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 |  موضوع: كتاب HVAC Fundamentals الجمعة 22 يناير 2021, 2:39 pm | |
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HVAC Fundamentals
Second Edition
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Table of Contents
Chapter 1 HVAC Systems 1
Chapter 2 Heat Flow . 15
Chapter 3 Psychrometrics 25
Chapter 4 Heating and Ventilating Systems 47
Chapter 5 Air Conditioning Systems . 69
Chapter 6 Compressors 95
Chapter 7 Water Chillers 105
Chapter 8 Fans 119
Chapter 9 Air Distribution . 137
Chapter 10 Variable Air Volume . 163
Chapter 11 Pumps and Water Distribution 191
Chapter 12 Control Systems 217
Chapter 13 Control System Components 227
Chapter 14 Choosing an HVAC System . 241
Chapter 15 Heat Recovery . 251
Chapter 16 Energy Conservation Opportunities 263
Chapter 17 Central Plant Water Chiller Optimization . 281
Chapter 18 Fan Drives 293
Chapter 19 Terminology . 303
Chapter 20 HVAC Timeline . 315
Index . 321
A
absolute temperatures 16
adjustable motor drive 175
adjustable speed drive 135, 175
air-cooled 89
air-side economizer 11
air-to-air cooling system 82
air-to-fuel 273
air-to-water cooling system 82
airflow 7, 79
airfoil 128
fan 130
air conditioning 5, 7
components 85
cooling systems 80
air pressures 10, 119
air quality 1
air separators 213
air side economizer 160, 157
air vents 214
air volume 11, 137, 163
atmospheric pressure 50, 137
automatic control system 218
automatic temperature control 12
damper 9
valves 205
axial fan 119, 124, 134
B
backward curved 128
backward inclined 128, 129, 130
balancing valves 204, 210
barometric pressure 23, 24
block tight static pressure 121
boilers 3, 9, 47, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61,
64, 266
boiler heating 50
boiler horsepower 20
boiler scale 269
boiler stack temperature 268
boiling point 107
boiling temperature 50, 51
brake horsepower 123, 124
British thermal unit 18
Btu 18
burner 61
bypass terminal box 179
C
calculations 64, 72
calibrated balancing valves 205
capacity control 101, 102, 103, 104
carbon dioxide 10, 49, 66, 267
carbon monoxide 49, 269
cavitation 195
ceiling diffuser 9, 151
centrifugal compressor 103, 104,
105, 106
centrifugal fans 119, 128, 134
centrifugal pump 191, 193
centrifugal water chillers 105, 106
check valves 205
chilled water 9
systems 5
chiller optimization 113
closed system 197
coils 5, 202, 203, 214, 215, 253
combustion 49
Index
321322 HVAC Fundamentals
comfort-to-comfort 252, 254
comfort zone 1, 12
components 1, 2, 3, 7, 218, 293
compression tank 212
compressor 3, 7, 77, 78, 85, 90,
107, 108
lubrication 109
condenser 3, 7, 14, 77, 78, 85, 89,
105, 107
coil 90
water temperature 282, 283
condensing pressure and temperature 111
conduction 17, 253
constant volume 142
controlled devices 220, 232, 233
controller 167, 221, 222, 227, 228,
229, 231, 232
controlling devices 220
control components 227
control devices 105, 167
controls 3, 159, 276
convection 17, 253
cooling 13, 32, 33, 37, 275
coil 14, 88, 281
process line 36
tower 7
counter flow 214, 253
cubic feet per minute 7, 10, 11,
123, 157
D
damper 12, 68, 155, 233, 234
actuators 233, 234
dead band 229, 235
dehumidification 31, 32, 33
dehumidifying 37
demand-side management 278
density 27, 30
desuperheating 78, 79
dew point (DP) temperature 27
differential pressure 209
gauge 209, 210
diffuser 151
direct-return piping system 200
direct acting 185, 227, 228, 229,
230
direct digital control systems 221
discharge dampers 134
diversity 163
diverting 157
dry bulb (DB) temperature 22, 26,
73
ductwork 2, 139
duct pressure 119, 121
E
economizer 108
cycle 160
electric 64
electrical power 19, 20
energy conservation 263
opportunities 264
energy consumption 263
energy management control systems 223
enthalpy 22, 27
evaporator 3, 7, 14, 76, 85, 88, 105,
106
coil 90
pressure and temperature 112,
282
excess air 268
expansion tank 211
F
fan classes 122
fan curve 121Index 323
fan drive components 293
fan drive information 295
fan performance curves 121
fan performance table 123
fan powered 148, 177, 179
fan pressure 119
fan rotation 296
fan selection 133
fan sheaves 293, 294
fan speed 122, 298
feet per minute 7
fire tube 58, 60
fire tube boilers 57
fixed pitch vane axial 126
fixed plate 253
exchangers 258
flash gas 79, 107
flow characteristic 234
flow meters 207, 208, 210
forward curved 128
four-pipe system 199
fuel-to-air ratio 49, 63, 273
fume hoods 10
furnaces 3
G
gallons per minute 191, 202
gas burners 61
grille 154
H
head pressure 202
heat 15
calculations 64, 72
content 20
exchanger 3, 6, 17, 74, 202,
253, 256
cycle 292
pipe 253
exchangers 258
power 18, 19, 20
pumps 247, 248
recovery 254
systems 252
comfort-to-comfort 252
process-to-comfort 252
process-to-process 252
transfer 17, 90, 215, 253
equation 21, 22, 254
surfaces 281
wheel 253, 257
heating 12
and humidification 32
coils 4, 6, 13, 14
water 9
hermetic compressor 97, 98, 104
high limit 159
high pressure 127, 140
hot gas heat exchangers 259
hot water heating 55, 57
humidification 31
humidistat 230
humidity control 7
HVAC 1, 241
systems, types of 245
all-air 245
air and water 245
all-water 245
unitary 245
hydronic systems 196
I
impeller 191, 193
inches of mercury 24
inches of water column 10
inches of water gage 10, 119
indoor fan 2
inlet dampers 183324 HVAC Fundamentals
inlet guide vanes 134, 174
inlet vanes 134
L
latent heat 21, 51, 52
lighting systems 277
linear slot diffuser 155
low limit 159
low pressure 127
low water cutoff 272
lubrication 100
M
main air 218
make-up air 4, 10, 68
manual dampers 155
manual valves 203
mechanical chiller 105
mechanical compressors 95
medium pressure 140
metering devices 76, 88, 90
microprocessor 221, 222
mixed air 11
control 159
economizer 159
plenum 2, 11
temperature 36, 65, 72
moisture content (specific humidity) 28
motor cooling 110
motor horsepower 19, 20
motor sheave 294
N
negatively pressurized 10
non-diverting 157
non-overloading 127, 130, 132
normally closed 185, 229, 233, 234,
236, 238
normally open 185, 229, 230, 233,
234, 236, 237
O
oil burners 62
oil pressure 112
one-pipe systems 197
open compressor 96, 97,104
open system 197
opposed blade damper 156
outdoor fan 3
outlet velocity 122, 123
overloading 128
P
packaged units 91
package HVAC system 2
package units 246
parallel blade damper 157
parallel flow 215, 253
perforated face diffuser 154
performance curves 122
plate heat exchanger 253
plenum 11
pneumatic control system 218
pneumatic systems 220
positive pressurization 10
pounds per square inch absolute
23, 50
pounds per square inch gage 23
pressure 23, 50, 137
classes 54
dependent 145, 151, 168, 169
independent 145, 146, 168, 171
independent variable air volume 164
pressurization 4
process-to-comfort 252, 255
process-to-process 252, 256Index 325
propeller 124
fan 126
psychrometric chart 22, 25, 33, 73
pump operation 191
R
radiation 18, 253
reciprocating 105
compressors 95, 96, 98, 99, 101
refrigerant 5, 6, 14, 76, 77, 78, 89,
90, 91, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110
coil 88
vapor 106
refrigeration (DX) systems 5
refrigeration cycle 74, 76
register 154
relative humidity 29, 69, 70
relay 236, 237, 238, 239
reverse-return piping system 200
reverse acting 185, 227, 228, 229,
230
revolutions per minute 123
room pressurization 4
room temperature 22
rotary compressors 95, 102
rotary wheel 253, 257
run-around coil 253
run-around system 259
S
safety controls 113
scaling 283
screw 105
compressor 103
sensible cooling 31
sensible heat 20, 21, 30, 51, 52, 73,
254, 255, 256
ratio 28, 34
service valves 205
setpoint 228
soot deposits 270
space pressurization 11, 68
specific heat 20, 52, 69
specific humidity 69, 70
specific volume 27, 30
standard air dot 29
standard temperatures 16
static pressure 121, 122, 123, 141,
163, 168, 175
control 167, 174
dampers 134
steam heating 50, 54, 57
steam traps 54, 55
strainer 193, 194
subcooling 79
superheat 77
superheated 79
superheating 77
supply air fan 14
supply fan 9
surge 122, 123, 129
system design 114
T
temperature 15
terminal boxes 139, 140, 141, 142,
166
thermostat 228, 229
three-pipe systems 199
three-way valves 206
throttling range 227, 235
tip speed 123
total heat 21, 52
total pressure 121
transducers 222, 223
tube axial 124
fan 126
two-pipe systems 199326 HVAC Fundamentals
two-way valves 206
TXV 90, 91
U
unitary air conditioner 92
unitary heat pump 91
unitary systems 91, 246, 248, 249
units of electrical energy 19
units of heat energy 18
V
valves 100, 102, 234
vane axial 124, 127
fan 125, 126
vapor-compression system 5
vapor compression 85
vapor pressure 29
variable air volume fans 133
variable air volume terminal box
145
variable frequency drive 135, 136,
168, 175
variable pitch vane axial 126
variable speed drive 175
velocity 7
pressure 121, 193
ventilation 4, 10, 13, 66, 68
volume dampers 9, 156
volume of airflow 7, 11
vortex dampers 134, 174
W
water-cooled 89
water-side economizer 290, 292
water-to-air cooling system 85
water-to-water cooling system 81
water chiller 7
water coil 5, 6, 88
water cooler 7, 88
water pump 13, 14, 193
water systems 23
water tube 60
water valves 9, 203
wet bulb (WB) temperatures 22,
26, 73
wide-open cfm 121
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