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 |  موضوع: كتاب Hydraulic Control of Machine Tools الخميس 19 أبريل 2018, 11:43 pm | |
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أحضرت لكم كتاب
Hydraulic Control of Machine Tools
by
E. M. KHAIMOVICH
Translated by
O . TEDDER
Translation edited by
K . FOSTER
LECTURER IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM
ويتناول الموضوعات الأتية :
Index
Acceleration
of mechanisms 61, 62
of valves 237
Accumulators, hydraulic 283, 456
discharge from 612
losses in 613
Accuracy of control systems 318
Ageing
materials 197
pipes 313
Air removal 114
Amplification factor 318, 396
velocity 389, 382
Aperiodic motion 405
Automatic
checking 445
control 317
Auxiliary valves 206
Backlash 479
Back pressure valves 215
load controlled 280
Balancing
gear pumps 118
pistons 64
piston and vane pumps 124, 177
valves 64, 198
Ball valves,
celculation of 603
natural frequency 607
Boring machine 474
Brake, hydraulic 483
Braking
mechanism 70, 266
grinding machine 609
oil pressure required 512
resistor type 472
time, calculation 610
Buffers, hydraulic 70, 112
By-pass flow 286
Cavitation, pumps 164
Chatter, valves 203
Chucking devices 447, 460, 467, 469
Cleaning of oil 296
Clearance, valves and pistons 44, 426
oil losses 31, 36, 412
Closed oil circuits 81
Closed-loop control 317
Clutch, hydraulic 486, 496
Compressibility of fluids 10, 409, 415
Control
devices 197
specifications 646
panels 309
systems, accuracy of 318
valves, specifications 654
Cooling of systems 77
Copying systems 83
accuracy 366, 433
analysis 365
calculation 396, 518
characteristic curves 369
classification 318
damping 327, 413, 420
design 616
dynamics 372
electro-hydraulic 363
experimental curves 423
hydraulic circuits 83, 133, 183, 320
325, 353, 357, 360
multiple lathe 87
oscillations 364, 401
power requirements 614
sequence of operations 442
single-dimensional 326
?67568 INDEX
speed of response 366
stability of 367,401
two dimensional 352
Coriolis acceleration 176
Corrective control 361
Counterbalance valves 87, 485
Cutter heads 459
Cycle time, calculation 511
Cylinders, hydraulic
area calculation 515
calculations 102, 401
design 110
detail drawings 556
dynamics 374
efficiency 102, 108
friction forces 374
leakage of oil 44,412
power output 103
specifications 555
vertical 87
D'Alembert*s equation 397
Damping
copying systems 327
critical 405
orifice, discharge through 507
relief valves 211
relative 405
shock waves 58
systems 344, 413, 420
tracer valves 428, 477
valves 203, 206
Dead zone of motions 389
Deceleration of mechanisms 69, 237, 261
Density of fluids 10
Derivative control, systems 361
Design parameters, systems 396
Differential
equations, systems 372
pressure valves 221, 226
Direction control valves 238
classification 257
comparison 260
details of 240, 248
hydraulic circuits 245, 262
specifications 550
time lag calculation 510
Distribution of fluid 197
Drilling head
pneumo-hydraulic 498
Drives, hydraulic 435
Dynamic characteristics of systems 414
Eccentric pumps 153
Efficiency of cylinders 102, 108
machines 79
pumps, comparison of 192
pumps and motors 156, 188, 190, 530
Elasticity coefficient, systems 389
Electrical analogy, systems 45
Electro-hydraulic copying system 363
Electro-hydraulic-mechanical
systems 93
Electromagnetic
pump control 134
switches 215
Energy absorption, motions 73
Equivalent length of pipes 22, 50
Feed
control units
hydraulic circuits 342, 345, 346,
349, 363, 366
remote controlled 461
rate
automatic variation 341, 456
calculation of 347
irregularities 432
variable 84
Feedback system 318
Fillers
description 297
head losses 35
Filling valves, tanks 219
Flexible tubing 313
Flow pressure
jet 51
in parallel 47
in series 46
Fluids
compressibility 10, 409, 415
density 10
kinematic viscosity 12INDEX 569
specific heat 78
viscosity 14, 37
Follow up systems (see Copying systems)
Friction characteristics 395
dry 422
dynamic 508
sliding 40
static 419
Frictional forces
calculation of 524
pistons 374
piston valves 505
seals 307
slideways 106, 391, 508
Gear
change, hydraulic 486
motors 114
pumps 114
calculation 157
efficiency 189, 192
helical 160
pressure balance 118
pressure irregularities 161
specifications 530, 532
tooth profile 160
Grinding machines 479
cycle calculation 508
typical specification 508
Hammer, hydraulic 54, 61, 156
Head losses 19
filters 35
orifices 26
pipes 19, 50, 525
valves 31
Heat
generation 76
transfer 78
Honing machine 483
Hurwitz stability criterion 375
Hydraulic
fluids characteristics 6
compressibility 10, 415
density 10
kinematic viscosity 12
specifications 8
specific weight 11
viscosity 372
systems, analysis 372
Hydro-mechanical systems 90
Intensifiers, hydraulic 234
Jot flow pressure 51
Kinematic viscocity 12
Korobochkin calculation method 385
Laminar flow 18, 45, 64
Lathe
automatic 435
copy turning 328, 339, 346
hydraulic circuits 87, 329, 331, 346,
436, 438, 449, 454
multiple spindle 87, 453
semi-automatic 436, 477
Leakage 36
clearance, annular 31, 36
cylinders 412
eccentric clearance 37
motors 144, 418
pistons and valves 44
pumps 144
replenishing of 237
sealing of 302
speed control valves 280
stabilization by 415
temperature effect 44
valves 44, 280
Linearization of systems 372, 390, 407
Load control 280
Loading device 451
Metering pumps 148
delivery of 171
output controlled 182?70 INDEX
Hilling machines
back milling 107, 226
calculation of 518
copy milling 326, 336, 341, 349
cutting force calculation 226
hydraulic circuits 97, 226, 230
326, 327, 336, 341 349, 353, 357,
518
Misalignment
of copying systems 399
calculation 401
experimental results 423
of valves 517
Motors, hydraulic
{see also Pumps, hydraulic)
axial piston 190,541
constant delivery 80
design 153
eccentric piston 541
efficiency 156, 188, 530
leakage 68, 144, 418
multiple 84
oil consumption 418
performance 186
piston type 100, 131, 190, 541
power output 68, 172, 186, 514
regulation 198
rotary piston 131
specifications 530
speed of response 194
swashplate 190, 541
torque 68, 172, 186, 418
vane 123, 189
variable delivery 80
Natural frequency
ball valves 507
shaping machine 488
systems 405, 413, 420
alterations of 529
Non-isothermal flow 20
Non-linearity, systems 399
Non-return valves 215
adjustable 218
specifications 543, 554
Oil
delivery, calculation of 509
flow balance 375
Open-loop control 317
Open oil circuits 81
Orifice
calcalation of area 516
discharge through 28, 507
head loss 26, 516, 526
Oscillations
copying systems 401, 405
experimental results 425
Packing materials 498
Parallel operation of mechanisms 85
Pilot valves 198, 248
Pipes
flexible 313
head losses 19, 50, 525
joints 312
telescopic 313
wall thickness 315
Piston(s) 100 {see also Cylinders)
motors 100 {see also Piston pumps)
efficiency 190
swashplate, specifications 541
pumps 98
axial piston, efficiency 192
balancing 177
delivery 167
eccentric piston 153, 541
efficiency 190
kinematics 162, 165
radial piston 321, 530, 538
rotary piston 131
swashplate 129, 138, 165
sealing 498
Planing machine 101
Pneumatic systems 88
Pneumo -hydraulic
drilling head 498
systems 89
Poppet valves 210
Ports
pumps, dimensions of 502
valves, calculation of 516
Position control devices 93, 317, 472INDEX 671
Power
head, pneumo-hydraulio 496
output, pumps and motors 68, 172,
186, 514
Pressure
control valves 199
hydraulic circuits 202, 203, 206
specifications 642
reducing valves 230
hydraulic circuit 232
membrane type 498
pneumatic 234
specifications 646
Programme control 96, 286, 495
pulsation of pressure 171,215
gear pumps 161
piston and vane pumps 167
Pump-motor units 183
Pimips, hydraulic 98
axial piston 129, 138, 166, 190, 641
constant delivery 80
control valves 226
design 163
delivery 167
eccentric piston 163, 641
efficiency 156, 188, 190, 630
gear 114, 167, 189,630
kinematics 162, 166
leakage 144
metering 148, 171, 182
multiple 84
multiple delivery 149
output calculation 401
parallel-series operation 226
performance 186
piston type 98, 162, 167
port dimensions 602
power output 172,186
pulsating delivery 161, 167, 171, 215
radial piston 321, 630, 638
regulation 198
rotary piston 131
screw type 118, 170, 630
selection 609
specifications 630
torque 172, 186
vane type 120, 124, 128, 162
variable delivery 80, 285
Regulation
of mechanisms 197
pumps and motors 178
Relief valves 199, 603
calculation and design 211
flow velocities 199, 202, 213
high pressure 204
non-imiformity caused by 604
piston type 200,210
specifications 644
Remote control 288
feed rate 461
hydraulic circuit 290
Resistors, hydraulic 46
braking 472
calculation 616
specifications 647
Response of systems 389
to load variation 412
Reversal of motion 238
accuracy of 612
Reynolds number, pipes 17, 625
Rotation of valves 43
Safety valves 199, 210
calculation 603
flow velocities 199, 604
specifications 544, 547
speed of response 607
spring design 504
Screw pumps 118
delivery 170
specifications 530
Seals 302
friction 307
pistons 498
Selector valves 48
Sequence control 442
valves 222
Series operation of mechanisms 86
Servo devices 197
Settling tanks 296
Shaping machine 487, 489
automatic feed 493
copy shaping 352
speed control 492572 INDEX
Shock wave propagation 57
damping 58
Silencers, pneumatic 500
Solenoid Valves 198, 246
limitations of 461
specifications 545, 551, 554
Specific
heat of fluids 78
weight of fluids 11
Speed
control 275, 286, 287
calculation of 282
valves 267
graphical calculation 59, 62
motors 194
of response, copying systems 366
Springs, hydraulic 316
Stability, systems 281, 393, 398
calculation of 517
coefficient 401
copying systems 367, 401
criteria 378, 390, 396
equation 415
improvement of 379
speed control systems 281
Stabilization 399
by leakage 415
by throttling 422, 432
Static characteristic of systems 389, 394
Steady state motion, equations 412
Stiffness, hydraulic 425, 429
calculation 524
shaping machine 488
Switches
pressure cut-off 215, 448
specifications 549
Synchronization of motions 323
Tank volume 78
Test pressures 314
Testing of systems 423
valves 207
Thermal
expansion 43
valves, pistons 39
Thermodynamic calculation 76
Throttle valves 209, 267
specifications 547
Throttling, stabilization by 422, 432
Time
constant 405, 414
lag 59
due to compression 514
reversing valve 510
relay valves 485
Timing relays 292
Torque, pumps and motors 68, 172, 186,
418
Tracer valves 363
characteristic equation 404
damping 477
Tracing systems {see Copying systems)
Transfer device 468, 470
Transient processes 67, 194, 401
Turbulent flow 18,47, 64
Unloading valves 223, 482
hydraulic circuits 224, 225
Valves
accelerating 237
auxiliary 206
axial force calculation 501
back pressure 215, 280
balancing of forces 54, 198
ball type 503, 507
calculations, four edged 518
characteristics 208
chatter 203
classification 197
clearance, error due to 425
control 554
coimterbalance type 87, 485
damping of 203, 206, 211, 428, 477
decelerating 237, 261
differential pressure 221, 226
direction control 238, 248, 257, 510,
550
discharge equations 374
filling type 219
four edged 408, 518
four way, specifications 554
frictional forces 505INDEX 573
head losses 32
ineria forces 53
leakage 32, 36, 44, 280
misalignment 399, 423, 517
non-return 215, 543, 554
oil flow 519
overlap
positive 392
negative 394
pilot 198, 248
poppet 210
port calculation 516
pressure
control type 199,542
reducing 230, 234, 498
pump control 225
relief 199, 204,210,544
safety 199, 210, 503, 544, 547
selector 48
sequence 222
solenoid 198, 246, 545, 551
speed control 267
temperature effects 519
testing of 207
throttle 209, 267, 547
time relay 485
tracer 363, 404, 477
two-edged 393
unbalance forces 506
unloading 223, 482
vibration of 53
vibration applied to 43, 279, 364, 422
wear 42
Vane
actuators 108
motors 123 (see aZ^o Vane pumps)
efficiency 189
pumps 120
balance of 124, 128, 177
calculations 501
efficiency 192
incline of blades 501
kinematics of 162
specifications 530, 534
Variable speed drives 150, 184
efficiency 185
Velocity amplification factor 389, 392
Vertical motion: calculation 518
Vibration
valve springs 214
valves 53
Viscometers 12
Viscosity
fluids 12
mixtures 15
pressure dependence 14, 37
temperature dependence 14
Wear, valves
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