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عدد المساهمات : 18928 التقييم : 35294 تاريخ التسجيل : 01/07/2009 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى
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أخوانى فى الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Handbook of OSHA Construction Safety and Health Second Edition Charles D. Reese James Vernon Eidson
![كتاب Handbook of OSHA Construction Safety and Health H_b_o_13](https://i.servimg.com/u/f61/15/36/74/14/h_b_o_13.jpg) و المحتوى كما يلي :
Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Construction Industry . 1 Construction as a Business . 4 Contractor Liability 4 Management/Professional Positions . 6 Supervisors . 6 The Competent Person(s) . 6 Women in Construction . 7 The Construction Trades 7 Unions of the Building and Construction Trades Department 11 Why the Hazards 12 Cost of Accidents/Incidents . 13 Why do Accidents Occur . 13 Construction Deaths . 14 Construction Injuries 15 Construction Illnesses . 16 Construction Hazards . 17 Construction’s Relationship to OSHA . 19 Intent of this Book . 19 References . 20 Chapter 2 Perceptions in the Construction Industry . 21 Survey . 22 Agreement . 24 Disagreement 25 Contractors and Mixed Views . 26 Other Areas . 26 How to Use this Survey . 26 Example 26 Using the Results 27 Summary . 27 Chapter 3 The People Issue in Construction Safety and Health 29 Setting the Stage . 29 Defining Motivation . 30 Summary of the Principles of Motivation . 30 The Motivational Environment 31 Structuring the Motivational Environment 31 Reacting to the Motivational Environment . 33 Motivational Environment — Examples . 34 Goal Setting 35 Goals and You 35 Rationale behind Goals 35 Goals and Their Many Forms 36xiv Table of Contents Self-motivation . 36 You are the One . 36 People are Amazing . 37 Losing the Self in Motivation 37 Dealing with People Along the Continuum . 37 The People Issue 37 Changing Values 38 Needs Move Mountains and People 39 Motivational Leadership . 40 Describing Leadership 40 Role Models . 41 Leadership Characteristics . 41 Applying Leadership 41 The Key Person 43 The Ever-Changing Motivational Plan 43 The Plan 43 Feedback/Reinforcement 44 Criticism . 44 Modifying or Changing Behavior 45 Supervisory Motivational Initiatives 47 Different Approaches . 47 Joint Labor/Management Committees . 47 Committee Makeup 48 Recordkeeping 49 Do’s and Don’ts of L/M Committees 49 Organizing a Joint Committee . 50 Expectations . 50 Outcomes 51 Joint Labor/Management Occupational Safety and Health Committees 51 Summary . 52 Peer Pressure 53 Family Pressure 53 The Worker Challenge . 54 Rewards 54 Motivational Techniques 55 Training 55 More about Rewards 55 Reinforcement 56 Incentives as Rewards 56 Incentive Programs . 56 Safety Incentive Program for XYZ Contractor . 57 Special Emphasis 58 Contests 58 Gimmicks and Gadgets 59 Visuals 59 Conferences/Seminars 60 Nonfinancial Incentives 60 Summary . 60 References . 63Table of Contents xv Chapter 4 Construction Safety and Health Programs . 65 Reasons for a Comprehensive Safety Program . 67 Building a Safety and Health Program 67 Rules . 68 Communications . 68 Training 70 Accident Investigation 71 Evaluation . 73 Explaining the Requirements and Elements of OSHA Guidelines for a Safety and Health Program 74 Management Commitment and Leadership . 74 Assignment of Responsibility 75 Identification and Control of Hazards . 75 Training and Education 76 Recordkeeping and Hazard Analysis . 77 First Aid and Medical Assistance 77 Emergency and Firefighting Procedures 78 Model Construction Safety and Health Program . 78 Management Safety and Health Policy Statements . 78 Accountability and Responsibility . 80 Discipline Policy 80 Supervisory Involvement . 81 Employee Responsibility 82 Jobsite Inspections 82 Accident Investigations 83 Recordkeeping 83 Training 83 First Aid and Medical Availability 85 Emergency Procedures and Response . 87 Safety and Health Program Evaluation 87 Evaluation of Your Responses . 87 Other Required Written Programs . 90 References . 96 Chapter 5 Analyzing Construction Hazards and Accidents/Incidents . 97 Preconstruction Conference 97 Worksite Hazard Analysis 100 Accident/Incident Analysis 102 Accidents: Why They Happen .102 Analyzing Accidents/Incidents 104 Direct Causes 104 Indirect Causes .104 Basic Causes .105 Job Safety Analysis 108 Management Controls 110 Establishing a Method for Selecting Jobs .110 Selection of Tasks for Analysis .110xvi Table of Contents Prioritization of Tasks 111 Conducting a Job Safety Analysis .112 Considering Human Problems in the JSA Process .113 Hazards Elimination or Control .114 Methods of Performing a JSA .115 Review the Analysis and Potential Solutions 117 Implementing the JSA in an Operational System .117 Monitoring a JSA Program 117 Hazard Analysis 118 Analyzing Accident Data .118 Summary .120 References .120 Chapter 6 Construction Accident Prevention Techniques . 121 Safety and Health Management .121 Communications .122 Toolbox Talks .122 Training .123 Hazard Identification 123 Safe Operating Procedures (SOPs) 125 When an Engineer is Needed .128 Focused Inspections .128 Identify the Need for an Engineer .129 Engineer Requirements 129 Stated Engineering Requirements 129 Implied Engineering Requirements .131 Consensus Standards 132 Inconsistent Reference to Engineers 133 Special Programs 135 Preventive Maintenance Programs .135 Fleet Safety Program 137 Accident Investigation 138 Purpose of Accident Investigations .138 Potential Risks 139 Investigations Benefit the Supervisor 141 Reporting Accidents .141 Ten Reasons for Not Reporting Accidents 141 Good Accident Investigations 143 Determining Accident Types .144 Designing a Report/Investigation Form .144 Organizing/Assigning Responsibilities 144 Explaining Accident Investigations .145 Controlling and Follow-Up 145 Sources of Information .146 The Interview Process 146 Reenacting Accidents .148 The Accident Report 148Table of Contents xvii Job Safety Observations .149 Benefits of Job Safety Observations 150 Planned Safety Observations .151 Frequency and Extent of Observations 152 The Incidental Safety Observation 153 Indirect Types of Unsafe Procedures 154 The Planned Safety Observation .155 Supervisory Preparation for Job Safety Observations .156 Making the Observation .158 Recording the Observation .159 Post-observation Conference 159 Follow-up Procedures 160 Dealing with Unsafe Performance .161 Safety and Health Audits .162 References .165 Chapter 7 Construction Safety: A through H . 167 Abrasive Grinding (1926.303) .167 Aerial Lifts (1926.556) .168 Air Receivers (1926.306) .169 Alarms (1926.159 and .602) 170 Arc Welding and Cutting (1626.351) 171 Barricades (1926.202) 173 Barriers .173 Batteries (1926.441) .174 Change Rooms (1926.51) .174 Compressed Air, Use of (1926.302) 174 Compressed Air, Working Under .175 Compressed Gas Cylinders (1926.350) .176 Compressed Gas Welding 178 Concrete Construction (1926.701) .179 Concrete Cast-in-Place (1926.703) 181 Confined Spaces (1910.146 and 1926.21) .183 Construction Masonry (1926.706) .188 Conveyors (1926.555) 188 Cranes and Derricks (1926.550) 189 Rated Loads 189 Hand Signals 190 Crane Inspections .190 Wire Rope 190 Guarding .194 Fueling 195 Electrical Concerns 195 Modifications 196 Crawler, Locomotive, and Truck Cranes 196 Hammerhead Tower Cranes .196 Overhead and Gantry Cranes .196xviii Table of Contents Derricks 197 Floating Cranes and Derricks 197 Crane- and Derrick-Suspended Personnel Platforms 197 Platform Operations .197 Platform Specifications 198 Rigging .198 Inspection and Proof Test 199 Work Practices .199 Traveling .200 Prelift Meeting 200 Demolition (1926.850) .200 Chutes (1926.852) 201 Removal of Materials through Floor Openings (1926.853) 201 Removal of Walls, Masonry Sections, and Chimneys (1926.854) .201 Manual Removal of Floors (1926.855) .202 Removal of Walls, Floors, and Material with Equipment (1926.856) .202 Storage (1926.857) .202 Removal of Steel Construction (1926.858) .202 Mechanical Demolition (1926.859) .203 Selective Demolition by Explosives (1926.860) .203 Disposal Chutes (1926.252) .203 Diving (1926.1071) 204 Drinking Water .208 Eating and Drinking Areas (1926.51) 208 Egress (1926.34) .208 Electrical (1926.400) 208 General Requirements (1926.403) .208 Working Distances .209 Guarding Electrical Equipment 211 Conductors Exceeding 600 Volts 211 Installations Accessible to Unqualified Persons 212 Lighting Outlets 213 Wiring Design and Protection (1926.404) .213 Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupters 213 Assured Grounding Program .213 Requirements for Outlets .216 Outdoor Conductors .216 Disconnects .217 Overcurrent Protection .217 Fuses and Circuit Breakers 218 Grounding .218 Separately Derived Systems .218 Portable- and Vehicle-Mounted Generators 219 Neutral Conductor Bonding .219 Ground Connections .219 Supports and Enclosures for Conductors 220 Nonelectrical Equipment 221 Effective Grounding .221 Bonded Conductors 221Table of Contents xix Made Electrodes .221 Grounded High Voltage .221 Wiring Methods, Components, and Equipment for General Use (1926.405) 222 General Requirements 222 Temporary Wiring 222 General Requirements for Temporary Wiring 222 Receptacles Must be of the Grounding Type 222 Temporary Lights .223 Boxes 223 Flexible Cords and Cables .223 Guarding .224 Cabinets, Boxes, and Fittings 225 Knife Switches .225 Switchboards and Panelboards .225 Wet or Damp Locations .225 Conductors 225 Fixtures .226 Receptacles .226 Appliances 226 Motors .227 Transformers .228 Fire Protection 228 Transformer Guidelines 228 Capacitors .228 Specific Purpose Equipment and Installation (1926.406) .228 Elevators, Escalators, and Moving Walks .229 Electric Welder Disconnects 229 X-ray Equipment 229 Hazardous (Classified) Locations (1926.407) .230 Special Systems (1926.408) .231 Installations Emerging from the Ground .231 Interrupting and Isolating Devices .232 Mobile and Portable Equipment 232 Guarding Live Parts .232 Tunnel Installations 232 Classification: Class 1, Class 2, or Class 3 Remote Control, Signaling, or Power-Limited Circuits 233 Communications Systems 233 Electrical Work Practices (1926.416) 234 Lockout/Tagging of Circuits (1926.417) .234 Safety-Related Maintenance and Environmental Considerations .235 Maintenance of Equipment (1926.431) .235 Environmental Deterioration of Equipment (1926.432) .235 Employee Emergency Action Plans (1926.35) 236 Excavations/Trenches (1926.650) 236 Specific Excavation Requirements (1926.651) .237 Utilities .237 Egress Ramps and Runways 237 Equipment and Loads .238xx Table of Contents Hazardous Atmospheres .239 Water Accumulation 239 Below Level Excavations .240 Loose Materials 240 Inspections 240 Walkways and Barriers 241 Requirements for Protective Systems (1926.652) .241 Slopes .241 Support, Shield, and Other Protective Systems .242 Shield Systems .244 Explosives and Blasting (1926.900) 244 Blaster Qualifications (1926.901) 245 General Provisions .245 Transporting Explosives (1926.902) 246 Use of Explosives (1926.904 and 905) .247 Electrical Blasting (1926.906) .248 Safety Fuse (1926.907) 249 Using Detonating Cord (1926.908) .250 Firing a Blast (1926.909) .250 Handling Misfires (1926.911) 251 General Guidelines .251 Eye and Face Protection (1926.102) 251 Fall Protection (1926.500–503) .252 Scope, Application, and Definitions Applicable to This Subpart (1926.500) 252 Duty to Have Fall Protection (1926.501) 253 Fall Protection Systems Criteria and Practices (1926.502) .255 Guardrail Systems 255 Safety Nets .257 Personal Fall Arresting System .258 Warning Lines 261 Safety Monitoring System .263 Covers .263 Overhead Protection .263 Fall Protection Plan 265 Training Requirements (1926.503) 266 Fire Protection and Prevention (1926.150) 266 Fire Prevention — Storage (CFR 1926.151) .269 Flammable and Combustible Liquids (1926.152) .270 Flagperson (1926.201) 273 Floor and Wall Openings (1926.501) 273 Food Handling (1926.51) .273 Foot Protection (1926.96) 273 Hand Protection 274 Hand and Power Tools/Guarding (1926.300) 274 Hand Tools (1926.301) 275 Hazard Communications (1926.59) .276 Written Hazard Communication Program .277 Information Provided by the Employer .277 Training Provided by the Employer 277Table of Contents xxi Multiple Employer Sites 278 Owner’s/Contractor’s Responsibilities 278 Hazardous Waste Operations (1926.65) 278 Written Safety and Health Program 279 Site Safety and Health Plan .280 Site Evaluation .280 Site Control 282 Training 282 Medical Surveillance 284 Hazard Controls 285 Personal Protective Equipment 286 Monitoring 286 Handling and Transporting Hazardous Materials 287 Lab Packs .288 Drum or Container Staging 288 Decontamination .288 Emergency Response Plan .289 Sanitation 290 New Technologies 290 RCRA .290 Emergency Response .291 Emergency Response Training 294 Head Protection (1926.100) .294 Hearing Protection — Occupational Noise Exposure (1926.52) 295 Heating Devices (Temporary) (1926.154) .296 Heavy Equipment, Preventing Slips and Falls 296 Helicopters (1926.551) .297 Hoist, Base-Mounted Drum (1926.553) 299 Hoists, Material (1926.552) .299 Hoist, Overhead (1926.554) .301 Hoist, Personnel 301 Housekeeping (1926.25) .303 Chapter 8 Construction Safety: I through W . 305 Illumination (1926.56) 305 Jacks (1926.305) .305 Ladders (1926.1053) .306 Fixed Ladders .307 Rules for All Ladders .309 Lift-Slab Construction (1926.705) .313 Liquid-Fuel Tools (1926.302) 314 Liquid Petroleum Gas (1926.153) 314 Lockout/Tagout (1910.147) 315 Energy Control Program 316 Lockout/Tagout Devices 317 Periodic Inspections .317 Training and Communications .318 Energy Isolation .319xxii Table of Contents Established Procedure 319 Lockout or Tagout Device Application .319 Stored Energy .319 Release from Lockout or Tagout .320 Testing or Positioning 320 Outside Personnel (Subcontractors, etc.) .320 Group Lockout or Tagout 321 Shift or Personnel Changes 321 Marine Equipment (1926.605) .321 Material Handling and Storage (1926.250) .322 Material Handling Equipment (1926.602) .323 Medical Services and First Aid (CFR 1926.23 and .50) .326 Motor Vehicles and Mechanized Equipment (1926.601) 327 Nonpotable Water (1926.51) 328 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (1926.95) .328 Pile Driving (1926.603) .328 Pneumatic Tools (1926.302) 330 Potable Water (1926.51) 331 Powder-Actuated Guns (1926.302) 331 Power Tools (1926.300) .333 Power Tools, Electrical (1926.302) .333 Power Tools, Fuel Driven (1926.302) .334 Power Tools, Hydraulic (1926.302) .334 Power Transmission and Distribution (1926.950) .335 Tools and Protective Equipment (1926.951) .335 Mechanical Equipment (1926.952) 336 Material Handling (1926.953) 336 Grounding for Protection of Employees (1926.954) .336 Overhead Lines (1926.955) 337 Metal Tower Construction .337 Stringing and Removing De-energized Conductors 338 Stringing Adjacent to Energized Lines 338 Live-Line Bare-Hand Work .339 Underground Lines (1926.956) 339 Construction in Energized Substations (1926.957) .340 External Load Helicopters (1926.958) .340 Lineman’s Body Belts, Safety Straps, and Lanyards (1926.959) .340 Precast Concrete (1926.704) 340 Process Chemical Safety Management (1926.64) .341 Requirements 342 Process Hazard Analysis 343 Employer Responsibility 344 Contractor Responsibility .345 The Process 345 New Operations 346 Hot Work 346 Management Change 346 Emergency Action Plan .347 Compliance Certification .347 Radiation, Ionizing (1926.53) 347Table of Contents xxiii Radiation, Nonionizing (Lasers) (1926.54) .347 Rigging (1926.251) .348 Rigging Equipment for Material Handling (1926.251) .348 Welded Alloy Steel Chains (1926.251) .349 Wire Ropes (1926.251) 350 Synthetic Rope (1926.251) 352 Web Slings (1926.251) 353 Shackles and Hooks (1926.251) 354 Rollover Protective Structures (1926.1000) 355 Safety Harness 356 Safety Nets (1926.105 and 502) 356 Scaffolds (1926.450) 357 General Requirements (1926.451) .358 Platforms .358 Scaffold Components .359 Supporting Scaffolds 360 Suspension Scaffolds 361 Accessing Scaffolds .363 Stairrails 364 Stairways and Ramps .364 Integrated Scaffold Access .364 Access During Erecting or Dismantling 365 Other Scaffold Rules 365 Fall Protection 366 Falling Object Protection .368 Additional Requirements Applicable to Specific Types of Scaffolds (1926.452) .369 Pole Scaffolds .369 Tubular and Coupler Scaffolds 370 Fabricated Frame Scaffolds .371 Plasterers’, Decorators’, and Large Area Scaffolds 371 Bricklayers’ Square Scaffolds 371 Horse Scaffolds 371 Form Scaffolds and Carpenters’ Bracket Scaffolds 372 Roof Bracket Scaffolds 372 Outrigger Scaffolds 372 Pump Jack Scaffolds 373 Ladder Jack Scaffolds 373 Window Jack Scaffolds 374 Crawling Boards (Chicken Ladders) .374 Step, Platform, and Trestle Ladder Scaffolds .374 Single-Point Adjustable Suspension Scaffolds 374 Boatswains’ Chair 374 Two-Point Adjustable Suspension Scaffolds (Swing Stages) .375 Multipoint Adjustable Suspension Scaffolds, Stonesetters’ Multipoint Adjustable Suspension Scaffolds, and Masons’ Multipoint Adjustable Suspension Scaffolds 375 Catenary Scaffolds .375 Float (Ship) Scaffolds 375 Interior Hung Scaffolds 376 Needle Beam Scaffolds 376xxiv Table of Contents Multi-Level Suspended Scaffolds 376 Mobile Scaffolds 376 Repair Bracket Scaffolds .377 Stilts 378 Training Requirements (1926.454) 378 Signs, Signals, and Barricades .379 Accident Prevention Signs/Tags 379 Site Clearance (1926.604) 380 Slips, Trips, and Falls .381 Stairways (1926.1052) 383 Steel Erection (1926.750) .385 Site Layout, Site-Specific Plan and Construction Sequence (1926.752) 387 Approval to Begin Steel Erection 387 Commencement of Steel Erection .387 Site Layout .387 Pre-planning of Overhead Hoisting Operations 387 Site-specific Erection Plan .387 Hoisting and Rigging (1926.753) 388 Pre-shift Visual Inspection of Cranes 388 Working under Loads .388 Multiple Lift Rigging Procedure .389 Structural Steel Assembly (1926.754) .389 Walking/Working Surfaces 389 Plumbing-up .390 Hoisting, Landing and Placing of Metal Decking Bundles 390 Covering Roof and Floor Openings 390 Installation of Metal Decking 391 Derrick Floors 391 Column Anchorage (1926.755) 391 General Requirements for Erection Stability 391 Repair, Replacement or Field Modification of Anchor Rods (Anchor Bolts) 392 Beams and Columns (1926.756) 392 General .392 Diagonal Bracing 392 Double Connections at Columns and/or at Beam Webs over a Column .392 Column Splices 392 Perimeter Columns .392 Open Web Steel Joists (1926.757) 393 General .393 Field-Bolted Joists 393 Attachment of Steel Joists and Steel Joist Girders .394 Erection of Steel Joists .394 Erection Bridging .395 Landing and Placing Loads .396 System-Engineering Metal Buildings (1926.758) .396 Falling Object Protection (1926.759) 397 Securing Loose Items Aloft .397 Protection from Falling Objects other than Materials Being Hoisted 397Table of Contents xxv Fall Protection (1926.760) .397 General Requirements 397 Connectors 397 Controlled Decking Zone (CDZ) .397 Criteria for Fall Protection Equipment 398 Custody of Fall Protection .398 Training (1926.761) .398 Training Personnel .398 Fall Hazard Training 398 Special Training Programs .399 Temporary Sleeping Quarters (1926.51) .399 Tire Cages (1926.600) 399 Toeboards .399 Toilets (1926.51) 399 Transportation .400 Tunnels/Shaft (Underground Construction) (1926.800) 401 Underground Construction (1926.800) 401 Egress and Access 402 Check-In/Check-Out .402 Communications .402 Emergencies .402 Gassy Operations 403 Air Quality 404 Hydrogen Sulfide .404 Flammable Gases .405 Ventilation 405 Illumination 406 Fire Prevention .406 Unstable Formations 407 Explosives and Blasting .408 Drilling .410 General Guidelines .410 Power Haulage .410 Electrical Safety .411 Cranes .411 Caissons (1926.801) .414 Cofferdams (1926.802) 414 Compressed Air (1926.803) .414 Medical Requirements 414 Medical Lock 415 Identifying Workers .415 Communications .416 Signs and Records 416 Compression .416 Decompression .417 Manlocks 417 Special Decompression Chamber 418 Compressor Plant and Air Supply .418 Compressed Air Ventilation and Air Quality 419xxvi Table of Contents Sanitation 420 Fire Prevention .420 Bulkheads and Safety Screens .421 Vermin Control (1926.51) 421 Washing Facilities (1926.51) .421 Welding (1926.350) 422 Fire Prevention (1926.352) 422 Ventilation and Protection in Welding, Cutting, and Heating (1926.353) .424 Welding, Cutting, and Heating of Preservative Coatings (1926.354) 425 Woodworking Tools (1926.304) 426 Working over Water (1926.106) 427 Chapter 9 Industrial Hygiene Activities in Construction 429 Background .429 Construction Industrial Hygiene 431 Physical Hazards 431 Ergonomic Hazards 432 Noise .433 The Ear .434 Biological Effects of Noise Exposure .436 Heat Stress 436 Cold Stress 441 Radiation .442 Health Hazards .444 Acute Health Effects 445 Chronic Health Effects .447 Chronic Disease 448 Birth Defects/Infertility 448 Biological Hazards .449 Routes of Entry and Modes of Action .450 The Cell 450 Eyes 450 Eye Hazards 450 Lungs and Inhalation 451 Respiration 453 Natural Defenses 454 Skin Absorption 455 Ingestion .456 Personal Exposure Guides .457 Chemical Exposure Guidelines 458 Time-Weighted Average (TWA) .459 Short-Term Exposure Limits (STELs) 460 Ceiling Limit 460 Skin Absorption Notation 460 Types of Airborne Contaminants .461 Dusts .461 Fumes .462 Gases .463Table of Contents xxvii Mists .464 Vapors .464 Typical Hazardous Chemicals in Construction .465 Solvents 465 Cleaners 466 Acids and Bases .466 Adhesives and Sealants 468 Fuels .468 Wood 470 Exposure Monitoring 471 Biological Monitoring 475 Medical Questionnaire .475 Pulmonary Function Tests .476 Electrocardiogram 476 Chest X-rays .477 Known Cancer-Causing Chemicals and Hazardous Construction Materials 478 Construction Training Requirements .478 Chapter 10 Personal Protective Equipment 489 Introduction .489 Protective Equipment for Noise .489 Eye Protection 490 Head Protection 491 Foot Protection .491 Hand Protection 492 Chemical-Protective Equipment Standards 492 Chemical-Protective Clothing 497 Protective-Clothing Applications .498 The Clothing Ensemble 499 Level of Protection .500 EPA Levels of Protection 500 Ensemble Selection Factors .503 Chemical Hazards 503 Physical Environment 503 Duration of Exposure .504 Protective Clothing .504 Classification of Protective Clothing .504 Performance 505 Design .506 Service Life 508 Protective Clothing Selection Factors 508 Clothing Design 508 Design Considerations 508 Material Chemical Resistance 508 Permeation 509 Degradation 510 Penetration 510 Sources of Information .510xxviii Table of Contents Physical Properties .511 Ease of Decontamination .511 Cost .511 General Guidelines .511 Decide if the Clothing Item is Intended to Provide Vapor, Liquid-Splash, or Particulate Protection .511 Determine if the Clothing Item Provides Full Body Protection .512 Evaluate Manufacturer Chemical Resistance Data Provided with the Clothing 512 Obtain and Examine the Manufacturer’s Instruction or Technical Manual .514 Obtain and Inspect Sample Clothing Item Garments 514 Field Selection of Chemical-Protective Clothing 514 Management Program 515 Written Management Program .515 Program Review and Evaluation .515 Types of Standard Operating Procedures 515 Selection of Protective Clothing Components 516 Clothing Donning, Doffing, and Use .516 Donning the Ensemble .516 Doffing an Ensemble .517 Sample Donning Procedures 517 Sample Doffing Procedures .518 User Monitoring and Training .519 Work Mission Duration .519 Decontamination Procedures 519 Definition and Types 519 Prevention of Contamination .520 Contamination Due to Permeation .520 Decontamination Methods .521 Testing the Effectiveness of Decontamination 521 Decontamination Plan 522 Decontamination for Protective Clothing Reuse .522 Emergency Decontamination .523 Inspection, Storage, and Maintenance .523 Inspection .523 Records .524 Storage 525 Maintenance .525 Training .525 Heat Stress Due to Clothing 526 Body Water Loss 527 Respiratory Protection 527 Respiratory Protection Physical Limitations .527 Air-Purifying Respirators .528 Limitations of Air-Purifying Respirators (APRs) .529 Respirator Fit 529 Qualitative Fit Testing .529 Quantitative Fit Testing .530 Routine Personal Fit Tests .530 Medical Fitness to Wear a Respirator .530Table of Contents xxix Facial Hair and Respiratory Protection .530 Care and Cleaning of Respirators 531 Inspection .531 Cleaning and Disinfecting 531 Repairs 532 Storage 532 Respirator Program 532 NIOSH Recommendation 533 Chapter 11 Ergonomics in Construction . 535 Back Injury Prevention 535 Back Injury — Background .535 Preventive Actions .539 Good Health and a Healthy Back 541 Anatomy of Back Structure .542 Back Injury Management .543 First Aid: Taking Care of Your Own Back .544 Warm-Up and Stretching Exercises .545 Use of Back Belts 545 Preventing Back Injuries 546 Back Injury Prevention Program .546 Summary .547 Cumulative Trauma Disorders in Construction .548 Preventing CTDs 552 Construction Tasks and Ergonomic Risks .552 Tools and Their Design 556 Hand Tool Design to Reduce CTDs 556 Existing Equipment/Tools and Their Applications .560 Conducting Ergonomics Assessments .562 Ergonomics Regulations .563 Ergonomics Programs 563 Summary .563 References .563 Chapter 12 Construction Safety and Health Manual . 565 Cover .565 Safety and Health Policy 567 Table of Contents or Index 567 Responsibility and Accountability .567 Company Policies and Procedures .568 Parking Facilities and Site Access .568 Identification .568 Driving Rules .568 Security .569 Employment .569 Hours of Work .569 Checking in and out .569 Payday 569xxx Table of Contents A Full Day’s Work 569 Issuing, Care, and Use of Materials and Equipment .570 Visits to the Doctor 570 Coffee, Smoking, and Vending Machines .570 Drinking Water .570 Sanitary Facilities .570 Remaining in the Work Area .570 Absence from Work .570 A Category-One Violation .571 A Category-Two Violation 571 Some Cardinal Safety and Health Rules .571 Special Emphasis Programs and Permit-Required Procedures/Initiatives 572 Special Section on First Aid 572 Other Sections 573 Rules and SOPs for Construction-Specific Tasks .573 Reference Materials, Diagrams, and Illustrations 583 Acknowledgment of Receipt of S&H Handbook/Manual .583 Chapter 13 OSHA Compliance . 585 OSHA Standards 586 Protections Under the OSHAct 587 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) .588 Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC) 590 Employer Responsibilities Under the OSHAct .591 Workers’ Rights and Responsibilities Under the OSHAct .591 Discrimination Against Workers 592 Right to Information .593 Assuring a Safe and Healthy Workplace .593 Workers’ Complaints 594 OSHA Inspections 594 Workers’ Complaints and Requests for Inspections .596 Citations, Penalties, and other Enforcement Measures .596 State OSHA Plans 598 Worker Training .599 Occupational Injuries and Illnesses .599 Medical and Exposure Records .605 Posting 607 What to do When OSHA Comes Knocking 607 Inspection Process 609 Mitigating the Damage .609 Closing Conference 610 After the Inspector Leaves .610 Make the Inspection a Positive Experience .610 Focused Inspections in Construction .611 Specific Guidelines 613 Multi-Employer Worksites .615 Summary .616 References .616Table of Contents xxxi Chapter 14 Construction Standards . 619 Federal Laws 619 OSHAct .619 The Content of the OSHAct 619 The Regulatory Process 622 The Federal Register 624 The Code of Federal Regulations 624 Regulation Paragraph Numbering System .626 29 CFR 1926 — Safety and Health Regulations for Construction 628 Subpart A — General 628 Subpart B — General Interpretations 628 Subpart C — General Safety and Health Provisions 629 Subpart D — Occupational Health and Environmental Controls .630 Subpart E — Personal Protective and Life Saving Equipment 632 Subpart F — Fire Protection and Prevention 633 Subpart G — Signs, Signals, and Barricades 634 Subpart H — Materials Handling, Storage, Use, and Disposal 634 Subpart I — Tools: Hand and Power 635 Subpart J — Welding and Cutting 636 Subpart K — Electrical 637 Subpart L — Scaffolding .639 Subpart M — Fall Protection 640 Subpart N — Cranes, Derricks, Hoists, Elevators, and Conveyors 641 Subpart O — Motor Vehicles, Mechanized Equipment, and Marine Operations 642 Subpart P — Excavations 643 Subpart Q — Concrete and Masonry Construction 644 Subpart R — Steel Erection 645 Subpart S — Tunnels, Shafts, Caissons, Cofferdams, and Compressed Air .646 Subpart T — Demolition .647 Subpart U — Blasting and Use of Explosives 648 Subpart V — Power Transmission and Distribution 649 Subpart W — Rollover Protective Structures, Overhead Protection 650 Subpart X — Stairways and Ladders 651 Subpart Y — Commercial Diving Operations 652 Subpart Z — Toxic and Hazardous Substances 653 More Detailed and Other Sources of Regulatory Information 654 Chapter 15 Workers’ Compensation 655 Employers’ Liability .655 Workers’ Compensation as an Exclusive Remedy 656 Covered Employment .657 Covered Events .657 Selecting the Physician 658 Benefits .659 Cash Benefits 659 Benefits for Total Disability 660 Benefits for Partial Disability 661 Survivor Benefits 661xxxii Table of Contents Medical Benefits .662 Rehabilitation 662 Background .662 Medical Rehabilitation .662 Vocational Rehabilitation .663 Administration 663 Risk Management .664 Insurance .664 Loss Control .665 Summary .666 References .666 Chapter 16 Resources and Information Access 667 The Computer .668 Professional Organizations and Agencies 668 Federal Government Sources .670 Construction-Related Associations 671 Electronic Sources (Internet) 674 Government 675 Other Sources .675 Consultants .675 Construction Organizations 676 Books 676 Selecting Consultants .677 Chapter 17 Construction Terms and Slang . 679 Construction Terms 679 Construction Slang .714 Reference 719 Chapter 18 Summary . 721 Planning the Safety and Health Initiative 722 The People in Construction Safety and Health .722 Construction Workers 722 Supervisors .723 The Supervisor’s Ten Commandments of Safety .724 Safety and Health Professionals 725 Contractors .725 People .726 Programs .726 Hazards .727 OSHA/Regulations .727 This Book is for You .728 Incorporate Safety and Health .728 Appendix A NAICS versus SIC 729Table of Contents xxxiii Appendix B Construction Training Requirements . 733 Appendix C Sample of Written Hazard Communication Program . 755 Company Policy .755 Company Commitment 755 Employee Responsibility 756 Program Manager/Coordinator .756 Chemical Inventory 756 Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) Policy 756 Container Labeling Policy 757 Employee Information 757 Hazardous Nonroutine Tasks .758 Emergency Procedures .758 Multi-Employer Jobsites 758 Appendix D 29 CFR 1926 Construction Standards — Jobsite Audit Instruments 759 Safety-Related Work Practices 767 Safety-Related Maintenance and Environmental Considerations .767 Safety Requirements for Special Equipment .767 Appendix E Electrical Hazardous Location Classification 777 Appendix F Rigging — The Crosby User’s Lifting Guide 783 Appendix G Jobsite Rules 795 Appendix H Ergonomics Program Survey Instruments 799 Appendix I OSHA Regional Offices and Offices of State-Approved Plans . 817 Appendix J 29 CFR 1926 Key Words 823 Appendix K Definitions for Subparts of 29 CFR 1926 831 Appendix L Crane Illustrations 873 Appendix M Scaffolds and Aerial Lift Illustration 881
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