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أخوانى فى الله أحضرت لكم حل كتاب Fox and McDonald’s Introduction to Fluid Mechanics 8th ed Solution Manual Philip J. Pritchard, John W. Mitchell
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Contents CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Introduction to Fluid Mechanics 2 Note to Students 2 Scope of Fluid Mechanics 3 Definition of a Fluid 3 1.2 Basic Equations 4 1.3 Methods of Analysis 5 System and Control Volume 6 Differential versus Integral Approach 7 Methods of Description 7 1.4 Dimensions and Units 9 Systems of Dimensions 9 Systems of Units 10 Preferred Systems of Units 11 Dimensional Consistency and “Engineering” Equations 11 1.5 Analysis of Experimental Error 13 1.6 Summary 14 Problems 14 CHAPTER 2 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS 17 2.1 Fluid as a Continuum 18 2.2 Velocity Field 19 One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows 20 Timelines, Pathlines, Streaklines, and Streamlines 21 2.3 Stress Field 25 2.4 Viscosity 27 Newtonian Fluid 28 Non-Newtonian Fluids 30 2.5 Surface Tension 31 2.6 Description and Classification of Fluid Motions 34 Viscous and Inviscid Flows 34 Laminar and Turbulent Flows 36 Compressible and Incompressible Flows 37 Internal and External Flows 38 2.7 Summary and Useful Equations 39 References 40 Problems 40 CHAPTER 3 FLUID STATICS 47 3.1 The Basic Equation of Fluid Statics 48 3.2 The Standard Atmosphere 51 3.3 Pressure Variation in a Static Fluid 52 Incompressible Liquids: Manometers 52 Gases 57 3.4 Hydrostatic Force on Submerged Surfaces 59 Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Submerged Surface 59 Hydrostatic Force on a Curved Submerged Surface 66 3.5 Buoyancy and Stability 69 3.6 Fluids in Rigid-Body Motion (/college/pritchard) 72 3.7 Summary and Useful Equations 72 References 73 Problems 73 CHAPTER 4 BASIC EQUATIONS IN INTEGRAL FORM FOR A CONTROL VOLUME 82 4.1 Basic Laws for a System 84 Conservation of Mass 84 Newton’s Second Law 84 The Angular-Momentum Principle 84 The First Law of Thermodynamics 85 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 85 4.2 Relation of System Derivatives to the Control Volume Formulation 85 Derivation 86 Physical Interpretation 88 4.3 Conservation of Mass 89 Special Cases 90 4.4 Momentum Equation for Inertial Control Volume 94 Differential Control Volume Analysis 105 Control Volume Moving with Constant Velocity 109 4.5 Momentum Equation for Control Volume with Rectilinear Acceleration 111 viii4.6 Momentum Equation for Control Volume with Arbitrary Acceleration (on the Web) 117 4.7 The Angular-Momentum Principle 117 Equation for Fixed Control Volume 117 4.8 The First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics 121 Rate of Work Done by a Control Volume 122 Control Volume Equation 123 4.9 Summary and Useful Equations 128 Problems 129 CHAPTER 5 INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS OF FLUID MOTION 144 5.1 Conservation of Mass 145 Rectangular Coordinate System 145 Cylindrical Coordinate System 149 *5.2 Stream Function for Two-Dimensional Incompressible Flow 151 5.3 Motion of a Fluid Particle (Kinematics) 153 Fluid Translation: Acceleration of a Fluid Particle in a Velocity Field 154 Fluid Rotation 160 Fluid Deformation 163 5.4 Momentum Equation 167 Forces Acting on a Fluid Particle 167 Differential Momentum Equation 168 Newtonian Fluid: Navier–Stokes Equations 168 *5.5 Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics 176 The Need for CFD 176 Applications of CFD 177 Some Basic CFD/Numerical Methods Using a Spreadsheet 178 The Strategy of CFD 182 Discretization Using the Finite-Difference Method 183 Assembly of Discrete System and Application of Boundary Conditions 184 Solution of Discrete System 185 Grid Convergence 185 Dealing with Nonlinearity 186 Direct and Iterative Solvers 187 Iterative Convergence 188 Concluding Remarks 189 5.6 Summary and Useful Equations 190 References 192 Problems 192 CHAPTER 6 INCOMPRESSIBLE INVISCID FLOW 198 6.1 Momentum Equation for Frictionless Flow: Euler’s Equation 199 6.2 Bernoulli Equation: Integration of Euler’s Equation Along a Streamline for Steady Flow 202 Derivation Using Streamline Coordinates 202 Derivation Using Rectangular Coordinates 203 Static, Stagnation, and Dynamic Pressures 205 Applications 207 Cautions on Use of the Bernoulli Equation 212 6.3 The Bernoulli Equation Interpreted as an Energy Equation 213 6.4 Energy Grade Line and Hydraulic Grade Line 217 6.5 Unsteady Bernoulli Equation: Integration of Euler’s Equation Along a Streamline (on the Web) 219 *6.6 Irrotational Flow 219 Bernoulli Equation Applied to Irrotational Flow 219 Velocity Potential 220 Stream Function and Velocity Potential for Two-Dimensional, Irrotational, Incompressible Flow: Laplace’s Equation 221 Elementary Plane Flows 223 Superposition of Elementary Plane Flows 225 6.7 Summary and Useful Equations 234 References 235 Problems 236 CHAPTER 7 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND SIMILITUDE 244 7.1 Nondimensionalizing the Basic Differential Equations 245 7.2 Nature of Dimensional Analysis 246 7.3 Buckingham Pi Theorem 248 7.4 Significant Dimensionless Groups in Fluid Mechanics 254 *Section may be omitted without loss of continuity in the text material. Contents ix7.5 Flow Similarity and Model Studies 256 Incomplete Similarity 258 Scaling with Multiple Dependent Parameters 263 Comments on Model Testing 266 7.6 Summary and Useful Equations 267 References 268 Problems 268 CHAPTER 8 INTERNAL INCOMPRESSIBLE VISCOUS FLOW 275 8.1 Internal Flow Characteristics 276 Laminar versus Turbulent Flow 276 The Entrance Region 277 PART A. FULLY DEVELOPED LAMINAR FLOW 277 8.2 Fully Developed Laminar Flow Between Infinite Parallel Plates 277 Both Plates Stationary 278 Upper Plate Moving with Constant Speed, U 283 8.3 Fully Developed Laminar Flow in a Pipe 288 PART B. FLOW IN PIPES AND DUCTS 292 8.4 Shear Stress Distribution in Fully Developed Pipe Flow 293 8.5 Turbulent Velocity Profiles in Fully Developed Pipe Flow 294 8.6 Energy Considerations in Pipe Flow 297 Kinetic Energy Coefficient 298 Head Loss 298 8.7 Calculation of Head Loss 299 Major Losses: Friction Factor 299 Minor Losses 303 Pumps, Fans, and Blowers in Fluid Systems 308 Noncircular Ducts 309 8.8 Solution of Pipe Flow Problems 309 Single-Path Systems 310 Multiple-Path Systems 322 PART C. FLOW MEASUREMENT 326 8.9 Restriction Flow Meters for Internal Flows 326 The Orifice Plate 329 The Flow Nozzle 330 The Venturi 332 The Laminar Flow Element 332 Linear Flow Meters 335 Traversing Methods 336 8.10 Summary and Useful Equations 337 References 340 Problems 341 CHAPTER 9 EXTERNAL INCOMPRESSIBLE VISCOUS FLOW 353 PART A. BOUNDARY LAYERS 355 9.1 The Boundary-Layer Concept 355 9.2 Laminar Flat-Plate Boundary Layer: Exact Solution (/college/ pritchard) 359 9.3 Momentum Integral Equation 359 9.4 Use of the Momentum Integral Equation for Flow with Zero Pressure Gradient 363 Laminar Flow 364 Turbulent Flow 368 Summary of Results for Boundary-Layer Flow with Zero Pressure Gradient 371 9.5 Pressure Gradients in Boundary-Layer Flow 371 PART B. FLUID FLOW ABOUT IMMERSED BODIES 374 9.6 Drag 374 Pure Friction Drag: Flow over a Flat Plate Parallel to the Flow 375 Pure Pressure Drag: Flow over a Flat Plate Normal to the Flow 378 Friction and Pressure Drag: Flow over a Sphere and Cylinder 378 Streamlining 384 9.7 Lift 386 9.8 Summary and Useful Equations 400 References 402 Problems 403 CHAPTER 10 FLUID MACHINERY 412 10.1 Introduction and Classification of Fluid Machines 413 Machines for Doing Work on a Fluid 413 Machines for Extracting Work (Power) from a Fluid 415 Scope of Coverage 417 10.2 Turbomachinery Analysis 417 The Angular-Momentum Principle: The Euler Turbomachine Equation 417 x ContentsVelocity Diagrams 419 Performance—Hydraulic Power 422 Dimensional Analysis and Specific Speed 423 10.3 Pumps, Fans, and Blowers 428 Application of Euler Turbomachine Equation to Centrifugal Pumps 428 Application of the Euler Equation to Axial Flow Pumps and Fans 429 Performance Characteristics 432 Similarity Rules 437 Cavitation and Net Positive Suction Head 441 Pump Selection: Applications to Fluid Systems 444 Blowers and Fans 455 10.4 Positive Displacement Pumps 461 10.5 Hydraulic Turbines 464 Hydraulic Turbine Theory 464 Performance Characteristics for Hydraulic Turbines 466 Sizing Hydraulic Turbines for Fluid Systems 470 10.6 Propellers and Wind-Power Machines 474 Propellers 474 Wind-Power Machines 482 10.7 Compressible Flow Turbomachines 490 Application of the Energy Equation to a Compressible Flow Machine 490 Compressors 491 Compressible-Flow Turbines 495 10.8 Summary and Useful Equations 495 References 497 Problems 499 CHAPTER 11 FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS 507 11.1 Basic Concepts and Definitions 509 Simplifying Assumptions 509 Channel Geometry 511 Speed of Surface Waves and the Froude Number 512 11.2 Energy Equation for Open-Channel Flows 516 Specific Energy 518 Critical Depth: Minimum Specific Energy 521 11.3 Localized Effect of Area Change (Frictionless Flow) 524 Flow over a Bump 524 11.4 The Hydraulic Jump 528 Depth Increase Across a Hydraulic Jump 531 Head Loss Across a Hydraulic Jump 532 11.5 Steady Uniform Flow 534 The Manning Equation for Uniform Flow 536 Energy Equation for Uniform Flow 541 Optimum Channel Cross Section 543 11.6 Flow with Gradually Varying Depth 544 Calculation of Surface Profiles 545 11.7 Discharge Measurement Using Weirs 548 Suppressed Rectangular Weir 548 Contracted Rectangular Weirs 549 Triangular Weir 549 Broad-Crested Weir 550 11.8 Summary and Useful Equations 551 References 552 Problems 553 CHAPTER 12 INTRODUCTION TO COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 556 12.1 Review of Thermodynamics 557 12.2 Propagation of Sound Waves 563 Speed of Sound 563 Types of Flow—The Mach Cone 567 12.3 Reference State: Local Isentropic Stagnation Properties 570 Local Isentropic Stagnation Properties for the Flow of an Ideal Gas 571 12.4 Critical Conditions 577 12.5 Basic Equations for One-Dimensional Compressible Flow 577 Continuity Equation 577 Momentum Equation 578 First Law of Thermodynamics 578 Second Law of Thermodynamics 579 Equation of State 579 12.6 Isentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas: Area Variation 580 Subsonic Flow, M < 1 582 Supersonic Flow, M > 1 583 Sonic Flow, M = 1 583 Reference Stagnation and Critical Conditions for Isentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas 584 Isentropic Flow in a Converging Nozzle 589 Isentropic Flow in a Converging-Diverging Nozzle 593 12.7 Normal Shocks 598 Basic Equations for a Normal Shock 599 Normal-Shock Flow Functions for One-Dimensional Flow of an Ideal Gas 601 Contents xi12.8 Supersonic Channel Flow with Shocks 605 12.8 Supersonic Channel Flow with Shocks (continued, at /college/ pritchard) 607 12.9 Flow in a Constant-Area Duct with Friction (/college/pritchard) 607 12.10 Frictionless Flow in a Constant-Area Duct with Heat Exchange (/college/ pritchard) 607 12.11 Oblique Shocks and Expansion Waves (/college/pritchard) 607 12.12 Summary and Useful Equations 607 References 610 Problems 610 APPENDIX A FLUID PROPERTY DATA 615 APPENDIX B VIDEOS FOR FLUID MECHANICS 627 APPENDIX C SELECTED PERFORMANCE CURVES FOR PUMPS AND FANS 629 APPENDIX D FLOW FUNCTIONS FOR COMPUTATION OF COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 640 APPENDIX E ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTAL UNCERTAINTY 643 APPENDIX F ADDITIONAL COMPRESSIBLE FLOW FUNCTIONS (/ COLLEGE/PRITCHARD) WF-1 APPENDIX G A BRIEF REVIEW OF MICROSOFT EXCEL (/COLLEGE/ PRITCHARD) WG-1 Answers to Selected Problems 649 Index
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