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عدد المساهمات : 18928 التقييم : 35294 تاريخ التسجيل : 01/07/2009 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى
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أخوانى فى الله أحضرت لكم كتاب PET Packaging Technology Edited by David W. Brooks Corporate Technologies Crown Cork & Seal Oxford and Geoff A. Giles Global Pack Management GlaxoSmithKline London
![كتاب PET Packaging Technology P_e_t_10](https://i.servimg.com/u/f61/15/36/74/14/p_e_t_10.jpg) و المحتوى كما يلي :
Contents 1 Introduction 1 DAVID W. BROOKS and GEOFF A. GILES 1.1 Introduction I 1.1.1 History 1 1.1.2 IP—patents 3 1.2 Market growth and the development of materials 4 ] .2.1 PET fibre and film film 7 1.2.2 Barrier materials 8 1.2.3 Competitive materials: PVC, AN/S (Lopac) and AN/MA (Barex) i1 1.3 Technology 13 1.3.1 Single-stage ISBM 14 1.3.2 Two-stage ISBM 14 1.3.3 Integrated two-stage ISBM 15 1.3.4 Heat setting 15 1.4 Packaging 16 1.4.1 Bottles in the early years 16 1.4.2 PET cans 18 1.4.3 Refillable bottles 22 1.4.4 Preform design, neck design—BPF, vent slots 23 1.4.5 Beer spheres 24 References 25 2 Commercial considerations 26 GEOFF A. GILES and GORDON J.BOCKNER 2.1 Introduction 26 2.2 Container technologies 28 2.3 Product processing and filling requirements 29 2.4 Packer/filler shelf-life requirements 30 2.5 Cost and performance considerations 31 2.5.1 Material pricing 31 2.5.2 In-house manufacture of PET containers for packer/fillers 32 2.6 Recyclingissues 33 2.7 End-use market penetration 34 References 34 3 PET materials and applications 36 KENNETH M. JONES 3.1 Introduction 36 3.2 Polymerisation and manufacturing processes 37 3.2.1 Manufacturing plants 40CONTENTS 3.3 Structures, morphology and orientation 44 3.3.1 Structures 44 3.3.2 Morphology 45 3.3.3 Orientation 48 3.3.4 Creep 59 3.4 Properties 60 3.4.1 Molecular weight and intrinsic viscosity 61 3.4.2 End group 64 3.4.3 Thermal properties 65 3.5 Rheology and melt viscosity 70 3.5.1 Melt viscosity 70 3.5.2 Melt flow 72 3.5.3 Moulding shrinkage 75 3.6 Moisture uptake and polymer drying 76 3.6.1 Moisture level 76 3.6.2 Polymer drying 77 3.7 Degradation reactions 80 3.7.1 Thermal and thermal oxidative degradation 80 3.7.2 Environmentaldegradation 81 Reheat characteristics 81 Gas barrier properties 83 3.10 Amorphous polyesters 87 3.10.1 Homopolymers 88 3.10.2 Low copolymers 89 3.10.3 Medium copolymers 91 3.10.4 High copolymers 92 3.11 Crystalline polymers 92 3.12 Polymer blends 93 3.13 Applications 93 3.14 Trends 94 3.15 Global 94 References 95 Barrier materials and technology 98 DAVID W. BROOKS 4.1 Introduction 98 4.2 Polyesters 98 4.2.1 PEN 99 4.2.1 Amorphous polyesters 100 4.2.2 Other polyesters 101 4.3 Barrier materials 102 4.3.1 EVOH 102 4.3.2 PVDC 104 4.3.3 Polyamides (nylon) 104 4.3.4 Liquid crystal polymers (LCP) 105 4.4 Barrier technology 106 4.4.1 Organic coatings 107 4.4.2 Inorganiccoatings 107 4.4.3 Scavengers 109 4.4.4 Nanocomposites 1 1 1CONTENTS xi 4.5 Oxygen barrier 1 i I 4.5.1 Packaging foods and beverages 113 4.5.2 Packaging oxygen-sensitive foods and beverages 113 4.6 Carbon dioxide barrier 114 4.7 Future trends 1 15 Acknowledgement 115 5 PET film and sheet 116 WILLIAM A. MACDONALD, DUNCAN H. MACKERRON and DAVID W. BROOKS 5.1 Introduction 116 5.2 The film process 117 5.2.1 Polymer preparation and handling 117 5.2.2 Extrusion and casting 118 5.2.3 Drawing 121 5.2.4 Heat setting 130 5.2.5 Slitting and winding 133 5.2.6 Reclaim and recovery 137 5.3 Polymer, process and properties (3Ps) 137 5.3.1 Polymer 137 5.3.2 Process 138 5.3.3 Properties 138 5.4 Surface and bulk properties 139 5.4.1 Film properties 139 5.4.2 Coating 142 5.4.3 Co-extrusion 143 5.4.4 Fillers 145 5.4.5 Shrinkage 146 5.4.6 Combination of effects 146 5.5 PET sheet 149 Extrusion of PET sheet 149 Thermoforming of PET sheet 151 Thermoforming of CPET sheet 153 Materials 153 New developments 154 5.6 Conclusions—film 155 Acknowledgements 155 References 155 Injection and co-injection preform technologies 158 PAUL SWENSON Multilayer characteristics 158 Applications 161 6.2.1 Performance-driven applications 161 6.2.2 Economics-or legislative-driven applications 161 6.2.3 Combination applications 162 6.3 Closure vs bottle permeation 162 6.4 Container performance 164 6.4.1 Barrier properties 164xii CONTENTS 6.4.2 Oxygen barrier 165 6.4.3 Carbon dioxide barrier 166 6.4.4 Scavenger property 167 6.5 Wall structure 168 6.6 Preform and bottle design 169 6.6.1 Permeation through finish, sidewall and base 171 6.6.2 Controlled fill 172 6.7 Headspace oxygen absorption 174 6.8 Oxygen desorption from PET 174 6.9 Beer containers 176 6.10 Small juice containers 178 6.11 Small CSD containers 178 6.12 Core layer volumes 179 6.13 Recycling 180 6.14 Comparison of co-injection technologies 180 6.15 Co-injection molding equipment 182 6.16 The future 183 7 One-stage injection stretch blow moulding 184 BOB BLAKEBOROUGH 7.1 Introduction 184 7.2 One-stage machines 189 7.2.1 One-stage machine construction 189 7.3 Process stations on a one-stage machine 192 7.3.1 Injection mould and hot runner 192 7.3.2 Conditioning station 195 7.3.3 Blowing station 196 7.4 'Integrated two-stage'machines 197 7.5 Drying system 198 7.5.1 Requirements for a reliable drying system 199 7.5.2 Drying process monitoring 200 7.6 Preform design 200 7.6.1 Neck finish 201 7.6.2 Preform weight 202 7.6.3 Cycle time and preform wall thickness 202 7.6.4 Stretch ratios 203 7.6.5 Injection mould design and manufacture 205 7.6.6 Preform design for varying container sizes 206 7.6.7 Preform weight adjustment 206 7.6.8 Differences between one- and two-stage preform designs 206 7.7 Container design 207 7.8 Hot-fill PET bottles 208 7.9 Quality control procedures 208 7.10 Preform examination 209 7.10.1 Appearance and shape 209 7.10.2 Preform weight 210 7.10.3 Neck dimensions 210 7.10.4 Preform eccentricity 210 7.10.5 Polarised light inspection 2 1 1 7.10.6 Intrinsic viscosity (IV) 2 1 1CONTENTS XJii 7,10.7 Acetaldehyde (AA) 212 7.11 Container examination 212 7.11.1 Shape and appearance 212 7.11.2 Dimensions 212 7.11.3 Capacity 213 7.11.4 Container wall thickness and material distribution 214 7.11.5 Top load strength 215 7.11.6 Impact resistance (drop) test 215 7.1 1.7 Leakage of liquid (seal integrity) 215 7.1 .8 Vacuum strength 216 7.1 .9 Acetaldehyde (AA) 216 7.1 .10 Oxygen permeation 217 7.1 .11 Moisture vapour transmission rate 217 7.1 .12 Product filling temperature 217 7.1 .13 Container weight 217 7.12 Bottles for carbonated beverages 218 7.12.1 Burst pressure 218 7.12.2 Thermal stability 218 7.12,3 Carbonation retention 2 I 8 7.13 Additional tests for hot-fill containers 2!9 7.14 Additional tests for returnable/refillable PET bottles 220 Appendix: one-stage and integrated PET machine manufacturers 220 Two-stage injection stretch blow moulding 223 MICHAEL KOCH 8.1 Introduction 223 8.1.1 The principles of the two-stage process 223 8.1.2 Technological basics of PET as a stretch blow moulding material 227 8.1.2 Production concepts and target markets 233 8.2 Preform injection moulding 238 8.2.1 Injection machine concepts 239 8.2.2 Mould design 244 8.2.3 Productivityparameters 247 8.3 Stretch blow moulding 251 8.3.1 Principles of the two-stage stretch blow moulding process 25! 8.3.2 Machinery concepts 264 8.3.3 Mould technology 268 8.4 Preform and container design 270 8.4.1 Container design 270 8.4.2 Preform design 274 References 278 Abbreviations 278 Injection blow moulding 280 MIKE WORTLEY 9.1 Basic principles 280 9.2 History 28! 9.3 Process identification 282 9.4 Commercial processes 283xiv CONTENTS 9.4.1 Rotary table machines: Jomar, Uniloy and similar 283 9.5 Tooling 284 9.6 Procrea 286 9.7 Materials 286 9.8 Applications 287 9.9 Machine and process capabilities 287 10 Hot-fill, heat-set, pasteurization and retort technologies 292 BORA TEKKANAT 10.1 The hot-fill process 292 10.2 The heat-set process 293 10.3 The pasteurization process 307 10.4 The retort process 310 10.5 Concluding remarks 313 References 314 11 Environmental and recycling considerations 315 VINCE MATTHEWS 11.1 Introduction 315 11.2 European environmental policy 316 11.3 EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive 316 11.3.1 Compliance with the Directive's targets 318 11.3.2 Material identification 319 11.3.3 CEN standards and the essential requirements 320 11.3.4 CEN 'umbrella standard' (pren 13427) 320 11.3.5 Implementation of the Directive in the member countries 322 11.4 Collection and recovery procedures 323 11.4.1 Drop-off schemes 324 11.4.2 Kerbside collection schemes 324 11.4.3 Reverse vending machines 324 11.4.4 Other systems 325 11.4.5 Plastic bottle sorting 325 11.5 Plastics packaging waste 325 11.6 Recycling of PET 328 11.6.1 Principal methods of PET recovery 329 11.6.2 Contamination issues 330 11.6.3 Recycling of PET by mechanical methods 330 11.6.4 R-PET and food-contact quality 334 11.6.5 Recycling of PET by chemical methods—'solvolysis' 336 11.7 Environmental benefits of recycling 342 11.7.1 General principles of recycling 343 11.7.2 Application of the general principles to the recovery and recycling of PET bottles 346 11.8 Economic factors affecting PET bottle recycling 355 11.9 Markets for recovered PET 357 11.10 PET recycling—the future 359 References 362 Index 365
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