Stability of hydrostatic and aerostatic bearings
 Summary
References
 ELASTOHYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION
 Introduction
  Contact stresses
Simplifying assumptions to Hertz's theory
Stress status in static contact
Stress status in lubricated rolling and sliding contacts
 Contact between two elastic spherical or spheroidal bodies
Geometry of contacting elastic bodies
 Two elastic bodies with convex surfaces in contact
CONTENTS XV
 Two elastic bodies with one convex and one flat surface in contact
 Two elastic bodies with one convex and one concave surface in
contact
Contact area, pressure, maximum deflection and position of the
maximum shear stress
 Contact between two spheres
 Contact between a sphere and a plane surface
 Contact between two parallel cylinders
 Contact between two crossed cylinders with equal diameters
 Elliptical contact between two elastic bodies, general case
Total deflection
 Elastohydrodynamic lubricating films
Effects contributing to the generation of elastohydrodynamic films
 Hydrodynamic film formation
 Modification of film geometry by elastic deformation
 Transformation of lubricant viscosity and rheology under pressure
Approximate solution of Reynolds equation with simultaneous elastic
deformation and viscosity rise
Pressure distribution in elastohydrodynamic films
Elastohydrodynamic film thickness formulae
Effects of the non-dimensional parameters on EHL contact pressures and
film profiles
 Effect of the speed parameter
 Effect of the materials parameter
 Effect of load parameter
 Effect of ellipticity parameter
Lubrication regimes in EHL - film thickness formulae
 Isoviscous-rigid
 Piezoviscous-rigid
 Isoviscous-elastic
 Piezoviscous-elastic
Identification of the lubrication regime
Elastohydrodynamic film thickness measurements
 Micro-elastohydrodynamic lubrication and mixed or partial EHL
Partial or mixed EHL
Micro-elastohydrodynamic lubrication
 Surface temperature at the conjunction between contacting solids and
its effect on EHL
Calculation of surface conjunction temperature
 Flash temperature in circular contacts
XVI ENGINEERING TRIBOLOGY
 Flash temperature in square contacts
 Flash temperature in line contacts
True flash temperature rise
Frictional temperature rise of lubricated contacts
Mechanism of heat transfer within the EHL film
Effect of surface films on conjunction temperatures
Measurements of surface temperature in the EHL contacts
 Traction and EHL
A simplified analysis of traction in the EHL contact
Non-Newtonian lubricant rheology and EHL
EHL between meshing gear wheels
 Summary
References
 BOUNDARY AND EXTREME PRESSURE LUBRICATION
 Introduction
 Low temperature - low load lubrication mechanisms
 Low temperature - high load lubrication mechanisms
Model of adsorption on sliding surfaces
 Physisorption
 Chemisorption
 Influence of the molecular structure of the lubricant on
adsorption lubrication
 Influence of oxygen and water
 Dynamic nature of adsorption under sliding conditions
 Mixed lubrication and scuffing
 Metallurgical effects
 Interaction between surfactant and carrier fluid
 High temperature - medium load lubrication mechanisms
Chain matching
Thick films of soapy or amorphous material
 Soap layers
 Amorphous layers
 High temperature - high load lubrication mechanisms
Model of lubrication by sacrificial films
Additive reactivity and its effect on lubrication
Nascent metallic surfaces and accelerated film formation
Influence of oxygen and water on the lubrication mechanism by
sacrificial films
CONTENTS XVII
Mechanism of lubrication by milder EP Additives
Function of active elements other than sulphur
Lubrication with two active elements
Temperature distress
Speed limitations of sacrificial film mechanism
Tribo-emission from worn surfaces
 Boundary and EP lubrication of non-metallic surfaces
 Summary
References
 SOLID LUBRICATION AND SURFACE TREATMENTS
 Introduction
 Lubrication by solids
 Lubrication by lamellar solids
Friction and wear characteristics of lamellar solids
 Graphite and molybdenum disulphide
 Carbon-based materials other than graphite
 Minor solid lubricants
 Reduction of friction by soft metallic films
Reduction of friction by metal oxides at high temperatures
 Deposition methods of solid lubricants
Traditional methods of solid lubricant deposition
Modern methods of solid lubricant deposition
Solid lubricants as additives to oils and polymers
 Wear resistant coatings and surface treatments
 Techniques of producing wear resistant coatings
Coating techniques dependent on vacuum or gas at very low pressure
 Physical vapour deposition
 Chemical vapour deposition
 Physical-chemical vapour deposition
 Ion implantation
Coating processes requiring localized sources of intense heat
 Surface welding
 Thermal spraying
 Laser surface hardening and alloying
Coating processes based on deposition in the solid state
Miscellaneous coating processes
Application of coatings and surface treatments in wear and friction control
Characteristics of wear resistant coatings
XVIII ENGINEERING TRIBOLOGY
 Summary
References
 FUNDAMENTALS OF CONTACT BETWEEN SOLIDS
 Introduction
 Surfaces of solids
Surfaces at a nano scale
Surface topography
Characterization of surface topography
 Characterization of surface topography by statistical parameters
Multi-scale characterization of surface topography
 Characterization of surface topography by Fourier transform
 Characterization of surface topography by wavelets
 Characterization of surface topography by fractals
Optimum surface roughness
 Contact between solids
Model of contact between solids based on statistical parameters of rough
surfaces
Model of contact between solids based on the fractal geometry of rough
surfaces
Effect of sliding on contact between solid surfaces
 Friction and wear
Onset of sliding and mechanism of stick-slip
Structural differences between static and sliding contacts
Friction and other contact phenomena in rolling
Concentration of frictional heat at the asperity contacts
Wear between surfaces of solids
 Summary
References
 ABRASIVE, EROSIVE AND CAVITATION WEAR
 Introduction
 Abrasive wear
Mechanisms of abrasive wear
Modes of abrasive wear
Analytical models of abrasive wear
Abrasivity of particles
Abrasive wear resistance of materials
 Abrasive wear resistance of steels
 Abrasive wear resistance of polymers and rubbers
CONTENTS XIX
 Abrasive wear resistance of ceramics
Effect of temperature on abrasive wear
Effect of moisture on abrasive wear
Control of abrasive wear
 Erosive wear
Mechanisms of erosive wear
Effect of impingement angle and impact speed on erosive wear rate
Effect of particle shape, hardness, size and flux rates on erosive wear rate
Erosive wear by liquid
Effect of temperature on erosive wear
Effect of erosion media on erosive wear
Erosive wear resistance of materials
 Erosive wear resistance of steels
 Erosive wear resistance of polymers
 Erosive wear of ceramics and cermets
 Cavitation wear
Mechanism of cavitation wear
Cavitation wear resistance of materials
 Summary
References
 ADHESION AND ADHESIVE WEAR
 Introduction
 Mechanism of adhesion
Metal-metal adhesion
Metal-polymer adhesion
Metal-ceramic adhesion
Polymer-polymer and ceramic-ceramic adhesion
Effects of adhesion between wearing surfaces
 Friction due to adhesion
 Junction growth between contacting asperities as a cause of
extreme friction
 Seizure and scuffing
 Asperity deformation and formation of wear particles
 Transfer films
 Control of the adhesive wear
Contaminant layers formed due to surface oxidation and bulk impurities
Lubricants
Favourable combinations of sliding materials
XX ENGINEERING TRIBOLOGY
 Summary
References
 CORROSIVE AND OXIDATIVE WEAR
 Introduction
 Corrosive wear
Transition between corrosive and adhesive wear
Synergism between corrosive and abrasive wear
Tribochemical polishing
 Oxidative wear
Kinetics of oxide film growth on metals at high and low temperatures
 Oxidative wear at high sliding speeds
 Oxidative wear at low sliding speeds
 Oxidative wear at high temperature and stress
 Oxidative wear at low temperature applications
 Transition between oxidative and adhesive wear
 Oxidative wear under lubricated conditions
Means of controlling corrosive and oxidative wear
 Summary
References
 FATIGUE WEAR
 Introduction
 Fatigue wear during sliding
Surface crack initiated fatigue wear
Subsurface crack initiated fatigue wear
Effect of lubrication on fatigue wear during sliding
Plastic ratchetting
 Fatigue wear during rolling
Causes of contact fatigue
 Asperity contact during EHL and the role of debris in the lubricant
in contact fatigue
 Material imperfections
Self-propagating nature of contact fatigue cracks
Subsurface and surface modes of contact fatigue
Effect of lubricant on contact fatigue
Hydraulic pressure crack propagation
Chemical effects of lubricant additives, oxygen and water on contact fatigue
Materials effect on contact fatigue
CONTENTS XXI
Influence of operating conditions on rolling wear and contact fatigue
 Means of controlling fatigue wear
 Summary
References
 FRETTING AND MINOR WEAR MECHANISMS
 Introduction
 Fretting wear
Microscopic movements within the contact under applied loads
 Elastic model for fretting contacts
 Elasto-plastic model for fretting contacts
Effect of amplitude and debris retention on fretting wear
Environmental effects on fretting wear
Effects of temperature and lubricants on fretting
Effect of materials properties and surface finish on fretting
Fretting fatigue
Practical examples of fretting
Means of controlling fretting
 Melting wear
 Wear due to electrical discharges
 Diffusive wear
 Impact wear
 Summary
References
 WEAR OF NON-METALLIC MATERIALS
 Introduction
 Tribology of polymers
Sliding wear of polymers, transfer layers on a harder counterface
Influence of counterface roughness, hardness and material type on
transfer films and associated wear and friction of polymers
 Counterface hardness
 Counterface roughness
 Counterface surface energy
Influence of temperature on polymer wear and friction
 Limit on frictional temperature rise imposed by surface melting
 Effect of high frictional temperatures and sliding speeds on wear
 Combined effect of high surface roughness and elevated contact
temperature on wear
Fatigue wear of polymers and long term wear kinetics
XXII ENGINEERING TRIBOLOGY
Visco-elasticity and the rubbery state
Friction and wear in the rubbery state
 Schallamach waves
 Visco-elasticity and friction of rubbers
 Wear mechanisms particular to rubbery solids
Effect of lubricant, corrosive agents and microstructure on wear and
friction of polymers
 Effects of lubricants
 Effects of corrosive agents
 Effect of oxidizing and biochemical reagents
 Effects of polymer microstructure
 Tribology of polymer composites
Polymer blends
Fibre reinforced polymers
 Chopped fibre reinforced polymers
 Unidirectional and woven fibre reinforcements
 Modelling of wear of fibre reinforced polymers
Powder composites
 Wear and friction of ceramics
Unlubricated wear and friction of ceramic-ceramic contacts
 Dry friction and wear of ceramics at room temperature
 Dry friction and wear of ceramics at elevated temperatures
 Friction and wear of ceramics in the presence of water or humid
air
 Quantitative wear model of ceramics
 Dry wear and friction characteristics of individual ceramics
Lubricated wear and friction of ceramic-ceramic contacts
 Liquid lubrication
 Solid lubricants
Wear and friction of ceramics against metallic materials
Wear and friction of ceramics against polymers
Wear and friction of ceramic matrix composites
 Summary
References
APPENDIX
Introduction
A User friendly interface
A Program ‘VISCOSITY’
CONTENTS XXIII
Program description
List of variables
A Program ‘SIMPLE’
Program description
List of variables
A Program ‘PARTIAL’
Program description
List of variables
A Program ‘THERMAL’
Program description
List of variables
A Program ‘DEFLECTION’
Program description
List of variables
A Program ‘GROOVE’
Program description
List of variables
A Program ‘STABILITY’
Program description
List of variables
INDEX



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