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أخوانى فى الله أحضرت لكم كتاب International Petroleum Encyclopedia 2007 International Petroleum Encyclopedia is published annually by: PennWell Corporation Chairman Frank T. Lauinger President and CEO Robert F. Biolchini Senior Vice-President, Finance and Administration, CFO Mark Wilmoth Editor Joseph Hilyard Managing Editor Marla Patterson Director Mary McGee Art Director Sheila Brock Lead Illustrator Kay Wayne Production Manager Traci Huntsman
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Guest Essay iv Chronology 2006 x Encyclopedia & Atlas North America United States . 1 Gulf of Mexico . 37 Alaska . 51 Canada 58 Latin America Argentina 81 Belize .89 Bolivia .90 Brazil . 91 Chile .100 Columbia 101 Cuba .105 Equador 107 Guatemala .110 Jamaica 111 Mexico .112 Nicaragua .120 Peru . 121 Trinidad & Tobago .124 Venezuela .125 Europe Albania .133 Austria .135 Belgium 136 Bulgaria 137 Croatia .138 Czech Republic .138 Denmark 140 Finland . 141 France . 141 Germany 145 Greece .146 Hungary 146 Ireland . 147 Italy .148 Malta 150 Netherlands 151 Norway .152 Poland . 157 Portugal 158 Romania 158 Slovakia 159 Spain 160 Sweden . 161 Turkey 161 United Kingdom .163 Middle East Bahrain .169 Iran 171 Iraq 175 Israel 178 Kuwait .180 Oman 182 Qatar 185 Saudi Arabia . 187 Syria . 191 United Arab Emirates .192 Yemen 193 Africa Algeria . 197 Angola .205 Cameroon .209 Chad .210 Congo (Brazzaville) .212 Congo (Former Zaire) .213 Egypt 214IPE 2007 iii Equatorial Guinea .218 Gabon 220 Ivory Coast 221 Libya . 221 Madagascar .225 Mali .225 Mauritania .226 Morocco 228 Mozambique .229 Nigeria .230 South Africa .235 Sudan 236 Tanzania 239 Tunisia .240 Uganda . 241 Former Soviet Union Armenia 245 Azerbaijan .248 Georgia .250 Kazakhstan 253 Kyrgyzstan 260 Lithuania 260 Russia 261 Tajikstan 272 Turmenistan 273 Ukraine .274 Uzbekistan 276 China .279 Asia-Pacific Afghanistan 291 Australia 293 Bangladesh 301 Brunei 303 East Timor .303 India .304 Indonesia .316 Japan 321 Malaysia 323 Mongolia 327 Myanmar .328 New Zealand .329 Pakistan 330 Papua New Guinea 331 Philippines 332 Singapore .333 South Korea .334 Taiwan .336 Thailand 336 Vietnam 338 Key Stats & Tables Key Stats Future energy supply .340 Reserves and production 344 Drilling and exploration . 351 Investment and markets 367 Trade and tankers .368 LNG—Industry outlook . 371 LNG—Liquefaction and receiving .375 LNG—Carrier fl eet 379 LNG—Risks and opportunities 382 Refi ning and products 384 Gas processing and products .390 Petrochemicals outlook .398 Statistical Tables World reserves and production 406 Oil consumption, production, reserves, and trade World Oil Consumption .408 World Petroleum Product Consumption 410 World Oil Production .412 Historical Oil Reserves 416 World Oil Imports and Exports 417 World Oil Trade Movements 418 World Oil Balance .419 Oil refi ning Summary of Operating Refi neries Worldwide 421 World Refi ning Capacity 423 World Refi nery Throughput 427 World Refi ning Margins . 427 Natural gas consumption, production, and trade World Natural Gas Consumption 428 World Natural Gas Production 430 World Natural Gas Trade Movements: Pipelines 431 World Natural Gas Trade Movements: LNG .434 Petroleum Prices Crude Oil Prices 434 Petroleum Product Prices .435 Comparative Energy Prices . 435 Price History of Oil, Gas, and Gasoline 436 International Rig Count . 437 Information Sources National Oil Companies and Energy Ministries 440 Glossary of Abbreviations and Acronyms .455 Advertiser’s Index .462 Index of Contents .462 Fold-out Map Legend A Aasgard-Kristin-Mikkel crude oil blend, 155 Abalone field, 96 abbreviations/acronyms, 455–461 Abkatun-Pol-Chuc field, 113 Abu Dhabi, 192 Abu Jifan field, 188 Abu Rabah field, 191 access to resources (U.S.), 12–16: BLM study, 12–13; MMS proposed 2007 OCS lease sales, 13; OCS leasing reform enacted, 13; extended reach drilling, 13– 14; T-Ridge prospect, 14– 15; inaccessible resources, 14–15; undiscovered technically recoverable resource, 15; total hydrocarbon endowment, 15–16 Adas field, 128 Adriatic Sea, 133 Afghanistan, 291–293: resource base reassessment, 291– 292; Afghan-Tajik basin, 291–292; Amu Darya basin, 291–292; Angot oil field, 292 Afghan-Tajik basin, 291–292 Africa, 196–243: Algeria, 197, 202–204; maps, 198–201, 204–207, 211, 213, 221– 222, 224–227, 229, 231, 233, 240, 242; Angola, 205–208, 238; Cameroon, 209–211; Chad, 210–211; Congo (Brazzaville), 212– 213; Congo (Former Zaire), 213–214; Egypt, 214–218; Equatorial Guinea, 218– 220; Gabon, 220–221; Ivory Coast, 221; Libya, 221–224; Madagascar, 225; Mali, 225–226; Mauritania, 226–228; Morocco, 228; Mozambique, 229–230; Nigeria, 230–235; South Africa, 235–236; Sudan, 236–239; Tanzania, 239– 240; Tunisia, 240–241; Uganda, 241–243; Benin, 243; Gambia, 243; Ghana, 243; Ethiopia, 243; Kenya, 243 Agbami field, viii Aguaytia field, 121 Aikagalskaya field, 262 air quality issues (U.S.), 31 Ajapa field, 232 Akcakoca subbasin project, 161–162 Akkulka block, 255 Al Ain-Fujairah pipeline, 193 Al Khaleej gas project, 185 Al Rasem field, 191 Al Shaheen field, 185 Al Wafa field, 222 Alabama, 17 Al-Ahdab field, 176, 178 Alaminos Canyon, 43 Alaska Natural Gas Pipeline project, 51–52 Alaska Peninsula, 57 Alaska, 50–58: maps, 50–51, 54–55, 57; North Slope, 50–58; transportation, 51–53; Alaska Natural Gas Pipeline project, 51–52; Point Thompson Unit settlement, 52; BP pipeline leak, 52–53; gas reserves tax plan, 52; exploration and development, 53, 56; North Slope plays, 53–55; Cook Inlet basin, 53, 57; North Slope joint venture, 53; Oooguruk development project, 53, 56; Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, 53, 55; National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska, 54; Beaufort basin, 56; Chukchi basin, 56; Beaufort Sea leases, 56–57; gas hydrates, Advertisers Halliburton ix Vallourec & Mannesmann Tubes xvii Tulsa University . 277 ContentsIPE 2007 463 Index 56; lease sales, 56–57; MMS 2007– 2012 OCS lease plans, 56–57; Alaska Peninsula lease sale, 57; drilling and production, 58; Alpine satellite fields, 58; company news, 58 Albacora Leste field, 91, 98 Albania, 133, 135, 137–138, 159, 440: crude oil, 133; exploration and development, 135; Patos Marinza EOR plan, 135; Durresi block, 135; pipelines, 135; AMBO pipeline, 135, 137–138, 159 Albania-Macedonia-Bulgaria (AMBO) pipeline, 135, 137–138, 159 Albert graben basin, 213–214, 242 Alberta Energy and Utilities Board (EUB), 66–67 Alberta Energy Research Institute (AERI), 58 Alberta, 58, 64–70, 72, 75: oil sands development, 65–70; coalbed methane, 75 Algeria, 148, 197, 202–204, 289, 440: exploration and development, 197; natural gas, 197, 202; Block 405b, 197; crude oil, 202, 204; Zotti block, 202; Timimoun basin, 202; Reggane basin, 202; Illizi basin discovery, 202–203; LNG, 202, 204; drilling and production, 203; In Amenas gas project, 203; development investment, 203; pipelines, 203–204; Galsi project, 203; NK-1 pipeline, 203; Medgaz pipeline, 203–204; policy, 204; oil windfall profits tax, 204 Algeria-Spain pipeline, 203 Almada basin, 96 Almeria-Albacete pipeline, 204 Alpine satellite fields, 58 Alternative motor fuels, 161 Alyat-Deniz field, 248–249 Al-Zour refinery, 182 Amadeus basin, 300 Amatique basin, 110 Amazon headwaters development, 107 American Gas Association (AGA), 11–12: U.S. gas reserves, 11–12 American Petroleum Institute (API), 12 ammonia plants, 301 Amu Daria basin, 273 Amu Darya basin, 291–292 Amu Darya River, 288 Anadarko basin, 16 Anadarko Canada Corp., 79 Andaman Sea, 328 Andrean Community, 121 Angel field, 295 Angola, 202, 205–208, 219, 238, 440: exploration and development, 205– 206; Block 17, 205; Block 31 strikes, 205; Block 32 discoveries, 206; deepwater fields, 206; Cabinda area, 206; drilling and production, 206– 208; Dalia field, 206; Block 14, 206; Tombau-Landana area, 206; Greater Plutonio fields, 207; Kissanje blend crude assay, 207–208; Kizomba B project, 207; Kizomba C subsea systems, 207; Belize oil field, 208; OPEC membership, 238 Angot oil field, 292 Annular coiled tubing fracturing, 17 Antanavas prospect, 260 Antrim Energy Inc., 88–89 Antwerp facility closure, 137 Apache Corp., 49, 89, 216: GOM, 49 Aqaba-Rehab pipeline, 217 Aquitaine basin, 142 Arabian Sea, 305, 330 Arctic Islands, 67 Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR), 53, 55 Arctic service (LNG tanker), 381 Argentina basin, 87 Argentina, 81, 85–89, 91, 130–131, 440: Argentina-Bolivia agreement, 81, 91; exploration and development, 81, 85– 87; Salta Province, 81, 85–86; seismic exploration, 85–87; deepwater shelf exploration, 85; Tierra del Fuego, 86; North Falkland basin, 86; offshore basins, 87–88; drilling and production, 87–88; wildcat drilling, 87; polymer flood EOR projects, 88– 89; other activity, 88–89; Petrolifera Petroleum Ltd., 88; Antrim Energy Inc., 88–89; Apache Corp., 89; Argentina-Venezuela pipeline 130–131 Argentina-Bolivia agreement, 81, 91 Argentina-Venezuela pipeline, 130–131 Argonauta field, 96 Arica-Sica pipeline, 101 Arkoma basin, 17 Armenia, 245, 248, 440: exploration and development, 245; Block 2, 245; pipelines, 248; Iran-Armenia pipeline, 248 Armenia-Iran pipeline, 248 Arthit field, 337 Asab field, 192 Ash Shaer field, 191 Asia-Pacific, 268, 290–339, 387–389: Afghanistan, 291–292; maps, 292–294, 297, 299, 302, 306–307, 310, 314–315, 316, 322, 324–328; Australia, 292–301; Bangladesh, 301–302; Brunei, 303; East Timor, 303–304; India, 304–305, 308–315; Southern Asia, 306–307; Indonesia, 316–320, 324–325; major discoveries, 316–317; Japan, 321–323; Malaysia, 323–327; Mongolia, 327–328; Myanmar, 328; New Zealand, 329; Pakistan, 330–331; Papua New Guinea, 331–332; Philippines, 332–333; Singapore, 333–334; South Korea, 334–335; Taiwan, 336; Thailand, 336–338; Vietnam, 338–339; refined products demand, 387–389 Assam petrochemical complex, 311–312 Assam Shelf discovery, 310 Atasu-Alaskhankou pipeline, 257 Athabasca Oil Sands Project (AOSP), 66 Athabasca oil sands, 65–66: Athabasca Oil Sands Project, 66 Atlantic Canada basins, 72 Atyrau refinery, 255 Atyrau-Samara pipeline, 255, 257 Austral basin, 100 Australia, 292–301, 321, 441: crude oil, 292–293; natural gas, 293; LNG, 293, 296–300; coalbed methane, 293, 300; exploration and development, 293–296; Carnarvon basin, 292–295, 297; Otway basin, 295–297, 301; Georgina basin, 295; Gippsland basin, 295–296; drilling and production, 296–299; Perth basin, 296; Bass basin, 297; Greater Gorgon Project, 298–299; Cooper basin, 299;464 IPE 2007 Index Eromanga basin, 299; Browse basin, 299; Clarence-Moreton basin, 300; Styx River basin, 300; Nagoorin Graben basin, 300; Gloucester basin, 300; Surat basin, 300; refining and processing, 300; Amadeus basin, 300; pipelines, 300–301; DampierBunbury pipeline, 300; Papua New Guinea-Australia pipeline, 300–301; petrochemicals, 301; environmental issues, 301 Australia-Papua New Guinea pipeline, 300–301, 331 Austral-Malvinas complex, 87 Austria, 135–136, 441: pipelines, 135– 136; TAG pipeline, 135; gas storage, 136; refining and processing, 136; biofuels plant, 136 Avouma field, 220 Ayashsky block, 264 Azadegan field, 171, 321 Azerbaijan International Operating Co. (AIOC), 248 Azerbaijan, 248–250, 441–442: exploration and development, 248–250; Azerbaijan International Operating Co., 248; Alyat-Deniz field, 248–249; drilling and production, 249; Shah Deniz field, 249; Azeri crude assay, 249; West Azeri field, 249; Azeri-ChiragGunashli complex, 249; pipelines, 248–250; Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline, 249–250 Azeri crude assay, 249 Azeri field, 249–250 Azeri-Chirag-Gunashli (ACG) complex, 249–250 Azov Sea, 275 B Babbage field, 163 Bahrain, 169, 442: Sitra refinery upgrade, 169 Bakassi Peninsula, 209 Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) pipeline, 162, 178, 249–250, 252, 256–257 Baku-Tbilisi-Erzurum pipeline, 252 Baleia Azul field, 93 Baleia Franca field, 93 Balgzand-Bacton Line, 151, 166 Balkan region, 133 Baltic Sea pipeline, 161 Baltic Sea, 161, 260 Banda field, 227–228 Bangladesh, 301–302, 442: Block 10, 301; Begumganj field, 301; Block 9, 301; Narsingdi field, 301; Bay of Bengal, 302; Sangu field, 302; Meghama Island, 302; Hatia Island, 302; Bangladesh-India pipeline, 302; Myanmar, 302 Barents Sea, 152, 265, 268 Barmer refinery, 311 Barnett shale, 19, 21 Barossa field, 303, 318 Barrancabermeja refinery, 103 Barrow Island, 298 Basin Edge Play, 251 Basker field, 295 Bass basin, 297 Bay of Bengal, 302 Bay of Cardenas, 106 Bayu field, 296 Bazma permit, 241 BC-10 project, 91, 96: block development, 96 Beaufort basin, 56 Beaufort Sea leases, 56–57: MMS 2007–2012 OCS plans, 56–57; 2006 awards, 57; 2007 sale, 57 Beaufort Sea, 56–57, 65–66: leases, 56– 57; McKenzie Delta area, 65 Begumganj field, 301 Beibu Gulf, 284–285 Belait field, 303 Belgium, 136–137: pipelines, 136; Interconnector pipeline, 136; LNG, 137; refining and processing, 137; refining capacity, 137; Lukoil outlets purchase, 137; refinery sale, 137; petrochemicals, 137; Antwerp facility closure, 137 Belize oil field, 208 Belize, 89, 442: discovery wells, 89 Bellota-Jujo field, 113 bend shale, 25 Benguela field, 208 Benin, 243 Berkine basin, 197 Beshkent-Togap field, 260 Bezzecca field, 148 BHP Billiton (GOM), 49 Bibi Hakimeh field, 173 Bidboland II gas processing plant, 173 Bigfoot discovery, 42 Bijar-Miandoab pipeline, 173 Bijupira-Salema field, 91 Bilca field, 158 Bintulu complex, 327 biodiesel fuel, 99, 136, 138, 141, 144, 159, 333: fuel supply/planning, 144 biodiesel plant, 99, 136, 138, 141, 144, 159, 333, 387: Brazil, 99; Austria, 136; Czech Republic, 138; Finland, 141; France, 144; Slovakia, 159; Philippines, 333 biofuels research, 387 biofuels, 30–31, 99–100, 136, 138, 141, 144, 159, 319, 333, 387–388: bioethanol, 30–31, 100, 138; research/plant construction, 387 Bioko Island, 209, 218–219: LNG plant, 218–219 Bismil exploration license, 162 bitumen basics, 69 bitumen deposits (Canada), 65 Bjarni field, 73 Black Sea, 256–257, 275 Blacktip field, 296 Block W05–16, 295 Bo Zhong 25-1/25-1S field, 285 Bohai Bay, 283, 285, 317 Bohai Gulf, 283 Bohai Sea, 282 Bolivia, 90–91, 99–100, 442: crude oil, 90; natural gas, 90; nationalization, 90; contract renegotiation, 90; production sharing contracts, 90; Venezuela support, 90–91; drilling activity, 91; gas accord withIPE 2007 465 Index Argentina, 91; gas exports to Brazil, 91, 99–100; Bolivia-Brazil pipeline, 99–100 Bolivia-Argentina agreement, 81, 91 Bolivia-Brazil pipeline, 99–100 Bolobo field, 210 Bombay High area, 310 Bonaparte Gulf, 296 Bongkot field, 337 Bonny LNG plant, 233 Bovanenkovskoye field, 261 BP pipeline leak, 52–53 Brass LNG project, 233 Brazil, 90–100, 103–104, 109, 442: crude oil, 91–93, 97–98; Campos basin, 91–94, 96–98; natural gas, 91–93; BC-10 block development, 91, 96; Golfinho field, 91, 98–99; natural gas liquids, 92; Santos basin, 92, 94–96; exploration and development, 92–96; Polvo field, 92, 96; Frade field, 92, 97; production growth, 92–93; oil/gas investment, 93; LNG, 93; Petrobras-Ecopetrol joint projects, 94, 103–104; licensing round 8 cancellation, 96; Royal Dutch Shell PLC, 96; Maersk Oil & Gas AS, 96; Manati field, 96; drilling and production, 96–99; DSS-38 semisubmersible, 96–97; drilling activity, 97; FPSO, 96–99; oil production record, 97–98; oil self-sufficiency, 98; refining and processing, 99; Petrobras-PdVSA refinery, 99; H-Bio biodiesel fuel, 99; Pasqualini refinery, 99; pipelines, 99–100; pipeline construction, 99– 100; Bolivia-Brazil pipeline, 99–100; Southern pipeline, 100; ethanol pipeline, 100; Brazil-Ecuador energy alliance, 109 Brazil-Ecuador energy alliance, 109 Brecknock field, 299 British Gas (BG), 178 Browse basin, 299 Brugdan discovery, 140 Brunei, 303, 317, 442: Champion West field, 303; Seria field, 303; Block L, 303; Block M, 303; Belait field, 303 Bukom refinery, 333 Bulgaria, 137–138, 442: pipelines, 137– 138; AMBO pipeline, 137–138; EU membership, 138 Bunga Raya B-Ca Mau pipeline, 338 Burgas-Alexandroupolis pipeline, 159 Burlington Resources, 79 Buttress field, 301 Buzi field, 229 C Ca Ngu Vang field, 338 Caan field, 113 Cabinda area, 206 Cachalote field, 93 Caesar prospect, 43 Cairn Energy PLC, 315 Calauit field, 332–333 Caldita discovery, 293 California, 20, 34–35: LNG terminals, 34–35 Callawonga field, 297 Calliance field, 299 CALNEV pipeline, 25 Camamu basin, 96 Cambodia-Thailand Joint Development Area, 336–337 Cameron Highway Oil Pipeline, 44 Cameroon, 209–211, 219, 442: ChadCameroon Petroleum Development and Pipeline Project, 209–211; ChadCameroon pipeline, 209–211; Dissoni block strike, 209; PH-77 license operator, 209; Kombe-N’sepe block change, 209; license round plans, 209; natural gas development, 209 Cameroon-Chad pipeline, 209–211 Camisea field, 121–122 Camisea-Chile pipeline, 101 Cammarata-Possillo field, 150 Campeche Gulf, 112–113 Campos basin, 91–94, 96–98 Canada, 37, 58–79, 289, 346, 349–350, 367, 443–444, 461: LNG terminals, 37, 79; overview, 58–61; maps, 59–61, 64, 66–68, 70, 72–73, 75–76, 78; oil/gas supply forecast, 58–61; White Rose field, 59–60, 62–63; coalbed methane, 59–60, 74–76, 346, 349–350; Eastern Canada offshore, 59, 62–64; Western Canada, 61–63; LNG, 61, 79; drilling and production, 61–65; drilling activity, 61–65; taxfree energy trusts, 63; Deep Panuke development project, 64; Alberta, 64, 66–68, 72, 75; Newfoundland, 64–65, 72–74; C-NLOPB resource estimates, 65; Saskatchewan, 65, 75; Northwest Territories, 65; oil sands, 65–71, 289; Athabasca oil sands, 65–66; Suncor Energy, 66, 70; Syncrude Canada, 66, 71; Athabasca Oil Sands Project, 66; Beaufort Sea, 66; Arctic Islands, 67; North American Oil Sands Corp., 67, 70; Petro-Canada, 68, 70; Shell Canada Ltd., 69; ConocoPhillips-EnCana joint venture, 70–71; Deer Creek Energy, 71; Husky Energy, 71; Chevron Corp., 71; exploration and development, 72–75, 77; Atlantic Canada basins, 72; Labrador, 73; Hopedale basin, 73; Jeanne d’Arc basin, 73; East Orphan basin, 73; Nova Scotia, 74, 76; Northwest Territories, 74; pipelines, 76–78; Keystone pipeline, 76–77; Mackenzie Delta pipeline, 77; Trans Mountain pipeline, 77–78; Husky Alberta pipeline, 77; Talisman Lynx pipeline, 78; refining and processing, 78–79; St. John refinery project, 78; Edmonton hydrogen plant, 78; company news, 79; gas shale, 346, 349–350; investments, 367 Canada-Newfoundland and Labrador Offshore Petroleum Board (C-NLOPB), 65 Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers (CAPP), 58–59 Canadian Energy Research Institute (CERI), 65 Canadian Natural Resources Ltd., 79 Canadian Oil Sands Trust, 71 Canasi field, 105 Cannonball field, 124 Cantarell field, 112–114, 116 carbon dioxide capture/storage, 298, 301 carbon dioxide, 17, 31, 298, 301, 363– 364: EOR, 17, 363–364; air quality, 31; storage, 298, 301466 IPE 2007 Index carbon monoxide plant, 189 Caribbean Sea, 102–104, 120: exploration, 120 Caribbean-Pacific pipeline, 130 Caribe field, 111 Carnarvon basin, 292–295, 297–299 Carpathian region, 158–159 Cartagena refinery (Spain), 160 Cartegena refinery (Colombia), 103 Casino field, 297 Caspian Pipeline Consortium (CPC), 256–258 Caspian Sea, 248–259, 261–262, 273 Castellon refinery, 160 catalysts market forecast, 28–29 causeway development, 164 Cavalo Marinho field, 95 Cebu Island, 332 Cedro field, 95 Ceiba field, 219 cellulosic ethanol development (U.S.), 30 Cendor field, 326 Central Safaniya field, 189 Chad, 210–211: World Bank oil revenues dispute, 210; tax dispute with producers, 210; new field investment, 210–211; ChadCameroon Petroleum Development and Pipeline Project, 210–211; Chad-Cameroon pipeline, 210–211; Chinese Petroleum Corp.-Chad agreement, 211; Lake Chad basin, 211; Doba basin, 211 Chad-Cameroon Petroleum Development and Pipeline Project, 209–211 Chad-Cameroon pipeline, 209–211 Chad-Chinese Petroleum Corp. agreement, 211 Champion West field, 303 Changbei field, 327 Charmottes field, 142 Charter for Ethanol E85 (E-85), 144 Chaunoy field, 142 Cheal field, 329 Chengdu ethylene plant, 287 Chernushinsky district, 262 Cherrife field, 191 Chestnut field, 165 Chevron Corp., 71 Chicontepec field, 113 Chile, 100–101, 444: crude oil, 100; pipelines, 101; refineries, 101; natural gas, 101; gas pipelines, 101; LNG, 101 China gas agreement, 263 China tanker fleet, 368–370 China, 126, 190, 211, 234–235, 263, 278–289, 317, 368–370, 444: crude oil, 279, 282; maps, 280–281, 283– 284; Western China, 280; Eastern China, 281; natural gas, 282; LNG, 282, 286; refining and processing, 282, 285; strategic petroleum reserve, 282; energy market impacts, 282–283; pipelines, 282, 285–286, 288–289; China-Kazakhstan pipeline, 282, 285–286, 288–289; exploration and development, 283–285; Block 29/26, 283; Sampaguita discovery, 283; Block 25/34, 283; Bohai Bay, 283, 285; Sichuan basin, 283; Bohai Gulf, 283; South China Sea, 283–285; Block 22/12, 284; Qian 112 field, 284; Beibu Gulf, 284–285; Block 11/34, 284; Block 16/19, 285; drilling and production, 285; Bo Zhong 25–1/25–1S field, 285; Dong Fang 1–1 field, 285; Huizhou 21–1 field, 285; Sakhalin-1 gas agreement, 285; Ningbo refinery, 285; Mekong River oil shipments, 286, 289; Zhong Ximentang Island, 286; Rizhao City, 286; petrochemicals, 286–287; propylene plants, 286–287; ethylene plants, 286–287; Daya Bay petrochemical complex, 287; coalbed methane, 287; coal-to-liquids, 287–288; Japan partnership, 288; Sasol technology, 288; international activities, 288–289; Saudi Arabia, 288; Central Asia projects, 288–289; Africa investment, 289; merger/ acquisition activity, 289; tanker fleet, 368–370 Chinaja field, 111 China-Kazakhstan pipeline, 282, 285– 286, 288–289 China-Saudi Arabia agreement, 190 China-Turkmenistan pipeline, 288 Chinese Petroleum Corp.-Chad agreement, 211 Chinguetti field, 226–228 Chinook field, 92 Chirag field, 249–250 Chorbane block, 241 Chronology 2006, xii–xviii Chukchi basin, 56 Cienfuegos refinery, 106 Cirebon-Bekasi pipeline, 320 Citgo U.S. outlets, 130 Citronelle field, 17 civil war (Sudan), 237 Cizre exploration license, 162 Clair field, 164–165 Clarence-Moreton basin, 300 Claymore prospect, 43 Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), 234 Cliff Head field, 296 Clio-1 discovery, 294 CMS Nomeco legal case, 212 coal gasification plant, 28 coalbed methane (CBM), 59–60, 74–76, 115, 142, 287, 293, 300, 312–313, 346, 349–350: Canada, 59–60, 74–76, 346, 349–350; Alberta, 75; Saskatchewan, 75; Nova Scotia, 76; Mexico, 115; France, 142; China, 287; Australia, 293, 300; India, 312– 313; U.S., 346, 349–350 coal-to-liquids (CTL), 145, 187–188: Germany, 145; China, 287–288 coiled tubing, 17, 360: fracturing, 17; drilling, 360 Cold Lake oil sands, 65 Colin prospect, 227 Colombia, 94, 101–104, 444: EcopetrolPetrobras joint projects, 94, 103–104; crude oil, 102; pipelines, 103; refineries, 103; natural gas, 103–104; gas-to-liquids plant, 103; exploration and development, 103–104; Lower Magdalena basin, 104; Middle Magdalena basin, 104; drilling activity, 104; Putumayo basin, 104; Fuerte Norte block, 104; Sur Caribbean block, 104; Llanos basin, 104; Serafin gas project, 104 Colorado basin, 87 compressed natural gas carriers, 368 Congo (Brazzaville), 212–213, 219, 445: Mer Tres Profonde Sud block discovery, 212; Moho/BilondoIPE 2007 467 Index discovery, 212–213; CMS Nomeco legal case, 212 Congo (Former Zaire), 213–214, 445: Albert graben basin, 213; CongoUganda blocks, 213–214; Nganzi block, 214; national petroleum assessment, 214 Congo-Uganda blocks, 213–214 Congressional elections (U.S.), 10 ConocoPhillips, 70–71, 224 ConocoPhillips-EnCana joint venture, 70–71 Constanta-Trieste pipeline, 150 consumption statistics, 408–411, 428–429: oil, 408–409; petroleum products, 410–411; gas, 428–429 controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) survey/imaging, 73–74, 86, 360–361 Cook Inlet basin, 53, 57 Cooper basin, 299 Corrib field project, 147 Corvina field, 122–123 Croatia, 133, 138, 445: LNG terminal study, 138 crude oil. See oil. Cuba Exclusive Economic Zone, 105 Cuba, 105–106, 445: crude oil, 105; exploration and development, 105– 106; Cuba Exclusive Economic Zone, 105; Repsol YPF Cuba SA partners, 105; development activity near Florida, 105; Block 7 oil discovery, 105–106; U.S.-Cuba private-sector oil summit, 106; drilling and production, 106; refining, 106; refinery upgrade, 106 Cuba-U.S. private-sector oil summit, 106 Cuisiana/Cupiagua field, 103 Culebra field, 113 Cumarebo field, 128 Cuu Long basin, 338 Cygnus discovery, 163 Cyprus-Egypt agreements, 162 Cyrenaica basin, 223 Czech Republic, 138, 445: gas delivery, 138; natural gas market, 138; drilling activity; biofuels rule, 138 D Dahej NGL plant, 311 Dalia field, 206 Damage assessment (GOM hurricanes), 46–49: recovery pace, 47–48 Damietta LNG plant, 217 Dampier-Bunbury pipeline, 300 Dana Gas PJSC (Sharjah), 193 Daqing field, 279 Darfur (Sudan) violence, 236 Davis Strait, 140 Daya Bay petrochemical complex, 287 decision policy factors, ix Deep Panuke development project, 64 Deepwater development/activity (GOM), 37–39, 42–43: discoveries, 37–39; potential plays, 38–39; Jack-2 well, 39; Lease Sale 181, 30; Mission Deep discovery, 39 Deepwater shelf (Argentina), 85 Deer Creek Energy Ltd., 71 deindustrialization trend (U.S.), 404–405 Delhi Declaration, 190 Dengizkul field, 276 Denmark, 140, 445: Brugdan drilling, 140; Gazprom-DONG Energy agreement, 140; Greenland prospects, 140 desulfurization capacity, 390 diesel fuel, 29–30, 99, 136, 138, 141, 144, 147, 157–159, 333, 386–388: sulfur content, 29–30, 386–388; biodiesel, 99, 136, 138, 141, 144, 159, 333; ULSD, 386–388 Dissoni block strike, 209 Dniepr Donets basin, 275 Doba basin, 211 Dolphin Gas Project, 185 DONG Energy-Gazprom agreement, 140 Dong Fang 1–1 field, 285 Donghae discovery, 334 Dorra field, 180 Douala basin, 209 Dougga discovery, 241 Douglas discovery, 331–332 Drilling activity (U.S.), 17–21, 23–24, 351, 353–354, 363: Rocky Mountain area, 18; O&GJ U.S. forecast, 18–19; 2005–2006 activity, 18–19, 24; 2006 well completions, 18–19; growth forecast, 19–21; rig activity, 24, 351, 353–354 drilling and exploration statistics, 351–366: U.S. drilling activity, 351, 353–354; dynamic drilling market, 351–355; newbuilds/offshore structures, 354–358, 364–366; South America, 359; advanced technology, 359–362; Troll field starfish well, 359–360; microhole coiled-tubing drilling, 360; CSEM imaging, 360–361; wired-pipe telemetry, 361; rocket rig, 362; marginal U.S. wells, 363; extended reach drilling, 363; carbon dioxide injection, 363–364; drillships, 364–366 drilling and production (U.S.), 17–21, 23–24, 351, 353–354, 363: drilling activity, 17–21, 23–24, 351, 353–354, 363; Rocky Mountain area, 18; O&GJ U.S. forecast, 18–19; 2005–2006 drilling activity, 18–19, 24; 2006 well completions, 18–19; growth forecast, 19–21; Granite Wash play, 20; oil production tax, 20; Permian basin, 21; Barnett shale, 21; GOM, 21, 23; oil shale projects, 23–24; Palo Duro basin, 23; oil sands, 23, 25; rig activity, 24, 351, 353–354 drilling contractors, 355 drilling market, 351–355: rig activity, 351–354; rig count, 351–354; U.S. drilling, 351, 353–354; rig economics, 353; drilling contractors, 355 drilling/exploration technology, 359– 362: Troll field starfish well, 359– 360; microhole coiled-tubing drilling, 360; CSEM imaging, 360–361; wiredpipe telemetry, 361; rocket rig, 362 drillship newbuilds, 364–366 Druzhba pipeline, 266–267 DSS-38 semisubmersible, 96–97 Dubai, 192 Dung Quat refinery, 339 Duri-Medan pipeline, 319 Durresi block, 135 Dushanzi refinery, 282 Dyarbekir field, 274468 IPE 2007 Index E E8 field, 327 East Africa, 199 East Area oil-gas project, 232 East Causeway discovery, 164 East China Sea, 283 East Coast LNG terminals, 35–37: New England-south, 35–36; Mid-Atlantic area, 36–37 East Doseo basin, 211 East Kalimantan-Central Java pipeline, 320 East Orphan basin, 73 East Shabwa Development Area, 194 East Siberia Pacific Oil Pipeline (ESPO), 266 East Siberian basin, 262 East Timor, 296, 303–304: offshore permits, 303; Barossa field, 303; Timor Sea, 303–304; Swallow discovery, 303–304; Joint Petroleum Development Area, 303–304; Puffin field, 304; Greater Sunrise fields, 304; Timor Gap, 304 East Visayas basin, 332 Eastern Canada (offshore), 59, 62–64 Eastern Desert (Egypt), 214 Eastern Europe, 149 East-Schmidt block, 265 Ecopetrol-Petrobras joint projects, 94, 103–104 Ecuador, 107–109, 445: exploration and development, 107; Amazon headwaters, 107; drilling and production, 107; nationalization, 107–108; Occidental Petroleum Corp. disputes, 108; government actions, 108–109; President Correa, 108; Energy Minister Acosta, 108; extraordinary profits oil tax, 108– 109; Ecuador-Oriente, 109; BrazilEcuador energy alliance, 109 Ecuador-Brazil energy alliance, 109 Ecuador-Oriente, 109 Edmonton hydrogen plant, 78 Edo refinery proposal, 234 Egypt, 214–218, 445–446: crude oil, 214; natural gas, 214; exploration and development, 215–216; Egas license round, 215; Ganope license round, 215; deepwater oil and gas, 215; Apache Corp. activity, 216; Giza North-1 discovery, 216; discussions with Greece, 216; drilling and production, 216; Saqqara field, 216; pipelines, 217; gas exports to Israel, 217; Aqaba-Rehab pipeline, 217; LNG, 217; Damietta LNG plant, 217; Idku LNG plant, 217; Nile Delta gas for LNG, 217; refining and processing, 217–218; refining capacity, 217–218; Khalda gas plant expansion, 218; petrochemicals, 218 Egypt-Cyprus agreements, 162 El Arish-Ashkelon pipeline, 180 El Louza block, 240–241 El Tordillo field, 88 Electric power generation (U.S.), 4 Electricite de France (EDF), 137 Electricity prices, 435 Elefsina refinery, 146 EM Block 9 field development, 235 emerging energy sources, ix Empty Quarter (Saudi Arabia), 188–189 Enbridge pipeline, 25 EnCana Corp., 79 energy demand/consumption (U.S.), 4–5, 341–343 energy efficiency, ix Energy Information Administration (EIA), vi, 9–11: U.S. natural gas supply/demand, 9; global energy outlook, 10–11; U.S. oil/gas reserves, 11 energy ministries, 440–454 energy outlook (DOE), 10–11, 367 energy prices comparison (statistics), 435: gas, 435; electricity, 435 energy supply statistics, 4–5, 10–11, 167, 340–343, 367: fossil fuels, 340– 343; crude oil, 340–343; offshore Europe, 340–341; natural gas, 341– 343; U.S. production plateau, 341– 343; giant oil discoveries, 342–343; unconventional resources, 343 energy supply/outlook, 4–5, 10–11, 167, 340–343, 367: U.S., 4–5; global, 10–11; DOE-EIA projections, 10–11; UK, 167; fossil fuels, 340–343 energy value chain, vi Enfield field, 297 England, 163 enhanced oil recovery (EOR), 17, 88–89, 152–153, 183–184, 310, 363–364: U.S., 17, 363–364; Argentina, 88–89; Norway, 152–153; Oman, 183–184; India, 310 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 13, 26 Equatorial Guinea, 218–220, 446: crude oil, 218–220; oil royalty increase, 218; licensing round, 218; Bioko Island LNG plant, 218–219; Petrobras stake in Block L, 219 Erha field, 231–233 Erika oil spill, 145 Eromanga basin, 299 Espadarte field, 91 Espirito Santo basin, 93, 98 ethanol (U.S.), 30–31, 386, 388: cellulosic ethanol development, 30; imports, 30–31; air quality issues, 31; bioethanol plant, 31 ethanol fuel, 30–31, 100, 144, 333, 386, 388: U.S., 30–31, 386, 388; Brazil, 100; France, 144; Philippines, 333 etherification plant, 145 Ethiopia, 243 Ethy tertiary-butyl ether (ETBE), 159 Ethylene market/capacity, 398–402, 404–405 ethylene plant, 145–146, 192, 286–287, 312, 333 Europe, 132–167, 340–341: Albania, 133, 135; maps, 134, 139–140, 147, 149, 151, 153–154, 156, 163, 166; Austria, 135–136; Belgium, 136–137; gas trade outlook, 136; Bulgaria, 137–138; Croatia, 138; Czech Republic, 138; Denmark, 140; Finland, 141; France, 141–145; Germany, 145–146; Greece, 146; Hungary, 146–147; Ireland, 147; Italy, 148; Malta, 150–151; Netherlands, 150–151; Norway, 152–157; Poland, 157–158; Portugal, 158; Romania, 158–159; Slovakia, 159–160; Spain, 160; Sweden, 161; Turkey, 161–162; United Kingdom, 163–167 European Energy Charter, 267 European Union (EU), 138, 158:IPE 2007 469 Index Bulgaria, 138; Romania, 158 Euskadour pipeline, 142 exploration and development (U.S.), 16–17: Anadarko basin, 16; Uinta basin, 16; Piceance basin, 16; Arkoma basin, 17 extended reach drilling (ERD), 13–14, 363 F F structure field, 336 Falcon basin, 127–128 Falcon Oil & Gas Ltd., 146–147 Fang block, 337 Faroe Islands, 140, 446 Faucon discovery, 228 Fauresti field, 158 Fayoum discovery, 216 Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), 25, 27: gas storage rates, 27 Fergana basin, 260 Filanovsky field, 261 Finland, 141, 446: biodiesel plant, 141 fire hazard/training (LNG), 382 fixed offshore terminal (LNG), 377–378 Flamant prospect, 227 floating production, storage, and offloading system (FPSO), 44, 62, 96–99, 207: approved for GOM, 44 Florida, 13, 105 Focus Energy Trust, 79 Forest Alaska Operating LLC, 58 Forest Oil Corp., 58 Former Soviet Union (FSU), 244–276: Armenia, 245, 248; maps, 246–248, 250–251, 255, 258, 263, 268; Eastern FSU, 246; Western FSU, 247; Azerbaijan, 248–250; Caspian Sea, 248–259; Georgia, 250–252; Kazakhstan, 253–259; Kyrgyzstan, 260; Lithuania, 260–261; Russia, 261–272, 275; Sakhalin Island developments, 263–265; Tajikistan, 272–273; Turkmenistan, 273–274; Ukraine, 274–276; Uzbekistan, 276 Forvie North field, 165 fossil fuels, 161, 340–343: Sweden policy, 161 Frade field, 92, 97 France, 141–145, 446: exploration and development, 141–142; exploration/ production investment, 141; exploration activity, 141; production activity, 141–142; gas delivery, 142– 143; natural gas market, 142–143; GdF-Suez merger proposal, 142; Gazprom marketing, 142; LNG, 143– 144; LNG terminal development, 143–144; GdF carrier trials, 143; refining and processing, 143–144; Gonfreville refinery upgrade, 143– 144; E-85 role in biofuels plan, 144; diesel fuel supply, 144; biodiesel plant contracts, 144; environment, 145; Erika oil spill, 145 frontier pipeline expansion, 26 fuel transition (U.S.), 386–388: ultralowsulfur diesel fuel, 386–388; ethanol fuel, 386, 388; biofuels, 387–388 Fuerte block, 102, 104 Fujairah refinery, 192 Fujian Refining and Ethylene Project, 288 G Gabon, 219–221, 446: Avouma oil field, 220 Gabon-Congo basin, 220 Gabyshevskoye field, 262 Gachsaran field, 173 Galsi trans-Med gas pipeline, 148, 203 Gambela basin, 243 Gambia, 243 Ganope license round, 215 Garyville refinery expansion, 28 gas condensate capacity (Middle East/ Asia), 394–396 gas consumption statistics, 428–429 gas hydrates, 56, 321 gas prices, 12, 435–436: statistics, 435–436; history, 436 gas processing and products statistics, 390–397: major shift in 2005, 390–393; trends, 390–393; LPG production, 393–394; gas condensate capacity in Middle East/Asia, 394– 396; propane production, 396–397 gas processing, 28, 172–173, 256, 276, 390–397: U.S., 28; Iran, 172–173; Kazakhstan, 256; Uzbekistan, 276; statistics, 390–397 gas production statistics, 344–349, 430 gas reserves, 11–12, 15, 52, 344–349, 406–407: statistics, 344–349, 406–407 gas shale resource, 346, 349–350: U.S., 346, 349–350; Canada, 346, 349–350 gas storage, 27, 136, 167, 173–174, 193, 252, 298, 301, 382: U.S, 27; Austria, 136; UK, 167; Iran, 173–174; UAE, 193; Georgia, 252; Australia, 298, 301 gas supply/demand (U.S.), 8–10: O&GJ forecast, 8–10; NGSA forecast, 9; EIA forecast, 9–10 gas supply, 8–10: 341–343: U.S., 8–10; statistics, 341–343 gas trade growth, 370 gas trade movements (statistics), 368, 431–434: pipelines, 431–433; LNG, 434 gas trade outlook (Europe), 136 gas trends, 390–393: processing and production, 390–393 gas/LNG interchangeability, 384 gas-oil separation plant (GOSP), 189: Saudi Arabia, 189 gasoline prices, 12, 435–436: statistics, 435–436; history, 436 Gassi Touil field, 204 gas-to-liquids (GTL), 103, 185–186, 236, 300, 323, 332: Colombia, 103; Qatar, 185–186; South Africa, 236; Australia, 300; Japan, 323; Papua New Guinea, 332 Gaz de France (GdF), 142–143: Suez merger proposal, 142; LNG carrier trials, 143; refining and processing, 143 Gazprom, 140, 142, 261, 267, 272: DONG energy agreement, 140; marketing, 142; investments, 261, 267; LNG plans, 272 Gela field, 150 Gelsenkirchen-Scholven ethylene plant, 146470 IPE 2007 Index Gen. Lazaro Cardenas refinery, 115 Geographe field, 296 geopolitics, 1 Georgia (Europe), 250–252: exploration and development, 250–252; Block 12, 250–252; Taribani field, 250; Basin Edge play, 251; Kumisi prospect, 251–252; Manavi prospect, 251; Ninotsminda field, 252; licensing, 252; pipelines, 252; Baku-TbilisiCeyhan pipeline, 252; HaciqabulQazax-Tbilisi pipeline, 252; BakuTbilisi-Erzurum pipeline, 252; gas storage, 252; North Caucasus-South Caucasus pipeline, 252; MozdokTbilisi pipeline, 252 Georgina basin, 295 Germany, 145–146: refining and processing, 145; Syntroleum Corp.- Sustec Industries AG joint venture, 145; Syntroleum Fischer-Tropsch/ refining unit, 145; coal-to-liquids plant, 145; naphtha etherification plant, 145; petrochemicals, 145–146; OMV AG expansion in Bavaria, 145; Koln olefins/ethylene plant expansion, 145–146; Gelsenkirchen-Scholven ethylene plant, 146 Ghadames basin, 223 Ghana, 243 Ghawar field, 187–188 Ghudun Salt basin, 182 giant oil discoveries, 342–343 Gippsland basin, 295–296 Giza North-1 discovery, 216 Glenelg field, 165 Global Gas Flaring Reduction (GGFR), 234 glossary, 455–461 Gloucester basin, 300 Golfinho field, 91, 98–99 Goliat discovery, 152 GOM reservoir properties (reserve size), 346–349: depth interval, 346; pay thickness, 347; areal extent, 347; porosity, 348; formation pressure, 348; water saturation, 349 Gomez field, 45 Gonfreville refinery upgrade, 143–144 Goosander field, 164 Gorgon field, 294–295, 298–299: Greater Gorgon Project, 298–299 Granite Wash play, 20 Greater Gorgon Project, 298–299: LNG export, 298; environmental approval, 298; carbon dioxide capture/storage, 298; Barrow Island, 298; exploration activity, 298 Greater Ivoirian basin, 243 Greater Natural Buttes area, 16 Greater Plutonio fields, 207 Greater Sunrise field complex, 296, 304 Greece, 146, 216, 446: Elefsina refinery upgrade, 146 greenhouse gas (U.S.), 17, 31 Greenland prospects, 140 Gresik-Rawa Maju pipeline, 319 Guajira basin, 103 Guatemala, 110–111, 446: crude oil, 110; natural gas, 110; pipeline plan, 110; LNG, 110; exploration and development, 110–111; Peten basin, 110–111 Gudrun prospect, 153 Guepaje gas field, 104 Guillemot field, 163 Gujarat State Petroleum Corp., 310–311 Gujurat petrochemical complex, 312 Gulf Coast LNG terminals, 32–34: Mississippi, 32; Louisiana, 33; Texas, 34 Gulf of Aden, 194 Gulf of Campeche, 112–113 Gulf of Guinea, 233 Gulf of Mexico (GOM), 13, 21, 23, 32–34, 37–49, 51, 105, 346–349: lease sales, 13, 39, 45–47; Gulf Coast LNG terminals, 32–34; deepwater developments, 37–39, 42–43; lower Tertiary trend/discoveries, 37–39; Texas Gulf Coast, 38; Mission Deep discovery, 39; Independence Hub, 39, 42; Louisiana Gulf Coast, 40–41; Kaleidoscope Project, 42; Bigfoot discovery, 42; Perdido spar project, 42–43; Caesar prospect, 43; Claymore prospect, 43; Alaminos Canyon, 43; Mississippi Canyon discovery, 43; other exploration/development, 44; FPSO approved, 44; Mobile Bay, 44; Main Pass Block, 44; High Island Block, 44; West Cameron field, 44; Knotty Head discovery, 44; transportation, 44–45; drilling and production, 45; Gomez field, 45; Rigel field, 45; Seventeen Hands field, 45; hurricanes, 46–49; damage assessment/recovery, 46–49; company news, 49, 51; Gulf of Mexico Energy Security Act of 2006, 105; reservoir properties, 346–349 Gulf of Mexico Energy Security Act of 2006, 105 Gulf of Papua, 332 Gulf of Suez, 214 Gulf of Thailand, 317, 336–337 Gunashli field, 249–250 H Haciqabul-Qazax-Tbilisi pipeline, 252 Haifa exploration, 179 Halten field EOR, 152–153 Haoud El Hamra fields, 203 Haradh field, 188–189: gas-oil separation plant, 189 Haradh gas-oil separation plant, 189 Harqus field, 187 Hasdrubal field, 241 Hassi R’mel gas field, 148 Hassi R’Mel-Beni Saf pipeline, 204 Hatia Island, 302 Hazira field, 311 H-Bio biodiesel fuel, 99 Heavy crude reclassification, 129 Heavy oil, 23, 25, 129, 131: bottoms, 23, 25; reclassification, 129 Hebe discovery, 205 Hebron field, 62, 65 Heletz field, 179 Hibernia field, 59–60, 62, 65 High Island Block, 44 Homs subbasin, 191 Hopedale basin, 73 Houston LPG terminal, 30 Huizhou 21–1 field, 285 Huizhou refinery, 282 Hungary, 146–147, 447: natural gas, 146–147; Falcon deep gas project, 146–147 hurricane aftermath (GOM), 46–49:IPE 2007 471 Index damage assessment, 46–49; recovery pace, 47–48; precautionary measures, 48; regulatory response, 48–49 hurricane discovery, 293 Hurricane Katrina (GOM), 46–49 Hurricane Rita (GOM), 46–49 Husky Alberta pipeline, 77 Husky Energy, 71 hydrodesulfurization plant, 157–158 hydrogen plant (Edmonton), 78 I Ibhubesi field, 235 Idku LNG plant, 217 Idoho field, 232 Illizi basin, 202–203 In Amenas gas project, 203 Independence Hub (GOM), 39, 42 Independence Trail Pipeline, 39 India, 186, 190, 261, 274, 289, 300, 304–305, 308–315, 447: Qatar shipping contract, 186; India-Saudi Arabia energy partnership, 190, 313; crude oil, 304; natural gas, 304–305, 308; Oil & Natural Gas Corp., 305, 308–310; Oil India Ltd., 305, 310; LNG, 305, 308–309, 312–315; Krishna-Godavari basin, 305, 308–309; Arabian Sea, 305; equity investment, 305, 308–311; pipelines, 308; energy demand, 308; exploration and development, 308–309; Block D6, 309; Rajasthan discovery, 309–310; Mangala project, 309–310; drilling and production, 309–311; Gujarat State Petroleum Corp., 310–311; Niko Resources Ltd., 311; refining and processing, 311; petrochemicals, 311–312; licensing, 312; coalbed methane, 312–313; foreign investment policy, 313; LNG terminals, 313–315; Cairn Energy PLC, 315 India-Saudi Arabia energy partnership, 190, 313 Indonesia, 316–321, 324–325, 447: crude oil, 316; natural gas, 316; Cepu Block, 316, 318; exploration and development, 318; Timor Sea, 318; South China Sea, 318; drilling and production, 318–319; Southeast Sumatra Gas Project, 319; refining and processing, 319; Situbondo refinery, 319; LNG, 319; biofuels, 319; pipelines and transportation, 319–320; licensing, 320 Indus basin, 330 information sources, 440–461: national oil companies and energy ministries, 440–454; glossary, 455–461; abbreviations/acronyms, 455–461; North American geographical abbreviations, 461 Ingre block, 90 Interconnection Centro Occidente pipeline, 130 interconnector pipeline, 136, 166 international rig count, 439–440 investment and markets statistics, 367: DOE’s energy outlook, 367; U.S. projects, 367; Canada projects, 367; oil prices, 367 investment challenge, vi–x: cycle, vi–vii; constraints, vii–viii; performance, viii–ix; policy factors in decisions, ix; people equation, ix–x; oil price, x Iolotan discovery, 273 Iran, 131, 171–174, 248, 274, 321, 447: exploration and development, 171; Azadegan field, 171; South Pars gas field, 171; development and production, 171; Yadavaran oil field, 171; natural gas infrastructure, 171– 174; gas market expansion, 171–172; gas processing, 172–173; pipeline projects, 172–173; IGAT pipeline system, 172–173; NIGC pipeline plans, 173; gas storage projects, 173– 174; gas imports, 174; Turkmenistan, 174; LNG, 174; Qeshm Island LNG project, 174; nuclear program issues, 174; Iran-Armenia pipeline, 248 Iran-Armenia pipeline, 248 Iranian Gas Transmission (IGAT) system, 172 Iraq, 175–176, 178, 447: crude oil, 175; oil exports, 175–176; northern pipeline system, 175; southern export terminals, 175; exploration and development, 175–176; Kurdistan prospect, 175; seismic equipment donation, 176; Kurdistan field study, 176; Tawke project discovery, 176; Al-Ahdab field, 176, 178; oil revenues lost, 176 Ireland, 147, 447: Corrib field project and protest, 147; refining, 147; renewable diesel, 147 Irenda block, 90 Irminio field, 150–151 Isarene project, 203 Israel, 178–180, 217, 447: crude oil, 178; natural gas, 178–179; Mari field, 178; Noa (Border) field, 178; exploration and development, 179; Heletz lease, 179; Haifa exploration, 179; Ma’anit well, 179; oil shale deposits, 179; Israeli-Hezbollah conflict, 179; refining, 179–180; pipelines, 180; Russian gas import, 180; El Arish-Ashkelon pipeline, 180; national gas transmission system, 180 Israeli-Hezbollah conflict, 179 Isramco, 179 Italy, 148, 447–448: exploration and development, 148; Southern Apennines exploration, 148; Po Valley reserves analysis, 148; Ragusa plateau, 148; pipelines, 148; Galsi trans-Med gas pipeline project, 148 Itteville field, 142 Ivanhoe Energy, Inc., 23, 25 Ivory Coast, 219, 221, 448: West Espoir field, 221; rigless conductor installation, 221; Block CI-27 well tests, 221 Iyak field, 232472 IPE 2007 Index J jack field, vii, 39 jackup units, 357–358 Jaizan basin, 194 Jamaica, 111–112: exploration and development, 111–112; 2005 licensing round, 111–112; 2007 exploration interest, 112; Malaysia initiatives, 112; refining, 112; LNG, 112 Jamnagar refinery, 311 Jansz field, 298 Japan, 185, 266, 288, 321–323, 448: Japan-Qatar energy agreement, 185; energy mix, 321; Iran project, 321; Russia project, 321; Indonesia project, 321; Australia project, 321; methane hydrates exploration, 321; LNG, 323; gas-to-liquids plant, 323; LPG operations alliance, 323 Japan-Qatar energy agreement, 185 Java, 317 Jeanne d’Arc basin, 73, 140 Jewell Ridge pipeline, 26 Jeza-Qamar basin, 193 John Brookes field, 299 Joint Petroleum Development Area (East Timor-Australia), 303–304: Timor Gap, 304 Jose Segundo field, 88 Jubail petrochemical complex, 190 Jubail refinery, 189 Jubarte field, 91, 96, 98 Junggar basin, 279 Jurayd field, 187 Jurong Island, 333 just-in-time perforating, 17 K Kai Kos Dehseh project, 67 Kaleidoscope Project, 42 Kamankooh field, 173 Kandym-Khauzak-Shady-Kungrad project, 276 Kara Sea, 265 Karachaganak field, 259 Karachok field, 191 Karakilise field, 162 Karmir prospect, 245 Kashagan field, 254–255, 259 Kassab discovery, 187 Kazakhstan, 253–259, 282, 285–286, 288–289, 448: crude oil, 253–254; natural gas, 253–255; economy, 253; ownership structures, 253; outlook, 254; drilling and production, 254–255; Kashagan field, 254–255; Kyzyloi field, 255; Akkulka block, 255; E block, 255; Morskoe block, 255; refining and processing, 255– 256; Atyrau refinery, 255; Shymkent refinery, 255; Pavlodar refinery, 255; pipelines, 255–258, 282, 285–286, 288–289; Atyrau-Samara pipeline, 255, 257; Omsk-Pavlodar-ShymkentChardzhou pipeline, 255; gas processing, 256; Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline, 256–257; Caspian Pipeline Consortium pipeline, 256; TengizNovorossiisk pipeline, 256–257; Black Sea, 256–257; Persian Gulf, 257; Kumkol-China pipeline, 257; Atasu-Alaskhankou pipeline, 257; Kenkiyak-Kumkol pipeline, 257; Kenkiyak-Kumkol-Atasu pipeline, 257; Kenkiyak-Orsk pipeline, 257; Tengiz field, 259; Karachaganak field, 259; Kashagan field, 259; KazakhstanChina pipeline, 282, 285–286, 288–289 Kazakhstan-China pipeline, 282, 285– 286, 288–289 Kenkiyak-Kumkol pipeline, 257 Kenkiyak-Kumkol-Atasu pipeline, 257 Kenkiyak-Orsk pipeline, 257 Kenya, 243 Kenz field, 216 Kerkouane block, 241 Kerr-McGee Corp., 49, 51 key statistics, 340–405: future energy supply, 340–343; reserves and production, 344–350; drilling and exploration, 351–366; investment and markets, 367; trade and tankers, 368–371; LNG industry outlook, 371–374; LNG liquefaction and receiving, 375–378; LNG carrier fleet, 379–382; LNG risks and opportunities, 382–384; refining and products, 384–390; gas processing and products, 390–397; petrochemicals outlook, 398–405. See also statistical tables. Keystone pipeline, 76–77 Khairir field, 194 Khalda gas plant expansion, 218 Kharasaveyskoye field, 261 Khartoum refinery upgrade, 239 Kharwah field, 193 Khauzak field, 276 Khurais field, 188 Khurais Increment Program, 188 Khursaniyah field, 188 Khursaniyah gas processing plant, 186 Khvalynskoye field, 261 Kibaro prospect, 227 Kikeh field, 323–324 Kilmar field, 165 Kinder Morgan-Terasen System, 77–78 Kipper field, 296 Kirinsky block, 264 Kirkuk field, 175 Kirkuk-Ceyhan pipeline, 175 Kissanje blend crude assay, 207–208 Kizomba B project, 207 Kizomba C subsea systems, 207 Knotty Head discovery, 44 Kogan North field, 300 Kohat discovery, 330 Koln olefins/ethylene plant, 145–146 Kombe-N’sepe block, 209 Kome field, 210 Kovykta field, 262, 327 Krasnoyarsk Krai field, 261 Kribi-Campo basin, 209 Krishna-Godavari basin, 305, 308–310 Ku-Maloob-Zaap (KMZ) field, 113 Kumisi prospect, 251–252 Kumkol-China pipeline, 257 Kurais field, 188 Kurdistan prospect, 175–176: field study, 176 Kuwait, 180–182, 448: natural gas, 180; crude oil, 181; oil reserves, 181; Project Kuwait, 181–182; OPEC, 181; Al-Zour refinery, 182 Kvitebjorn field, 154 Kwale flare gas project, 234IPE 2007 473 Index Kyrgyzstan, 260: exploration blocks, 260; seismic exploration, 260; Gazprom investment, 260 Kyzyloi field, 255 L La Paz field, 128 La Rabida refinery, 160 La Vela field, 128 Labeidna discovery, 228 Labrador Sea, 73 Labrador, 73: Hopedale basin, 73 Lacq field, 141 Lagansky block, 261–262 Lake Albert, 213–214, 242 Lake Chad basin, 211 Lake Toktogul, 260 Lam field, 273 Lamu basin, 243 Landana North prospect, 206 Langeled pipeline, 155–156, 166 Laos, 289 Las Violatas discovery, 86 Latin America, 80–131: Argentina, 81, 85–89; maps, 82–86, 88, 94–95, 102, 109–111, 115–119, 122, 126–127, 131; Tierra del Fuego, 86; Belize, 89; Bolivia, 90–91; Brazil, 91–100; Campos basin, 94; Santos basin, 95; Chile, 100–101; Colombia, 101–104; Cuba, 105–106; Ecuador, 107–109; Guatemala, 110–111; Jamaica, 111–112; Mexico, 112–120; Central America, 118; Nicaragua, 120–121; Peru, 121–124; Trinidad & Tobago, 124–125; Venezuela, 125–131 lease sales (Alaska), 56–57: MMS 2007–2012 OCS lease plans, 56–57; Beaufort Sea 2006 lease awards, 57; Beaufort Sea 2007 lease sale, 57 lease sales (GOM), 13, 39, 45–47: Lease Sale 181, 13, 39; 1998–1999 lease royalties, 45; royalty-in-kind sales record, 45; MMS environmental studies, 45; Lease Sale 200, 45–46; Lease Sale 205, 46; Lease Sale 198, 46–47 Lebanon, 179 Liaohe field, 279 Libertad field, 332 Libra discovery, 216 Libya, 221–224, 448–449: crude oil, 221–222; leasing, 222; third lease round, 222–223; exploration and development, 222–224; Murzuq basin, 222; Sirte basin, 222–223; Block NC-115, 223; Cyrenaica basin, 223; U.S. operators return, 223–224; Occidental Petroleum Corp., 223–224; Oasis Group, 223–224; ConocoPhillips, 224; PT Pertamina, 224 licensing rounds. See individual countries. Lido field, 128 Limon field, 128 liquefaction capacity (LNG), 375–376 liquefaction/receiving (LNG), 375–378, 382: liquefaction plants/capacity, 375–376; receiving terminals, 376– 377; fixed offshore terminal, 377– 378; regasification capacity, 378, 382 liquefied natural gas (LNG), 32–37, 44–45, 61, 79, 93, 101, 110, 112, 119–120, 123–124, 137–138, 142– 144, 155, 161, 167, 174, 186, 193, 202, 204, 217–219, 226, 233, 264, 267, 282, 286, 293, 296–300, 305, 308–309, 312–315, 319, 323, 327, 331, 334–335, 373–374, 378, 382, 434: U.S., 32–37, 44–45; Canada, 37, 61, 79; Mexico, 37, 119–120; LNG transfer (GOM), 44–45; Brazil, 93; Chile, 101; Guatemala, 110; Jamaica, 112; Peru, 123–124; Trinidad & Tobago, 124; Belgium, 137; Croatia, 138; France, 142–144; LNG carriers, 143, 186; Norway, 155; Sweden, 161; UK, 167; Iran, 174; Qatar, 186; United Arab Emirates, 193; Algeria, 202, 204; Egypt, 217; Equatorial Guinea, 218–219; Mauritania, 226; Nigeria, 233, 373–374; Russia, 264, 267; China, 282, 286; Australia, 293, 296–300; India, 305, 308–309, 312–315; Indonesia, 319; Japan, 323; Malaysia, 327; Pakistan, 331; South Korea, 334–335; regasification capacity, 378, 382 liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), 30, 323, 393–394: terminal expansion, 30; operations alliance, 323; production, 393–394 Lishui discovery, 283 Lithuania, 260–261: Baltic Sea exploration, 260; Antanavas prospect, 260; Plunge field, 260; Mazeikai refinery upgrades, 260–261 Liulin block, 287 Liwan discovery, 283, 317 Llanos basin, 103–104 LNG (Mexico), 37, 119–120: terminals, 37, 119–120; plant proposals, 120 LNG (U.S.), 32–37, 44–45, 79: import capacity, 32; FERC rules, 32; EIA outlook, 32; Gulf Coast terminals, 32–34; transshipment technology (GOM), 33, 44–45; West Coast terminals, 34–35; East Coast terminals, 35–37; Mexico terminals, 37, 119–120; Canada terminals, 37, 79 LNG carrier fleet (statistics), 379–382: carrier status, 379–381; tanker designs, 381; Arctic service, 381; storage/regasification, 382; transshipment, 382; South Korea shipbuilding, 382 LNG carriers, 143, 186, 379–382: trials, 143; statistics, 379–382; tanker designs, 381; Arctic service, 381; South Korea shipbuilding, 382 LNG construction-cost challenge, 373–374 LNG industry outlook (statistics), 371– 374: growth trend, 371; terminals, 371–372; Gazprom plans, 372; North American receiving capacity, 372– 373; Nigeria, 373–374; constructioncost challenge, 373–374 LNG liquefaction and receiving statistics, 375–378: liquefaction plants/capacity, 375–376; receiving terminals, 376– 377; fixed offshore terminal, 377– 378; regasification capacity, 378 LNG regasification, 378, 382474 IPE 2007 Index LNG risks and opportunities (statistics), 382–384: shipping safety, 382; fire training, 382; risk-based terminal siting, 383–384; gas/LNG interchangeability, 384 LNG statistics, 371–384: industry outlook, 371–374; liquefaction and receiving, 375–378; carrier fleet, 379–382; risks and opportunities, 382–384 LNG terminals, 32–37, 79, 119–120, 371–372, 376–378, 382–384: Gulf Coast, 32–34; West Coast, 34–35; East Coast, 35–37; Canada, 37, 79; Mexico, 37, 119–120; receiving terminals, 371–372, 376–377; fixed offshore terminal, 377–378; storage, 382; siting, 383–384 LNG transshipment technology, 33, 44–45 LNG/gas interchangeability, 384 Lobito field, 208 Lobo field, 107 Los Angeles basin, 36 Los Angeles field, 104 Los Moroches field, 128 Los Patos field, 86 Louisiana Gulf Coast, 40–41 Louisiana LNG terminals, 33 Louisiana pipeline project, 27 Lower Magdalena basin, 104 Lower Tertiary trend/discoveries (GOM), 37–39 Lukoil outlets purchase, 137 Lukoil Severny record, 261 Lundin Petroleum AB, 238 Lunskoye Piltun-Astokhskoye field, 264 Lynx pipeline, 78 M M’Boundi field, 214 Ma’anit well, 179 Maari field, 329 Mackay River SAGD project, 71 Mackenzie Delta pipeline, 77 Mackenzie Delta, 61, 77 Madagascar, 225: Block 1101 production sharing contract, 225; Majunga Offshore Profound block, 225; Block 3109, 225 Madu oil field, 232 Mae Soon field, 337 Maersk Oil & Gas AS, 96 Magallanes basin, 100–101 Magdalena basin, 104 Main Pass Block, 44 Majaguillar-Corajol oil field, 106 Majunga Offshore Profound block, 225 Makhaizna field steamflood, 184 Makhtumkuli discovery, 274 Malampaya field, 283, 332 Malay basin, 317 Malaysia, 112, 317, 323–327, 449: exploration and development, 323, 326; deepwater program, 323; Sabah licenses, 323; Kikeh field, 323–324; Block G discovery, 328; drilling and production, 326–327; Cendor field, 326; E8 field, 327; refining, 327; LNG, 327; Bintulu complex, 327 Maleo field, 318 Mali, 225–226: Taoudeni basin, 225– 226; sedimentary basins, 226 Malta, 150–151: Mediterranean intrabasin ridge trend, 150–151 Manali refinery, 311 Manati field, 96 Manavi prospect, 251 Mandawa basin, 239 Mangala project, 309–310 Mangalore Refinery & Petrochemicals Ltd., 309, 311 Manifa field project, 186–187 Manta field, 221 Maranon basin, 122–123 Margalla blocks, 330 Marginal wells (U.S.), 363 Mari field, 178 Marlim field, 92, 98 Marlim Sul Module 4, 93 Marlim Sul P-56 field, 93 Marmul field EOR, 183–184 Masila basin, 195 Maui field, 329 Mauritania, 219, 226–228: Chinguetti oil field, 226; gas discoveries, 226–227; LNG, 226; northern area, 227–228; southern area, 228 Mauritania-Senegal-Bissau basin, 220 Mazeikai refinery, 260–261 Mazlij field, 188 McCully field, 63–64 Medgaz pipeline, 203–204 Mediterranean intrabasin ridge trend, 150–151 Mediterranean Sea, 150–151, 214–216, 224, 240: intrabasin ridge trend, 150–151 Meghama Island, 302 Meillon field, 141 Mekong River oil shipments, 286, 289 Melaka refinery, 327 Melamine plant, 192 Melut-Port Sudan pipeline, 239 Mer Tres Profonde Sud block discovery, 212 Merluza field, 92, 95 Mexico, 37, 112–120, 449: LNG, 37, 119–120; LNG terminals, 37, 119–120; crude oil, 112–113; natural gas, 113; exploration/production tax structure, 113–114; President Calderon, 113; exploration and development, 114–115; Pemex Exploration & Production projects, 114–115; deepwater discovery, 115; drilling and production, 115; drilling activity, 115; platform contracts, 115; refining, 115; refinery upgrade, 115; maps, 115–119; Central America, 118; Tabasco, 119; pipelines, 119; LNG plant proposals, 120 Mexilhao field, 95 Mfem field, 232 Miami-Jajarm pipeline, 173 Miandoum field, 210 microhole coiled-tubing drilling, 360 Mid-Atlantic LNG terminals, 37 Midcontinent Crossing (MCX) pipeline, 26IPE 2007 475 Index Middle East, 168–195: Bahrain, 169; maps, 170, 172, 177, 182–183, 194; Iran, 171–174; Iraq, 175–176, 178; Israel, 178–180; Kuwait, 180–182; Oman, 182–184; Qatar, 185–186; Saudi Arabia, 186–190; Syria, 191; United Arab Emirates, 192–193; Yemen, 193–195 Middle Magdalena basin, 104 Mila field, 150 Millennium pipeline project, 26 Miskar field, 241 Mission Deep discovery, 39 Mississippi Canyon, 43 Mississippi LNG terminals, 32 MKJ Exploraciones, 120 MLE gas condensate field, 197 Mnazi Bay field, 229 Mobile Bay, 44 Mobile offshore drilling units (MODU), 354 Moho/Bilondo discovery, 212–213 Molino field, 100 Molla field, 162 Mongolia, 327–328, 449: Changbei field, 327; Kovykta field, 327; Ordos basin, 327; pipelines, 328 Mongstad refinery upgrade, 156 monoethylene glycol plant, 333 Monte Alpi field, 148 Montenegro, 133 Morocco, 228: Moulay Bousselham permit, 228; Sebou concession, 228 Morondava basin, 225 Morskoe block, 255 Morvin discovery, 153–154 Mossel Bay, 235 motor fuel markets (U.S.), 385–386 Moulay Bousselham permit, 228 Mozambique Channel, 141 Mozambique, 229–230: natural gas, 229; Rovuma basin, 229–230; Sasol license, 230 Mozdok-Tbilisi pipeline, 252 Mputa field, 242 Muglad basin, 238 Mukhaizna field, 183 multilateral organizations, ix Murzuq basin, 222–223 Muspac field, 113 Mya field, 317, 328 Myanmar, 289, 302, 317, 328, 449: Sein field, 328; Andaman Sea, 328; Rakhine basin, 328; Shwe field, 328; Shwe Phyu field, 328; Mya field, 328; Yetagun field, 328; Yadana field, 328 N Nagoorin Graven basin, 300 Nanjing ethylene plant, 286 Naphtha etherification plant, 145 Narsingdi field, 301 National Iranian Gas Co. (NIGC), 171–174 national oil companies, 440–454 National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska (NPRA), 54 nationalization (Bolivia), 90 Natuna block, 318 natural gas liquids (NGL), 26, 92: pipeline, 26; Brazil, 92 Natural Gas Supply Association (NGSA), 9: U.S. natural gas supply/demand, 9 natural gas. See gas. Naylor field, 301 Neem field, 238 Negev desert, 179 Netherlands, 150–151, 449: drilling and production, 150; North Sea, 150; pipelines, 151; Balgzand-Bacton Line, 151; LNG, 151: LNG terminal plans, 151 Neuquen basin, 88–89 New England-south LNG terminals, 35–36 New Zealand, 329, 449: Cheal field, 329; Taranaki basin, 329; Maari field, 329; Westland basin, 329; inventory obligations, 329; gas imports, 329; Maui field, 329 newbuilds/offshore structures, 354–358, 364–366: mobile offshore drilling units, 354; semisubmersibles, 355–357; jackup units, 357–358; drillships, 364–366 Newfoundland, 64–65, 72–74 Nganzi block, 214 Nghi Son refingery, 339 Nhon Hoi refinery
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