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عدد المساهمات : 18928 التقييم : 35294 تاريخ التسجيل : 01/07/2009 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى
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أخوانى فى الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Machine Drawing - Includes AutoCAD Second Edition Ajeet Singh Retired Professor and Head of Mechanical Engineering Department Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad
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Contents Preface vii Acknowledgements xi PART A DRAWING FUNDAMENTALS 1 1. Introduction to Drawing 1 1.1 What is a Drawing? 1 1.2 Uses of Drawings 1 1.3 Elements of Graphics 2 1.4 Methods of Expression 3 1.5 Methods of Size Description 3 1.6 Methods of Preparing Drawings 4 1.7 Types of Mechanical Drawings 4 1.8 Drawing Standards 7 Theory Questions 7 Viva-Voce Questions 7 Multiple Choice Questions 7 2. Computer Aided Drafting 9 2.1 Introduction to Computer Aided Drafting 9 2.2 Advantages of Computer Aided Drafting 9 2.3 Starting the AutoCAD Program 9 2.4 AutoCAD Opening Screen 9 2.5 AutoCAD Commands 12 2.6 Function Key Assignments 12 2.7 Short-Cut Key Characters 12 2.8 UCS and UCSICON 13 2.9 Coordinate System 13 2.10 Units 14 2.11 Viewing a Drawing 14 2.12 Drawing Aids 15 2.13 Object Snap 15 2.14 Drawing Basic Entities 18xiv Contents 2.15 Correcting Mistakes 27 2.16 Object Selection 27 2.17 Modify Commands 28 2.18 Modify Properties 33 2.19 Match Properties 33 2.20 Pedit 34 2.21 Grips 34 Theory Questions 38 Viva-Voce Questions 39 Multiple Choice Questions 39 Problems for Practice 42 3. Drawing Apparatus 44 3.1 Introduction to Drawing Equipment 44 3.2 Triangles 45 3.3 Ruler 45 3.4 Scales 46 3.5 Protractor 46 3.6 French Curves 46 3.7 Instrument Box 46 3.8 Stencils 47 3.9 Inking Pens 48 3.10 Drawing Sheet 49 3.11 Types of Paper 52 3.12 Drawing Sheet Fasteners 52 3.13 Pencils 53 3.14 Drawing Ink 54 3.15 Eraser 54 CAD 3.16 Equipment for Computer Aided Drafting (CAD) 54 3.17 Computer Software 56 Theory Questions 56 Viva-Voce Questions 56 Multiple Choice Questions 57 4. Lines and Freehand Sketching 59 4.1 Lines 59 4.2 Precedence of Lines 60 4.3 Thickness of a Line 60 4.4 Drawing Lines 60 4.5 Freehand Sketching 61 CAD 4.6 Lines Using CAD 64 4.7 Sketch Command 67 Theory Questions 69Contents xv Viva-Voce Questions 69 Multiple Choice Questions 69 Assignment on Lines, Circles and Arcs 70 Problems for Practice 71 5. Lettering 72 5.1 Introduction 72 5.2 Guide Lines 72 5.3 Spacing between Lines 72 5.4 Width of Characters 72 5.5 Line Thickness of Letters 73 5.6 Spacing between Letters 74 5.7 Inclined Letters 74 CAD 5.8 Text Command 74 5.9 Mtext Command 77 5.10 Arc Aligned Text 77 5.11 Editing Text 77 Theory Questions 79 Viva-Voce Questions 80 Multiple Choice Questions 80 Assignment on Lettering 81 CAD Assignment on Lettering 81 6. Basic Dimensioning 82 6.1 Introduction 82 6.2 Elements of Dimensioning 82 6.3 Dimensioning Circular Arcs 87 6.4 Dimensioning Diameters 87 6.5 Dimensioning Holes 87 6.6 Dimensioning Angles 88 6.7 Dimensioning Chamfers 89 6.8 Dimensioning Tapers 89 6.9 Dimensioning Undercuts 89 6.10 Dimensioning Repetitive Features 89 6.11 Dimensioning Equidistant Features 90 6.12 Dimensioning Threads 90 6.13 Dimensioning Curves 90 6.14 Dimensioning Methods 90 6.15 Placement of Dimensions 92 6.16 Sequence of Dimensioning 92 CAD 6.17 Layers 92 6.18 Dimensioning Commands 96 6.19 Dimensioning Methods 99xvi Contents 6.20 More Dimension Methods 102 Theory Questions 109 Viva-Voce Questions 109 Multiple Choice Questions 109 Assignment on Dimensioning 111 CAD Assignment on Dimensioning 111 Problems for Practice 112 PART B METHODS OF PROJECTION 113 7. Orthographic Projections 113 7.1 Introduction 113 7.2 What is Projection? 113 7.3 Types of Views 113 7.4 Principle Picture Planes 115 7.5 Methods of Orthographic Projection 115 7.6 Hidden Details 117 7.7 Preliminary Decisions for Making a Drawing 118 7.8 Projecting Side Views 119 7.9 Projection of Straight Inclined Face 121 7.10 Projection of Circular Boundaries 121 7.11 Projection of Curved Boundaries 121 7.12 Understanding Orthographic Views (Blue Print Reading) 121 7.13 Missing Views 122 7.14 Some Drawing Conventions 123 7.15 Sequence of Drawing 123 CAD 7.16 Drawing Orthographic Views 127 7.17 Plotting 127 Thoery Questions 131 Viva-Voce Questions 132 Multiple Choice Questions 132 Assignement on Orthographic Views 133 CAD Assignment on Orthographic Views 134 Homework 134 Problems for Practice 135 Assignment on Missing Views 136 Problems for Practice 137 8. Sectional Views 138 8.1 Introduction 138 8.2 Types of Sections 138 8.3 Conventions in Sectioning 141 8.4 Section Lines (Hatching) 143Contents xvii CAD 8.5 Hatching using AutoCAD 149 Theory Questions 151 Viva-Voce Questions 152 Multiple Choice Questions 152 Assignment 1 on Sectional Views 153 CAD Assignment on Sectional Views 154 Assignment on Half Sectional Views 155 CAD Assignment on Half Sectional Views 156 Problems for Practice 156 Diffi cult Problems for Practice 157 9. Auxiliary Views 161 9.1 Introduction 161 9.2 Types of Inclined Surfaces 161 9.3 Drawing Auxiliary View of an Inclined Surface 162 9.4 Drawing Auxiliary View of a Curved Surface 162 9.5 Illusions in Auxiliary Views 164 9.6 Skew Surfaces 164 CAD 9.7 Construction Lines 169 Theory Questions 171 Viva-Voce Questions 171 Multiple Choice Questions 171 Assignment on Auxiliary Views 172 CAD Assignment on Auxiliary Views 173 Problems for Practice 174 10. Axonometric Views and Oblique Views 175 10.1 Introduction 175 10.2 Types of Pictorial Views 175 10.3 Axonometric Views 176 10.4 Isometric Scale 177 10.5 Drawing Isometric Views 177 10.6 Projections of Non-Isometric Lines 178 10.7 Isometric View of Angles 179 10.8 Isometric Drawing of Circles 179 10.9 Isometric Drawing of Arcs 181 10.10 Isometric Drawing of Curved Objects 181 10.11 Isometric Sections 181 10.12 Dimensioning Isometric Drawings 182 10.13 Reversed Isometric 182 10.14 Dimetric Projections 182 10.15 Trimetric Projections 182 10.16 Oblique Projection 183xviii Contents 10.17 Drawing an Oblique View 183 10.18 Cabinet View 185 CAD 10.19 Isometric Grid 189 10.20 Isocircle 190 10.21 Viewports Command 190 10.22 Types of 3D Models 192 10.23 User Coordinate System (UCS) 193 10.24 Views 193 Theory Questions 197 Viva-Voce Questions 197 Multiple Choice Questions 198 Assignment on Isometric and Dimetric Views 199 CAD Assignment on Isometric Views 200 Assignment on Oblique Views 201 CAD Assignment on Oblique Views 202 Homework 202 Problems For Practice 204 11. Perspective Views 205 11.1 Introduction 205 11.2 Terminology 205 11.3 Factors Affecting Appearance 206 11.4 Selection of Parameters 206 11.5 Types of Perspective Views 208 11.6 Drawing a Perspective View 208 11.7 Perspective View of a Cylinder 211 11.8 Drawing a Perspective View of a Circle 211 11.9 Graticulation 213 CAD 11.10 Rays 217 11.11 Dview Command 217 Theory Questions 219 Viva-Voce Questions 219 Multiple Choice Questions 220 Assignment on Perspective Views 220 CAD Assignment on Perspective Views 221 Problems for Practice 222 PART C JOINTS AND COUPLINGS 223 12. Riveted Joints 223 12.1 Introduction 223 12.2 Rivets 223 12.3 Making a Riveted Joint 224Contents xix 12.4 Classification of Riveted Joints 225 12.5 Joint Proportions 228 12.6 Applications of Riveted Joints 230 12.7 Structural Joints 230 12.8 Boiler Joints 234 12.9 Light Work Applications 236 CAD 12.10 Block 238 12.11 Creating a Block (Block Command) 238 12.12 Retrieving a Block (Insert Command) 239 12.13 Inserting a Block at Many Places (Minsert Command) 241 Theory Questions 242 Viva-Voce Questions 242 Multiple Choice Questions 242 Assignment on Riveted Joints 244 CAD Assignment On Riveted Joints 244 Homework 244 Problems for Practice 244 13. Threads 245 13.1 Introduction 245 13.2 Terminology 245 13.3 Classification of Threads 247 13.4 Thread Profile 247 13.5 Pitch of Thread 249 13.6 Thread Designation 249 13.7 Specifications of Threads 251 13.8 Thread Representation 251 13.9 Internal Threads 253 CAD 13.10 Array Command 254 Theory Questions 258 Viva-Voce Questions 258 Multiple Choice Questions 258 Assignment on Screw Threads 259 CAD Assignment on Screw Threads 260 Homework 260 Problems For Practice 260 14. Bolts and Nuts 261 14.1 Introduction 261 14.2 Terminology 261 14.3 Bolt Proportions 261 14.4 Drawing a Bolt/Nut 262 14.5 Studs 264xx Contents 14.6 Screws 265 14.7 Locking Devices 266 14.8 Special Nuts 266 14.9 External Locking Devices 269 14.10 Spring Washers 270 14.11 Bolts and Nuts for Special Applications 270 CAD 14.12 Wblock Command 272 Theory Questions 274 Viva-Voce Questions 275 Multiple Choice Questions 275 Assignment 1 on Bolts and Nuts 276 Assignment 2 on Locking Devices 276 CAD Assignment on Bolts and Nuts 277 Homework 277 Problems for Practice 277 15. Welded Joints 278 15.1 Introduction 278 15.2 Types of Welding Processes 278 15.3 Types of Joints 279 15.4 Edge Preparation 279 15.5 Symbols 280 15.6 Specifying a Welded Joint 282 15.7 Fillet Welds 286 15.8 Groove Welds 287 15.9 Spot Welds 288 15.10 Seam Welds 289 15.11 Plug Welds 289 15.12 Surface Welding 290 CAD 15.13 Graphic Library 293 Theory Questions 294 Viva-Voce Questions 294 Multiple Choice Questions 294 Assignment on Welded Joints 295 CAD Assignment on Welded Joints 296 Homework 297 Problems for Practice 298 16. Shafts, Keys, Cotter and Pin Joints 299 16.1 Shafts 299 16.2 Keys 300 16.3 Types of Keys 301 16.4 Splines (IS 2327:1991, IS 3665:1990, IS 13088:1991) 304Contents xxi 16.5 Cotter Joints 305 16.6 Knuckle Joint 307 CAD 16.7 Solid Modeling 307 16.8 Solid Modeling Commands 309 16.9 Operations on 2D Objects to Convert to 3D Objects 310 16.10 Operations on 3D Solids 310 16.11 Composite Solids 313 Theory Questions 317 Viva-Voce Questions 317 Multiple Choice Questions 317 Assignment on Keys and Joints 319 CAD Assignment on Keys and Joints 319 Homework 319 Problems for Practice 319 17. Couplings and Clutches 320 17.1 Couplings 320 17.2 Muff Couplings 320 17.3 Rigid Flange Couplings 321 17.4 Flexible Couplings 323 17.5 Parallel Coupling (Oldham’s) 324 17.6 Universal Coupling 325 17.7 Constant Velocity Joint 326 17.8 Detachable Couplings 327 17.9 Slip Couplings 327 CAD 17.10 3 Darray 330 Theory Questions 333 Viva-Voce Questions 333 Multiple Choice Questions 334 Assignment on Couplings and Clutches 335 CAD Assignment on Couplings and Clutches 335 Homework 335 18. Pipe Joints 336 18.1 Pipes 336 18.2 Pipe Materials 336 18.3 Pipe Designation 336 18.4 Pipe Threads 337 18.5 Types of Pipe Joints 338 18.6 Joints for Cast Iron Pipes 339 18.7 Joints for Copper Pipes 340 18.8 Joints for Wrought Iron Pipes 340 18.9 Joints for Lead Pipes 341xxii Contents 18.10 Joints for Hydraulic Pipes 341 18.11 Union Joint 342 18.12 Expansion Joints 343 18.13 Pipe Fittings 344 18.14 Cast Iron Fittings 345 18.15 Flanged Fittings 346 18.16 PVC Fittings 348 18.17 Valves 348 18.18 Piping Symbols 350 18.19 Piping Layouts 352 18.20 Pipe Supports 353 18.21 Tubes 354 18.22 Tube Joints 355 CAD 18.23 Multilines (Mline Command) 355 18.24 Creating a New Mline Style (Mstyle Command) 356 Theory Questions 361 Viva-Voce Questions 361 Multiple Choice Questions 361 Assignment on Pipe Joints 362 CAD Assignment on Pipe Joints 363 Homework 363 Problems for Practice 364 PART D PRODUCTION DRAWINGS 365 19. Tolerances, Limits and Fits 365 19.1 Introduction 365 19.2 Terminology 365 19.3 Tolerances and Manufacturing Processes 366 19.4 International Tolerance Grade (It Grade) 367 19.5 Fundamental Tolerances 369 19.6 Placing a Dimension with Tolerance 374 19.7 Cumulative Tolerances 374 19.8 Fits 379 19.9 Systems of Fits 379 19.10 Specifying a Fit 380 19.11 Types of Fits 380 19.12 Selection of Fits 381 19.13 Fits for Thread Fasteners 387 19.14 Gauges 387 CAD 19.15 Putting Tolerances using CAD 387 Theory Questions 390Contents xxiii Viva-Voce Questions 391 Multiple Choice Questions 391 Assignment on Tolerances, Limits and Fits 392 CAD Assignment on Tolerances, Limits and Fits 393 Homework 393 Problems for Practice 394 20. Geometrical Tolerances and Surface Finish 395 20.1 Introduction 395 20.2 Types of Tolerances 395 20.3 Terminology 396 20.4 Frame 396 20.5 Datum 397 20.6 Material Condition 398 20.7 Tolerance Symbol 399 20.8 Tolerance Value 400 20.9 Indicating Geometrical Tolerances on Drawings 400 20.10 Form Tolerance for Single Features 400 20.11 Tolerances on Related Features 402 20.12 Run Out 405 20.13 Surface Texture 409 20.14 Profiles 410 20.15 Surface Roughness Number 410 20.16 Roughness Symbols 411 20.17 Lay 413 20.18 Roughness Grade Number and Grade Symbols 413 20.19 Roughness with Manufacturing Processes 414 20.20 Roughness for Typical Applications 415 20.21 Rules for Putting Roughness Symbols 416 CAD 20.22 Geometric Tolerances 418 Theory Questions 419 Viva-Voce Questions 419 Multiple Choice Questions 420 Assignment on Geometric Tolerances and Surface Roughness 421 CAD Assignment on Geometric Tolerances and Surface Roughness 422 Homework 422 Problems for Practice 423 21. Material Specifications 425 21.1 Intro duction 425 21.2 Types of Engineering Materials 425 21.3 Ferrous Metals 426 21.4 Designation of Steels [IS 1762–1974 Part 1] 429 21.5 Steel Designation According to Chemical Composition [IS 7598–1974] 431 21.6 Code Designation for Ferrous Castings [IS 4863–1968] 433xxiv Contents 21.7 Non-Ferrous Metals 433 21.8 Plastics 437 21.9 Bill of Materials 439 CAD 21.10 Table Command 442 21.11 Block Attributes 443 Theory Questions 444 Viva-Voce Questions 444 Multiple Choice Questions 444 22. Production Drawings 446 22.1 Introduction 446 22.2 Title Block 446 22.3 Manufacturing Processes 447 22.4 Heat Treatment Processes 450 22.5 Tooling 451 22.6 Inspection 454 22.7 Jigs 454 22.8 Fixtures 455 22.9 Assembly Drawings 456 22.10 Standard Mechanical Components 457 22.11 Production Drawing 458 22.12 Process Sheet 458 22.13 Title Block 460 Theory Questions 461 Viva-Voce Questions 461 Multiple Choice Questions 462 Assignment on Production Drawings 463 CAD Assignment on Production Drawings 464 Problem for Practice 465 PART E MACHINE PARTS 466 23. Springs 466 23.1 Introduction 466 23.2 Classification 466 23.3 Helical Spring 466 23.4 Leaf Spring 469 23.5 Conventional and Symbolic Representation of Springs 471 23.6 Diaphragm Spring 471 CAD 23.7 Helix Command 472 Theory Questions 475 Viva-Voce Questions 475 Multiple Choice Questions 475Contents xxv Assignment on Springs 476 CAD Assignment on Springs 476 Homework 477 Problems for Practice 477 24. Belts and Pulleys 478 24.1 Introduction 478 24.2 Belts 478 24.3 Pulleys 480 24.4 Types of Pulleys 480 24.5 Flat Belt Pulleys 481 24.6 Grooved Pulleys 484 24.7 Toothed Pulley 485 24.8 Rope Pulley 486 CAD 24.9 Autolisp 487 24.10 Specifying Variables 490 24.11 Extracting Data from List Variable 491 24.12 Get Commnads 491 24.13 Mathematical Operations 491 24.14 Angles in Autolisp 492 24.15 Logical Operators 492 24.16 Conditional Branching (If Command) 492 24.17 Looping a Program 493 Theory Questions 495 Viva-Voce Questions 495 Multiple Choice Questions 496 Assignment on Belts and Pulleys 497 CAD Assignment on Belts and Pulleys 497 Homework 497 25. Bearings 498 25.1 Introduction 498 25.2 Classification of Bearings 498 25.3 Hydrodynamic Bearings 498 25.4 Plain Journal Bearing 499 25.5 Plain Journal Bearing Materials 499 25.6 Sleeve Bearing Supports 500 25.7 Hangers 503 25.8 Rolling Bearings 504 25.9 Mounting of Rolling Bearings 509 CAD 25.10 Managing Entities 510 Theory Questions 513 Viva-Voce Questions 514xxvi Contents Multiple Choice Questions 514 Assignment on Bearings and Supports 515 CAD Assignment on Bearings and Supports 516 Homework 516 Problems for Practice 516 26. Gears 517 26.1 Introduction 517 26.2 Terminology 517 26.3 Types of Gears 518 26.4 Gear Tooth Calculations 519 26.5 Tooth Profiles 520 26.6 Base Circle 522 26.7 Drawing Approximate Involute Tooth Profile 523 26.8 Conventional Representation of Gear Teeth 525 26.9 Construction of Gears 525 26.10 Spur Gears 526 26.11 Helical Gears 527 26.12 Bevel Gears 528 26.13 Worm and Worm Wheel 529 26.14 Rack 531 26.15 CAD for Gear 532 Theory Questions 533 Viva-Voce Questions 534 Multiple Choice Questions 534 Assignment on Gears 535 CAD Assignment on Gears 535 Problems for Practice 536 PART F MACHINES 537 27. Part and Assembly Drawings 537 27.1 Introduction 537 27.2 Detail Drawing 537 27.3 Assembly Drawings 540 27.4 Bill of Materials 542 27.5 Steps for Creating Assembly Drawings 544 27.6 Blue Print Reading 545 Theory Questions 549 Viva-Voce Questions 549 Multiple Choice Questions 550 Assignment on Part and Assembly Drawings 551 CAD Assignment on Part and Assembly Drawings 553 Homework 555 Problems for Practice 556Contents xxvii 28. Internal Combustion Engines 558 28.1 Introduction To I.C. Engines 558 28.2 Power System 558 28.3 Fuel System 577 28.4 Ignition System 582 28.5 Cooling System 583 28.6 Lubrication System 584 Multiple Choice Questions 586 Theory Questions 587 Viva-Voce Questions 587 Assignment on I.C. Engines 587 CAD Assignment on I.C. Engines 587 Homework 588 Problems for Practice 588 29. Steam Power Plants 590 29.1 Introduction 590 29.2 Steam Generator (Boiler) 590 29.3 Steam Engine 604 Theory Questions 615 Viva-Voce Questions 615 Multiple Choice Questions 616 Assignment on Steam Power Plants 616 CAD Assignment on Steam Power Plants 617 Homework 617 Problems for Practice 617 30. Machine Tools 618 30.1 Introduction and Scope 618 30.2 Lathe 618 30.3 Shaper 629 30.4 Drilling Machine 633 30.5 Holding and Clamping Devices 635 Theory Questions 640 Viva-Voce Questions 640 Multiple Choice Questions 640 Assignment on Machine Tools 641 CAD Assignment on Machine Tools 641 Homework 641 Problems for Practice 641 Appendix 1 Some Useful Indian Standards 642 Appendix 2 Some Relevant Internet Sites 643 Appendix 3 List of Some Important AutoCAD Commands 644 Appendix 4 Various Tabs on the Ribbon and their Panels 648 Index 65 Index Symbols 2 Vanishing Points 210 3D Spiral 639 3D Spiral 639 3Darray 330 Polar 330 Rectangular 330 A Angles in Autolisp 492 Angular Perspective View 210 Applications of Riveted Joints 230 Imensioning 234 Gusset Plates 233 Mating Beams 233 Structural Joints Angle Joint 231 Build up Girder 232 Seated Connections 232 Structural Sections 230 Structural Joints 230 Arc Aligned Text 77 ARRAY Command 254 Polar Array 255 Rectangular Array 255 Assembly Drawings 456 Assembly Drawings 540 Catalog Assembly Drawings 542 Design Assembly Drawings 540 Detail Assembly Drawings 541 Exploded Assembly Drawing 542 Installation Assembly Drawings 541 Sub-Assembly Drawings 541 Assembly Section 140 AutoCAD Commands 12, 644 AutoCAD Program 9 Opening Screen 9 Starting 9 The Command Line 11 The Drawing Area 11 The Status Line 11 The UCS Icon 11 Autolisp 487 Executing 490 Extracting Data from List Variable 491 Loading 490 Specifying Variables 490 Auxiliary Section 140 Auxiliary Views 161, 642, 643, 644, 648 Axonometric Views 175, 176 Axonometric Views and Oblique Views 642, 643, 644, 648 B Ball Bearings 505 Base Circle 522 Basic Dimension 82 Auxiliary 82 Functional 82 Non Functional 82 Bearings 498 Hydrostatic 498 Rolling 498 Hydrodynamic 498 Material 498 Relative Movement 498 Belts 478 Flat Belts 478 Grooved or Serrated 479 Plain Flat 479 Toothed Belts 479 Ropes 480 V Belts 479 Bevel Gears 528 Bill of Materials 439 Bill of Materials 542 Block 238 Block Attributes 443Index 651 Block Command 238 Creating a Block 238 Blueprint Reading 121 Blueprint Reading 545 Assembly of Parts and their Details 548 Reading Assembly Drawings 546 Reading Detail Drawings 545 Boiler 590 Boiler Joints 234 Axial Joint 235 Circumferential Joint 235 Cupped End Cover 235 End Joints 235 Bolt 261 Body 262 Bolt Head 261 Alternate Method 263 Direct Method 262 Drawing 262 Square Head 264 Bolts and Nuts 270 Special Applications 270 Bolts and Nuts 270 Special Applications 270 Eye Bolt 270 Foundation Bolts 272 High Strength Bolts 271 J Bolt 270 Thumb Screw 271 U Bolt 270 Wing Nut 272 Yoke Bolt 271 Broken or Partial Section 140 Bults and Nuts 271 Special Applications 271 Turn Buckle 271 C Cabinet View 185 CAD for Gear 532 Approximate Method 532 Drawing Gear 533 Cam Shaft 575 Cams 570 Cylindrical Type 571 Radial Type 570 Chuck 618 Four Jaw 620 Three Jaw 618 Circle Stencil 47 Ellipse Stencil 48 Lettering Stencil 48 Radial Arcs/Hexagon Stencil 48 Code Designation For Ferrous Castings 433 Composite Solids 313 Intersect Command 313 Intersecting Solids 313 Joining Solids 313 Subtract Command 313 Subtracting Solids 313 Union Command 313 Computer Aided Drafting 9 Advantages 9 Computer Software 56 Conditional Branching 492 Connecting Rod 564 Constant Velocity Joint 326 ConstRuction Lines 169 Construction of Gears 525 Conventional Representation of Gear Teeth 525 Conventions in Sectioning 141 Hidden Edges 141 Long Parts 142 Thin Parts 142 Threads in Section 142 Very Thin Parts 142 Convert To 3D Objects 310 Extrude 310 Loft 310 Revolve 310 Sweep 310 Cooling System 583 Coordinate System 13 Correcting Mistakes 27 Oops 27 Redo 27 Undo 27 Cotter Joints 305 Gib and Cotter Joint 306 Socket and Spigot Joint 305 With Sleeve 305 Couplings 320 Crank Shaft 567652 Index Creating Assembly Drawings from Part Drawings 548 Creating Part Drawings from Assembly Drawings 549 Cumulative Tolerances 374 Cylinder 559 Piston 561 D Datum 397 Datum Feature 397 Datum Letter 397 Datum Triangle 397 Multi-Datums 398 Designation of Steels 429 According to Chemical Composition 431 Alloy Steels 431 Unalloyed Steels 431 According to Chemical Composition 431 According to Mechanical Properties 430 Special Characteristics Codes 430 Designation of Steels 432 According to Chemical Composition 432 High Alloy Steels 432 Low and Medium Alloy Steels 431 Tool Steels 432 Detachable Couplings 327 Diaphragm Spring 471 Dimension Style 96 Dimension with Tolerance 374 Basic Size with Deviations 374 Basic Size with Fundamental Tolerances 374 General Notes 374 Maximum and Minimum Limits 374 Dimensioning 87 Angles 88 Chamfers 89 Circular Arcs 87 Curves 90 Diameters 87 Equidistant Features 90 Holes 87 Repetitive Features 89 Tapers 89 Threads 90 Undercuts 89 Dimensioning Commands 96 Dimensioning Isometric Drawings 182 Dimensioning Methods 90, 99 Aligned Dimension 100 Angular Dimension 100 Arc 100 Circle And Points 100 Two Non-Parallel Lines 100 Chain Dimensioning 91 Combined Dimensioning 91 Diameter Dimension 101 Dimensioning Arc 101 Jogged Dimension 101 Linear Dimension 99 Multi Leader 102 Ordinate Dimensioning 101 Parallel Dimensioning 91 Radius Dimension 101 Rectangular Coordinates Dimensioning 90 Superimposed Running Dimensioning 91 Tabular Dimensioning 91 Dimensions 92 Placement 92 Sequence 92 Dimetric Projections 182 Drain Plug 604 Drawing a Leaf Spring 470 Drawing a Perspective View 208 Drawing a Radial Cam 573 Drawing Aids 15 Grid 15 Object Snap 15 Ortho 15 Snap 15 Drawing an Oblique View 183 Drawing Approximate Involute Tooth 523 Teeth Less Than 30 524 Teeth More Than 30 523 Drawing Auxiliary View 162 Curved Surface 162 Illusions 164 Drawing Basic Entities 18 Arc 20 Circle 20 Donut 23 Ellipse 22 Isocircle 22 Hatch 23 Line 19 Multiple Points 18Index 653 Polygon 21 Rectangle 21 Center Option 22 Edge Option 22 Text 23 Drawing Conventions 123 Drawing Equipment 44 Big Compass 47 Big Divider 47 Drafter 44 Drafting Machines 45 Drawing Board 44 Extension Bar 47 French Curves 46 Instrument Box 46 Liner 47 Protractor 46 Ruler 45 Scales 46 Small Compass 46 Small Divider 47 Triangles 45 T-Square 44 Drawing Ink 54 Drawing Orthographic Views 127 Drawing Sheet 49 Border and Frame 50 Centering Marks 51 Grid Reference Numbers 51 Standard Sizes 50 Drawing Sheet Fasteners 52 Adhesive Tape 53 Drawing Clip 53 Drawing Pin 53 Fixing a Drawing Sheet 53 Drawing Skew Surfaces 164 Drawing Standards 7 American National Standards Institute (ANSI) 7 Bureau of Indian Standards 7 International Standards Organization 7 Drawings 1, 4 Computer Aided Drafting (CAD) 4 Finished Drawings 4 Freehand Sketching 4 Uses 1 Drilling Machine 633 Drilling MachiNe 633 Dview Command 217 E Edge Preparation 279 Editing Text 77 Elements of Dimensioning 82 Arrowheads 85 Dimensional Values 86 Dimension Line 84 Dimensions in Restricted Area 85 Extension Line 83 Leader Line 83 Elements of Graphics 2 Engineering Materials 425 Equipment for Computer Aided Drafting (CAD) 54 Computer 54 Digital Camera 55 Printer/Plotter 55 Scanner 55 Eraser 54 Expansion Joints 343 Bellows Type 343 Loop Type 343 F Factors Affecting AppeaRance 206 Perspective Views 206 Orientation of Object 206 Feed Check Valve 593 One Way Valve 593 Feed Check Valvefeed Check Valve Feed Check Valve 594 Feed Pump 590 Ferrous Metals 426 Alloy Steels 428 Carbon Steels 426 Grey Cast Iron 428 High Carbon Steel 427 Low Carbon Steel 427 Medium Carbon Steel 427 Cast Iron 427 Ductile Cast Iron 427 Malleable Cast Iron 428 White Cast Iron 428 Stainless Steels 429 Austinitic Stainless Steels 429 Ferritic Stainless Steels 429 Martensitic Stainless Steels 429654 Index Fillet Welds 286 Dimensioning 286 Fits 379 Systems of Fits 379 Fits 380 Systems of Fits 380 Hole Basis 380 Shaft Basis 380 Fits For Thread Fasteners 387 Fittings 345 Cast Iron 345 Flanged Fittings 346 Fixtures 455 Flat Belt Pulleys 481 Armed Pulley 482 Built up Pulley 482 Fast and Loose Pulley 483 Solid Pulley 481 Stepped Pulley 483 Webbed Pulley 481 Flexible Couplings 323 Folding a Sheet 52 Followers 571 Form Tolerance for Single Features 400 Circularity 401 Cylindricity 401 Flatness 401 Straightness 400 Frame 396 Freehand Sketching 61 Center Lines 61 Circles 62 Diagonals 61 Drawing Freehand Lines 61 Fuel System 577 Carburetor 577 Diesel Fuel Pump 579 Full Section 139 Function Key Assignments 12 Fundamental Tolerances 369 Letter Symbol 369 Letter Symbol for Holes 370 Letter Symbol for Shafts 373 Number Symbol 370 G Gauges 387 Gear Tooth CalculationS 519 Tooth Proportions 520 Types of Pitches 519 Gears 517 Terminology 517 Types of Gears 518 Bevel Gears 519 Helical Gears 518 Rack 519 Spur Gears 518 Worm And Worm Wheel 519 Geometric Tolerance 396 Axis 396 Boxed Dimensions 396 Feature 396 Median 396 Tolerance Zone 396 Geometric Tolerances 418 Geometrical Tolerances 395 Get Commnads 491 Graphic Language 1 Advantages 1 Graphic Library 293 Graticulation 213 Grips 34 Groove Welds 287 Specifying Groove Welds 287 Grooved Pulleys 484 Multi Belt 484 Rope Pulley 486 Single Belt 484 Stepped Grooved Pulley 484 Toothed Pulley 485 Guide Lines 72 Inclined Letters 74 Line Thickness 73 Spacing Between Letters 74 Spacing Between Lines 72 Width of Characters 73 Compressed 73 Extended 73 Width of Characters 72Index 655 H Half Section 139 Hand Drilling Machine 634 Hand Drilling Machine 634 Hangers 503 J Hanger 504 U Hanger 503 Hatch and Gradient 149 Hatch Command 149 Hatching 149 Heat Treatment Processes 450 Annealing 451 Hardening 450 Normalizing 451 Tempering 450 Helical Gears 527 Helical Spring 466 Compression Spring 467 Tension Spring 468 Torsion Spring 468 Helix Command 472 Helix Command 638 Helix Command 638 Hidden Details 117 Holding and Clamping Devices 635 Pipe Vice 635 Pipe Wrench 636 Spanners 636 Holding And Clamping Devices 635 Pipe Vice 635 Pipe Wrench 636 Spanners 636 Hydrodynamic Bearings 498 I I.C. Engines 558 Four Stroke 558 Two Stroke 558 Compression Stroke 558 Exhaust Stroke 558 Power Stroke 558 Suction Stroke 558 If Command 492 Ignition System 582 Indian Standards 642 Injector 581 Injector 591 Inking Pens 48 Conical Pen 49 Freehand Pen 48 Ruling Pen 48 Tubular Pen 49 Insert Command 239 Retrieving a Block 239 Inspection 454 International Tolerance Grade 367 Internet Sites 643 Isocircle 190 Isolines 308 Isometric Grid 189 Isometric Scale 177 Arcs 181 Circles Four Center Method 180 Offset Method 179 Circles 179 Curved Objects 181 Drawing 177 Projections of Non-Isometric Lines 178 View of Angles 179 Isometric Sections 181 J Jigs 454 Joint Proportions 228 Diagonal Pitch 228 Margin 228 Pitch 228 Row Pitch 228 Joints 339 Cast Iron Pipesa 339 Copper Pipes 340 Hydraulic Pipes 341 Lead Pipes 341 Wrought Iron Pipes 340 K Keys 300 Keyway 300 Knuckle Joint 307656 Index L Lathe 618 Lay 413 Layer Properties Manager 93 Creating a New Layer 94 Deleting a Layer 94 Freeze / Thaw 95 Lock / Unlock 95 Making a Layer as a Current Layer 94 Status of a Layer 95 On / Off 95 Layers 92 Layout Line 11 Leaf Spring 469 Elliptical 469 Quarter Elliptical 470 Semi-Elliptical 469 Torsional Spring 470 Lift Diagrams 572 Light Work Applications 236 Blind Rivets 237 Explosive Rivets 238 Flush Joints 237 General Purpose Joints 236 Lines 59 Drawing Lines 60 Precedence of Lines 60 Thickness of a Line 60 Lines Using CAD 64 Linetypes 64 Locking Devices 266 Miscellaneous Lock Nuts 268 Special Nuts 268 Castle Nut 268 Lock Nut 266 Pinned Nut 267 Ring and Groove Nut 268 Sawn Nut 268 Slotted Nut 267 Special Nuts 266 Locking Devices 269 External Locking Devices 269 Full Locking Plate 269 Half Locking Plate 269 Screw 269 Split Pin 269 Spring Washers 270 Miscellaneous Lock Nuts 268 Oddie Nut 268 Philidas Nut 268 Simmonds Nut 269 Logical Operators 492 Looping a Program 493 Repeat 493 While 493 Lubrication System 584 M Machine Tools 618 Machine Tools 618 Making a Drawing 118 Preliminary Decisions 118 Types of Projections 118 Preliminary Decisions 118 Making a Drawing 118 Preliminary Decisions 118 Number of Views 118 Object Orientation 118 Selecting Views 118 Selection of Scale 119 Spacing of Views 119 Managing Entities 510 Entsel Command 510 Ssget Command 510 Sslength Command 510 Ssname Command 510 Manufacturing Processes 447 Casting Processes 447 Die Casting 447 Sand CasTing 447 Chemical Processes 449 Electric Discharge Machine (EDM) 449 Electro-Chemical Machining (ECM) 449 Electroplating 450 Etching 449 Cnc Machines 450 Forming Processes 447 Drawing 448 Extrusion 448 Forging 447 Rolling 447 Joining Processes 448 Arc Welding 448 Brazing 449Index 657 Gas Welding 448 Riveting 449 Seam Welding 448 Soldering 449 Spot Welding 448 Material Removal Processes 449 Surface Finishing Processes 450 Match Properties 33 Match Properties 66 Material 425 Properties 425 Material Condition 398 Least Material Condition (LMC) 398 Maximum Material Condition (MMC) 398 Regardless of Feature Size (S) 399 Mathematical Operations 491 Methods of Expression 3 Orthographic Projections 3 Pictorial Representation 3 Minsert Command 241 Missing Views 122 Box Method 123 Projection Line Technique 123 Mline Command 355 Model Layout 11 Modify Commands 28 Align 33 Array 29 Polar Array 30 Rectangular Array 30 Break 31 Break At a Point 31 Chamfer 32 Copy 29 Erase 28 Explode 32 Extend 31 Fillet 32 Join 32 Lengthen 30 Mirror 29 Move 30 Offset 29 Reverse 33 Rotate 30 Scale 30 Stretch 30 Trim 31 Modify Properties 33 Modifying a Layer 95 More Dimension Methods 102 Baseline Dimension 104 Broken Dimension 103 Centre Mark 106 Continue Dimension 104 Inspection Dimension 105 Jog Line Dimension 105 Quick Dimension 104 Spacing Dimensions 103 Update Dimension Style 105 Mounting of Rolling Bearings 509 Mstyle Command 356 Mtext Command 77 Muff CouPlings 320 Full Muff Coupling 320 Half Lap Muff Coupling 321 Split Muff Coupling 321 Mvsetup Command 460 N Nomograms 1 Non-Ferrous Metals 433 Aluminum Alloys 436 Code Designation 436 Copper Alloys 434 Code Designation 435 O Object Properties 64 Color 65 Linetype 66 Lineweight 66 Scale For Linetype 66 Object Selection 27 Oblique Projection 183 Oblique Views 175 Operations On 3d Solids 310 3Dalign 312 3Darray 312 3Dmove 311 Chamfer 312 Fillet 312 Interfere 312 Mirror3D 312 Rotate3D 312658 Index Slice 312 Solidedit 312 Thicken 312 Orthographic Projection 115 Comparison of First Angle and Third Angle 116 First Angle Method 115 Third Angle Method 116 P Panels 648 Parallel Coupling 324 Parallel Keys 302 Double Head Key 303 Feather Key 303 Peg Key 303 Single Head Screw Key 303 Parallel Perspective View 209 One Vanishing Point 209 Part and Assembly Drawings 537 Part and Assembly Drawings Detail Drawing 537 Pedit 34 Pencils 53 Perspective View Of A Circle 211 In Front View 212 In Top View 212 Perspective View of a Cylinder 211 Perspective Views 205 Factors Affecting Appearance 206 Effect of Distance 206 Factors Affecting Appearance 206 Position of Object 207 Selection of Parameters 206 Elevation Angle 207 Lateral angle 206 Location of Eye 207 Location of Station Point 206 Object Orientation 206 Terminology 205 Pictorial Views 175 Axonometric Views 175 Oblique Views 175 Perspective Views 175 Dimetric View 175 Isometric View 175 Trimetric 175 Pipe Fittings 344 Branching 344 Dead Ends 345 Straight Couplings 344 Pipe Joints 338 Screwed Flange Joint 338 Screwed Socket Joint 338 Socket and Spigot Joint 339 Welded Flange 339 Welded Pipes 339 Pipe Supports 353 Pipes 336 Designation 336 Materials 336 Threads 337 Piping Layouts 352 Double Line 352 Single Line 353 Piping Symbols 350 Fitting Symbols 350 Fluid Symbols 352 Joint Symbols 350 Valve Symbols 352 Piston Rings 563 Plain Journal Bearing 499 Bearing Materials 499 PlasTics 437 Elastomers 439 Thermoplastics 437 Thermoset Plastics 438 Wood 439 Plotting 127 Centering The Plot 129 Choosing Paper Size 128 Drawing Orientation 129 Plot Scale 129 Plotting A Drawing 127 Plotting Devices 127 Previewing and Plotting 129 Setting The Plotting Device 128 Plug Welds 289 Power System 558 Principle Picture Planes 115 Production Drawing 446 Title Block 446 Production Drawing 458 Process Sheet 458 Title Block 460Index 659 Mean Roughness Index (Ra) 410 Peak to Valley Height 410 Projecting Side Views 119 Using a Compass 120 Using a Divider 120 Using a Miter Line At 45° 120 Projection 113 Projection of Straight Inclined Face 121 Projection of Circular Boundaries 121 Projection of Curved Boundaries 121 Proportioning Sizes 62 Pulleys 480 Types of Pulleys 480 Putting Roughness Symbols 416 CAD 418 Pvc Fittings 348 R Rack 531 Ray Command 217 Rays 217 Rectangle 21 Removed Section 140 Requirements of Detail Drawing 537 Additional Information 538 Checklist for a Detail Drawing 538 Drawing Revisions 539 Multiple Drawings 538 Shape Description 537 Size Description 537 Reversed Isometric 182 Revolved Section 140 Revolving Center 629 Revolving Center 629 Rigid Flange Couplings 321 Marine Coupling 322 Protected Flange Coupling 323 Rigid Flange Couplings 322 Riveted Joint 224 Arrangement of Plates 226 Arrangement of Rivets 227 Making 224 Number of Cover Plates 226 Number of Rows of Rivets 226 Riveted Joints 223 Rivets 223 Roller Bearings 506 Rolling Bearings 504 Nomenclature 504 Roughness for Typical Applications 415 Roughness Grade Number 413 Roughness Symbols 411 Roughness with Manufacturing Processes 414 Run Out 405 Circular Run Out 405 Total Run Out 405 S Safety Valve 600 Dead Weight Type 600 Lever Type Safety Valve 604 Spring Loaded 602 Screw Thread 245 Applications of Threads 245 Terminology 245 Conical Threads 246 Crest 245 Depth of Thread 246 Flank 245 Hand of Helix 246 Helix Angle 246 Lead 246 Major Diameter 246 Minor Diameter 246 Pitch Diameter 246 Pitch of Thread 246 Root 245 Start of Thread 246 Thread Angle 246 Threads Per Inch 246 Terminology 245 Screws 265 Cap Screw 265 Machine Screw 265 Set Screw 265 Wooden Screw 266 Seam Welds 289 Section Lines 143660 Index Angle of Section Lines 143 DraWing Section Lines 144 Pitch of Section Lines 144 Sectional View 138 Selection of Fits 381 Sequence of Drawing 123 Setting a New Dimension Style 97 Alternate Units 98 Fit 98 Lines 98 Primary Units 98 Symbols and Arrows 98 Text 98 Tolerances 98 Shafts 299 Axle 299 Dead Axle 299 Live Axle 299 Hollow Shaft 299 Journal 299 Line Shaft 299 Rod 299 Spindle 299 Stepped Shaft 299 Shaper 629 Clapper Box 632 Quick Return Mechanism 630 Tool Slide 632 Shaper 629 Clapper Box 632 Quick Return Mechanism 630 Tool Slide 632 Short-Cut Key Characters 12 Size Description 3 Sketching Pictorial Views 62 Skew Surfaces 164 Sleeve Bearing Supports 500 Foot Step Support 503 Pedestal Support 501 Plummer Block 500 Simple Bearing Support 500 Wall Bracket Support 502 Slip Couplings 327 Cone Clutch 329 Multi-Plate Clutch 329 Single Plate Clutch 327 Solid Modeling 307 Solid Modeling Commands 309 Box 309 Cone 309 Cylinder 309 Polysolid 309 Pyramid 310 Sphere 309 Torus 309 Wedge 309 Specifying a Fit 380 Specifying a Welded Joint 282 Arrow Line 283 Blank Length (B) 285 Length of Weld (L) 285 Reference Line 283 Side of the Joint 283 Weld Size (S) 284 Weld Symbol 285 Splines 304 Involute 304 Parallel Sided 304 Spot Welds 288 Springs 466 Tension Spring 466 Compression Spring 466 Diaphragm Spring 466 Helical Spring 466 Leaf Spring 466 Spiral Spring 466 Torsion Bar 466 Torsion Spring 466 Springs 471 Symbolic Representation 471 Spur Gears 526 Standard Mechanical Components 457 Steam Engine 604 Connecting Rod 611 Covers 604 Crank Shaft 612 Cross Head 609 Cylinder 604 Eccentric 614 Piston Rings 607 Piston Rod 607 Pistons 607 Slide Valves 614Index 661 Steam Power Plants 590 Stencils 47 Steps for Creating Assembly Drawings 544 Stop Valve 597 Studs 264 Surface Finish 395 Surface Roughness Number 410 Surface Texture 409 Roughness 409 Roughness Cut-Off 409 Roughness Height 409 Roughness Width 409 Waviness 409 Surface Welding 290 Symbol For Projection Method 117 T Table Command 442 Tabs on the Ribbon 648 Tail Stock 625 Tail Stock 625 Text Command 74 Justify 75 Start Point 75 Style 75 Text Style 76 Thread Designation 249 Acme Thread 249 British Standard Whitworth (B.S.W.) Thread 248 Buttress Thread 249 Knuckle Thread 249 Pitch of Thread 249 Square Thread 249 V Thread 248 Thread RepresEntation 251 Conventional Representation 253 Schematic Representation 252 Square Threads 252 V Threads 252 Threads 247, 251, 253 Conical 247 Cylindrical 247 Double Start 247 External 247 Internal 247 Left Hand 247 Quadruple Start 247 Right Hand 247 Single Start 247 Triple Start 247 Internal 253 Title Block 51 Tolerance Symbol 399 Related Features Tolerances 399 Runout Tolerances 400 Single Feature Tolerances 399 Tolerance Value 400 Indicating Geometrical Tolerances 400 Tolerances 365 Actual Size 366 Allowance 366 Basic Size 365 Deviation 366 Fundamental Deviation 366 Limits 366 Standard Size 365 Tolerances 366 Tolerances and Manufacturing Processes 366 Tolerances on Related Features 402 Angularity 403 Concentricity 403 Parallelism 402 Perpendicularity 403 Position 404 Position Tolerance For Patterns 404 Symmetry 404 Tolerances using CAD 387 Lower Value 389 Method 388 Basic 388 Deviation 388 Limits 388 None 388 Symmetrical 388 Precision 389 Scaling for Height 389 Upper Value 389 Vertical Position 389 Tool Post 622 Tool Post 622 Tooling 451662 Index Cutting Speed 451 Tool Angles 451 Tools used for Different Machines 452 Broaching Machine 453 Drilling Machine 452 Hobbing Machine 453 Lathe 452 Milling 452 Planing Machine 453 Shaper 452 Slotting Machine 453 Vertical Milling 452 Trimetric Projections 182 Tube Joints 355 Compression Joint 355 Flare Joint 355 Spigot Joint 355 Tubes 354 Types Of 3d Models 192 Solid Model 193 Surface Model 193 Wire Frame Model 192 Types of Fits 380 Clearance Fit 380 Interference Fit 380 Transition Fit 380 Types of Inclined Surfaces 161 Types of Joints 279 Types of Keys 301 Gib Head Key 302 Rectangular Key 301 Round Key 302 Saddle Keys 301 Square Key 301 Sunk Keys 301 Types of Mechanical Drawings 4 Assembly Drawings 5 Exploded Drawings 5 Installation Drawings 6 Machine Drawings 4 Part Drawings 6 Patent Drawings 7 Production Drawings 5 Sub-Assembly Drawings 5 Tabular Drawings 6 Types of Paper 52 Plastic Films 52 Tracing Cloth 52 Tracing Paper 52 Types of Perspective Views 208 Aerial View 208 Angular Projection 208 Ground or Worm’s View 208 Normal View 208 Oblique Projection 208 Parallel Projection 208 Types of Sections 138 Assembly Section 138 Auxiliary Section 138 Broken Out Section 138 Full Section 138 Half Section 138 Removed Section 138 Revolved Section 138 Types of Tolerances 395 Form Tolerances 395 Position Tolerances 395 Size Tolerances 395 Types of Views 113 Orthographic Views 114 Pictorial Views 114 U Ucs 13 Ucsicon 13 Union Joint 342 Units 14 Universal Coupling 325 User Coordinate System (UCS) 193 V Valves 348 Check Valve 349 Gate Valve 348 Globe Valve 348 Plug Valve 348 Sizes of Valves 349 Valves 575 Viewing a Drawing 14 Viewports Command 190 Views 193Index 663 W Water Level Indicator 595 Wblock Command 272 Weld Symbols 280 Additional Welding Symbols 282 Contour Symbols 281 Surface Finish Symbols 281 Welded Joints 278 Welding Processes 278 Arc Welding 278 Gas Welding 278 Pressure Welding 278 Welding Processes 278 Pressure Welding 278 Seam 278 Spot 278 Woodruff Key 303 Worm and Worm Wheel 529 X Xline Command 169
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