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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Applied Strength of Materials - Sixth Edition SI Units Version Robert L. Mott and Joseph A. Untener
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Contents Preface xi 1 Basic Concepts in Strength of Materials 1 The Big Picture 2 1–1 Objective of This Book: To Ensure Safety 6 1–2 Objectives of This Chapter 15 1–3 Problem-Solving Procedure 15 1–4 Basic Unit Systems 16 1–5 Relationship among Mass, Force, and Weight 18 1–6 Concept of Stress 20 1–7 Direct Normal Stress 22 1–8 Stress Elements for Direct Normal Stresses 25 1–9 Concept of Strain 25 1–10 Direct Shear Stress 26 1–11 Stress Elements for Shear Stresses 32 1–12 Preferred Sizes and Screw Threads 32 1–13 Structural Shapes 33 1–14 Experimental and Computational Stress Analysis 39 1–15 Review of the Fundamentals of Statics 43 2 Design Properties of Materials 65 The Big Picture 66 2–1 Objectives of This Chapter 68 2–2 Design Properties of Materials 68 2–3 Steel 85 2–4 Cast Iron 92 2–5 Aluminum 93 2–6 Copper, Brass, and Bronze 95 2–7 Zinc-, Magnesium-, Titanium-, and Nickel-Based Alloys 96vi Contents 2–8 Nonmetals in Engineering Design 97 2–9 Wood 97 2–10 Concrete 99 2–11 Plastics 101 2–12 Composites 104 2–13 Materials Selection 118 3 Direct Stress, Deformation, and Design 127 The Big Picture 128 3–1 Objectives of This Chapter 131 3–2 Design of Members under Direct Tension or Compression 132 3–3 Design Normal Stresses 132 3–4 Design Factor 133 3–5 Design Approaches and Guidelines for Design Factors 136 3–6 Methods of Computing Design Stress 140 3–7 Elastic Deformation in Tension and Compression Members 145 3–8 Deformation due to Temperature Changes 152 3–9 Thermal Stress 156 3–10 Members Made of More Than One Material 159 3–11 Stress Concentration Factors for Direct Axial Stresses 163 3–12 Bearing Stress 167 3–13 Design Bearing Stress 171 4 Design for Direct Shear, Torsional Shear, and Torsional Deformation 192 The Big Picture 193 4–1 Objectives of This Chapter 198 4–2 Design for Direct Shear Stress 199 4–3 Torque, Power, and Rotational Speed 203 4–4 Torsional Shear Stress in Members with Circular Cross Sections 207 4–5 Development of the Torsional Shear Stress Formula 210 4–6 Polar Moment of Inertia for Solid Circular Bars 212 4–7 Torsional Shear Stress and Polar Moment of Inertia for Hollow Circular Bars 212 4–8 Design of Circular Members under Torsion 215 4–9 Comparison of Solid and Hollow Circular Members 218 4–10 Stress Concentrations in Torsionally Loaded Members 222 4–11 Twisting: Elastic Torsional Deformation 229 4–12 Torsion in Noncircular Sections 240Contents vii 5 Shearing Forces and Bending Moments in Beams 262 The Big Picture 263 5–1 Objectives of This Chapter 269 5–2 Beam Loading, Supports, and Types of Beams 270 5–3 Reactions at Supports 278 5–4 Shearing Forces and Bending Moments for Concentrated Loads 283 5–5 Guidelines for Drawing Beam Diagrams for Concentrated Loads 288 5–6 Shearing Forces and Bending Moments for Distributed Loads 295 5–7 General Shapes Found in Bending Moment Diagrams 302 5–8 Shearing Forces and Bending Moments for Cantilever Beams 303 5–9 Beams with Linearly Varying Distributed Loads 304 5–10 Free-Body Diagrams of Parts of Structures 306 5–11 Mathematical Analysis of Beam Diagrams 311 5–12 Continuous Beams: Theorem of Three Moments 322 6 Centroids and Moments of Inertia of Areas 340 The Big Picture 341 6–1 Objectives of This Chapter 344 6–2 Concept of Centroid: Simple Shapes 344 6–3 Centroid of Complex Shapes 345 6–4 Concept of Moment of Inertia of an Area 350 6–5 Moment of Inertia of Composite Shapes Whose Parts Have the Same Centroidal Axis 352 6–6 Moment of Inertia for Composite Shapes: General Case—Use of the Parallel Axis Theorem 355 6–7 Mathematical Definition of Moment of Inertia 358 6–8 Composite Sections Made from Commercially Available Shapes 359 6–9 Moment of Inertia for Shapes with All Rectangular Parts 363 6–10 Radius of Gyration 364 6–11 Section Modulus 368 7 Stress due to Bending 380 The Big Picture 381 7–1 Objectives of This Chapter 384 7–2 Flexure Formula 385 7–3 Conditions on the Use of the Flexure Formula 388 7–4 Stress Distribution on a Cross Section of a Beam 390 7–5 Derivation of the Flexure Formula 392 7–6 Applications: Analysis of Stresses in Beams 394viii Contents 7–7 Applications: Beam Design and Design Stresses 398 7–8 Section Modulus and Design Procedures 400 7–9 Stress Concentrations 407 7–10 Flexural Center or Shear Center 412 7–11 Preferred Shapes for Beam Cross Sections 416 7–12 Design of Beams to Be Made from Composite Materials 421 8 Shearing Stresses in Beams 441 The Big Picture 442 8–1 Objectives of This Chapter 446 8–2 Importance of Shearing Stresses in Beams 447 8–3 General Shear Formula 448 8–4 Distribution of Shearing Stress in Beams 455 8–5 Development of the General Shear Formula 461 8–6 Special Shear Formulas 464 8–7 Design for Shear 468 8–8 Shear Flow 470 9 Deflection of Beams 480 The Big Picture 481 9–1 Objectives of This Chapter 487 9–2 Need for Considering Beam Deflections 487 9–3 General Principles and Definitions of Terms 489 9–4 Beam Deflections Using the Formula Method 492 9–5 Comparison of the Manner of Support for Beams 498 9–6 Superposition Using Deflection Formulas 505 9–7 Successive Integration Method 514 9–8 Moment–Area Method 527 10 Combined Stresses 555 The Big Picture 556 10–1 Objectives of This Chapter 559 10–2 Stress Element 560 10–3 Stress Distribution Created by Basic Stresses 562 10–4 Creating the Initial Stress Element 563Contents ix 10–5 Combined Normal Stresses 569 10–6 Combined Normal and Shear Stresses 576 10–7 Equations for Stresses in Any Direction 582 10–8 Maximum and Minimum Stresses 585 10–9 Mohr’s Circle for Stress 588 10–10 Stress Condition on Selected Planes 604 10–11 Special Case in Which Both Principal Stresses Have the Same Sign 608 10–12 Use of Strain-Gage Rosettes to Determine Principal Stresses 612 11 Columns 631 The Big Picture 632 11–1 Objectives of This Chapter 636 11–2 Slenderness Ratio 636 11–3 Transition Slenderness Ratio 641 11–4 Euler Formula for Long Columns 642 11–5 J.B. Johnson Formula for Short Columns 643 11–6 Summary: Buckling Formulas 643 11–7 Design Factors for Columns and Allowable Load 646 11–8 Summary: Method of Analyzing Columns 647 11–9 Column Analysis Spreadsheet 650 11–10 Efficient Shapes for Column Cross Sections 652 11–11 Specifications of the AISC 654 11–12 Specifications of the Aluminum Association 656 11–13 Noncentrally Loaded Columns 657 12 Pressure Vessels 671 The Big Picture 672 12–1 Objectives of This Chapter 675 12–2 Distinction between Thin-Walled and Thick-Walled Pressure Vessels 675 12–3 Thin-Walled Spheres 677 12–4 Thin-Walled Cylinders 679 12–5 Thick-Walled Cylinders and Spheres 683 12–6 Analysis and Design Procedures for Pressure Vessels 684 12–7 Spreadsheet Aid for Analyzing Thick-Walled Spheres and Cylinders 691 12–8 Shearing Stress in Cylinders and Spheres 691 12–9 Other Design Considerations for Pressure Vessels 695 12–10 Composite Pressure Vessels 698x Contents 13 Connections 704 The Big Picture 705 13–1 Objectives of This Chapter 708 13–2 Modes of Failure for Bolted Joints 709 13–3 Design of Bolted Connections 710 13–4 Riveted Joints 713 13–5 Eccentrically Loaded Riveted and Bolted Joints 714 13–6 Welded Joints with Concentric Loads 719 Appendix 727 Answers to Selected Problems 787 Index 799 Index A Acceleration due to gravity, 18 Aerospace materials system (AMS), 86 Allowable stress, 131–133, 142, 150, 182, 184–185 Allowable stress design (ASD), 142 Alloy steels, 84 Aluminum alloy groups, 93, 95 characteristics, 93–94 temper designations, 94 Aluminum alloys cast, 95 coefficient of thermal expansion, 153 design bearing stress, 171, 173 designation system, 92 properties, 762 series, 93–94 tempers, 94 Aluminum Association, 134, 142 Aluminum Association standard channels and I-beams, 36 American Institute of Steel Construction, 133–134, 142, 399 American Iron and Steel Institute, 84 American National Standards Institute, 134 American Society for Testing and Materials, 84 American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), 134, 696 American Standards beams (S-shapes), 35, 743–744 Angle of twist, 194, 230 Angles, structural steel, 36 Anisotropic behavior, 71 Anisotropic materials, 418–419 Annealing and normalizing, 89 Apparent stress, 70 Areas, properties of, 728–729 Austempered ductile iron, 92, 761 Austempering, 93 B Basic sizes, preferred, 730 Beam, definition, 264, 270 stress distribution, 390 Beam deflection formulas, 777–784 Beam deflections, 399 advantages and disadvantages, 486–487 axial tension, 481 deflection limits, 488–489 formula method cantilevers, 493 shaft, 495–496 simply supported beams, 492–495 statically indeterminate beams, 499–500 four-point loading arrangement, 481–482 needed for, 487–488 principles and definitions of terms beam stiffness, 492 bending moment diagram, 489–490 deflection diagram, 491 load diagram, 489 radius of curvature, 491–492 shearing force diagram, 489 slope diagram, 490–491 statically determinate, 482–484 statically indeterminate, 484–486 successive integration method, 514–526 superposition, 504–514 support for beams cantilever, 499–501 fixed-end beam, 503–504 parameters, 498–499 simply supported beam, 501–502 supported cantilever, 502–503 Beam diagrams, mathematical analysis, 312–323 Beam loading frame, 382 Beam loading patterns, 270800 Index Beam support types, 247, 252, 270, 276, 498 Beam types, 276, 323 Beams, analysis, 394 comparison of support types, 270–271 continuous, 278, 323 deflection, see Deflection of beams design examples, 400–407 design procedures, 400 failure modes, 383 fixed-end, 277 flexure formula, 385, 392 made from anisotropic materials, 418–419 made from composite materials, 421 made from thin materials, 418 preferred shapes, 411 reactions, 279 statically indeterminate, 278, 323, 453, 465 statically indeterminate, continuous, 278, 323 stress concentrations, 407 Bearing stress, 167 Bearing stress, design, 171, 176 Bending moment diagrams, area rule, 287, 289 rules of drawing, 289 Bending moments in beams, 283, 295 Beryllium copper, 95 Bolted connections, 707, 709–711 Brass, 95–96 Brinell hardness tester, 77 Brittle material, 73–74 Bronze, 96 Bronze, coefficient of thermal expansion, 153 Buckling, columns, 7, 623–670 C Cantilever, 277–278, 493 Carbon and alloy steels properties, 757 Carbon steels, 84 Cast iron austempered ductile, 38, 761 coefficient of thermal expansion, 153 ductile iron, 92 gray iron, 92 malleable, 93 properties, 761 white, 93 Center of gravity, 344 Center of mass, 344 Centroid of an area, 344 Centroidal axis, 352–354 Centroids and moments, inertia bending stress, 341–342 centroidal axis, 351–354 data, 348–349 definition, 358–359 general procedure for computing, 345–347 hollow rectangular tube, 351 I-beam, 350–351 integration, 351 magnitude, 352 parallel axis theorem, 355–358 radius of gyration, 364–368 rectangular parts, 363–364 section modulus, 368 shapes, 344–345, 348–349 summation, 351 Channels (C-shapes) properties, 738–741 Channels, aluminum, 715 structural steel Charpy test, 80–81 Codes and standards, 134, 136 Coefficient of thermal expansion, 83 Cold rolling, 87 Column constant, 641 Column section, commercially available steel, 637–638 Columns AISC specifications, 653–656 allowable load, 646–647 Aluminum Association specifications, 656–657 analysis method, 647–650 buckling formulas, 644–646 buckling, meterstick, 633–634 critical buckling load, 644 crooked, 658 eccentric, 660 efficient shapes for, 652–653 Euler formula, 642 J.B. Johnson formula, 643 non-centrally loaded crooked column formula, 658–660 eccentrically loaded columns, 657–658, 660–664 straight centrally loaded column, 657 shapes, 633–634 slenderness ratio, 636–641 spreadsheet for analysis, 651–652 tall tower structure, 632–633 transition slenderness ratio, 641–642 Combined stress, 594–620 Combined stresses, normal, 594–620 normal and shear, 576–581 Strain–Gage Rosette, 612 Competitive stress, 22 Complete fracture, 383–384 Composite materials beams, 421 design for shear, 469Index 801 Composites, 104–118 advantages, 109 aircraft and aerospace systems, 105 ceramic matrix composites, 107 consumer products and recreation, 104 electrical and electronic systems, 105 filler materials, 117 ground transportation equipment, 104–105 imitations, 111–112 industrial facilities, 105 laminated construction, 113 metal matrix composites, 107 modulus of elasticity, 108, 119 polymer matrix composites, 105 predicting properties, 115 prepreg, 114 pressure vessels, 698 processing, 114 properties, 112 rule of mixtures, 117 specific modulus, 109–111 specific stiffness, 109–110 specific strength, 109–111 volume fraction, 115 Compound beam Compressive strength, 71 Concentrated loads, 272–273 Concentrated moments, 274–276, 306–311 Concrete coefficient of thermal expansion, 153 elasticity, 99–110 stress–strain curve, 99 Connections, 705–722 allowable stresses, 709–711, 715, 720 bolted, 710 bolted, eccentrically loaded, 714 modes of failure, 709 riveted, 713 types, 706 welded, 719 Contact stress, 131, 170–171 Continuous beams, 323, 328 Conversion factors, 785–786 Copper, 38, 41, 93, 95–96, 758 Beryllium copper, 95 coefficient of thermal expansion, 153 Copper Development Association, 84 Creep behavior, 82–83 Cylinders, thick-walled, 683 thin-walled, 677 D Deflection formulas, beams, 777–784 Deflection limits, 399, 487–489 Deflection of beams, 481–557 definition of terms, 489–492 formula method, 492–498 moment-area method, 527–547 moment-area method, beams with varying cross section, 537–538 moment-area method cantilever, 531 moment-area method, distributed loads, 544–547 moment-area method, theorems, 531 moment-area method, unsymmetrically loaded, 540–543 moment-area, simply supported beams, 534–537 needed for, 487–488 radius of curvature, 491–492 successive integration method, 514–526 superposition, 504–514 Deformation, 147 axial, 147 normal, 146 thermal, 152 torsional, 229 unit, 26 Density, 19 and specific weight, 83 Department of Defense, 134 Design bearing stress, 171–172, 174 Design factor, 133–136, 199 Design factor, column loading, 646–647 Design factor, direct tensile stresses, 132 guidelines, 136–137 torsional shear, 216 Design for direct stresses, 132 Design for shear aluminum, 468–469 composite materials, 469 concrete, 469 masonry, 469 steel, 468 wood, 469 Design of bolted connections bearing failure, 712 bearing-type, 710 shear failure, 710–711 slip-critical, 710 tensile failure, 712 Design stress, 128, 131–134, 137, 140, 215, 398, 400 bending, 398–399 methods of computing, 140 normal, 133 pressure vessels, 684 shear, 215 torsional shear, 215 Design stress guidelines, 136–137, 765–766 Direct normal stress, 22–25 Direct shear stress, 199–203 Distributed loads, 270–274, 295–302, 323, 325802 Index Double shear, 29 Drop weight tester, 80 Ductile iron, 92 Ductile material, 74 Ductility Gage length, tensile test, 73 percent elongation, 74 E Eccentrically loaded riveted and bolted joints, 714–717 Effective length, 637 Elastic limit, 69 Elastic torsional deformation, 229–240 Elongation, 26, 66, 68–69, 71, 75, 87 End-fixity factor, 637–639 Endurance strength, 82, 140–141 English Gravitational Unit System, 17 Equivalent torque, 578 Euler formula, 642 Euler formula for columns, 642 Experimental stress analysis, 164, 407 F Fabricated beams, 448 Factor of safety, 131, 133; see also Design factor Failure modes, 6 Failure of bolted connections, 709 Fastener failure, 383–384 Fasteners, spacing, shear flow, 471 Fatigue strength/endurance strength, 82 Fexural strength and flexural modulus, 77 Filament winding, 115 Filler materials for composites, 108 Finite element analysis, 42–43 Flexural center, 412 Flexural modulus, 77 Flexure formula, 385 conditions on use, 388 derivation, 392 Force, 8 Fracture, 6, 9, 13, 67–68, 73, 80, 83, 99, 129, 200, 383–384, 644 Free-body diagrams, parts of beams, 306–313 Full annealing, 89 G Gage length, 73 General shear formula, 448 development of, 461 guidelines for use of, 453 Glass, coefficient of thermal expansion, 153 Gray iron, 92 H Hardness measurement, plastics, rubbers, and elastomers, 79 and strength, steel, 77–78 Heat treatment, 87–88 Hertz stress, 76 Hollow structural sections (HSS), 34, 35, 38, 91, 162, 182, 341, 748 Hollow thin-walled tubular shape, 466–467 Hollow tubing, square and rectangular properties, 748–752 Hooke’s law, 68, 72–73 Hoop stress, 675, 681 I I-beams, 37, 90, 115, 240, 341, 572 aluminum, 37, 679 Impact energy/impact resistance, 80 Impact testing devices and equipment, 81 Interlaminar shear, 383–384 I-shapes properties, 742–747 Izod test, 80–81 J J. B. Johnson formula for columns, 643 J, Polar moment of inertia, 198, 211–214, 232, 234, 241 K Keys, 30–31 Keyseats, 225–226, 260 L Laminated composite construction, 113–114 Length, effective, for columns, 639 Load and resistance factor design, 142, 399 Loads, concentrated, 271 distributed, 272 distributed, varying, 274, 305 Local crippling, 383–384 Longitudinal stress, 679 M Machine-graded structural lumber, 98 Magnesium, 96 coefficient of thermal expansion, 153 Malleable iron, 93 Margin of safety, 131, 133 Masonry, design bearing stress, 171, 175–176 Mass, 17Index 803 Mass, force, and weight relationship, 18 Mass per unit volume, 117 Materials, anisotropic, 418–419 composites, beams, 419, 421 concrete, 99 plastics, 101 wood, 97 Materials, design properties coefficient of thermal expansion, 84 compressive strength, 71 creep behavior, 82–83 density and specific weight, 83 ductility, 73–74 elasticity, 76–77 fatigue strength/endurance strength, 82 flexural strength and flexural modulus, 77 hardness, 77–78 metals and alloys, 84 Poisson’s, 74–76 shearing strain, 76 stiffness, 72–73 strength, stiffness, and ductility, 68 tensile and yield strengths, 68–71 test equipment, 67 toughness, 80–81, 80–82 Materials selection, 118–122 Matrix materials for composites, 105 Maximum shear stress, 586 Maximum shear stress theory of failure, 603 Mean diameter for pressure vessels, 675 Members made of more than one material, 159–163 Metals, 84–92 and alloys, 84 brittle, 68 ductile, 73 proportional limit, 70 stiffness, 72 strength, 71 stress–strain curve, 71 yield point, 71 Metric Unit System, 15, 17 Military standards, 134 Modulus of elasticity, 42, 68, 72, 76, 101, 108, 116, 131 Modulus of elasticity in shear, 231–232 Mohr’s circle for stress, 588–610 examples, 593–604 procedure for drawing, 591 Moment of inertia, definition, 351, 358–359 general procedure for computing, 355–356 parallel axis theorem, 355 Moment of inertia for composite shapes, 352, 355–358, 363 Moment of inertia for shapes with rectangular parts, 363–364 Moment of inertia for structural shapes, 359 Moment of intertia of an area, 350–352 Moment–area method applications, 531 beam deflections, 530 beams with distributed loads, 543–547 cantilever, 527–528, 531–534 M/EI diagram, 527, 529 principles, 527, 529 semigraphical procedure, 527 shafts, 527 simply supported beams, 534–537 symmetrically loaded simply supported beam, 535–540 unsymmetrically loaded simply supported beams, 540–543 Moments, concentrated, 274–276 Monocoque structures, 448 N Newton, the unit of force, 18 Newton’s law of gravitation, 18 Nickel-based alloys, 97 Noncircular sections, torsions, 240 table, 240 Nonmetals in design, 97 Nonquantitative torsional activity, 196–197 Normal stress, 22 Normal stress element, 25 Normalizing, 89 O Offset, 71 Overhanging beam, 271, 277, 279 P Percent elongation, 74 Photoelastic stress analysis, 39, 164, 390 Pin joints, bearing stress in, 169 Pipe, steel, 38 Plastics applications, 103 coefficient of thermal expansion, 154 design guidance, 102–103 thermoplastics, 101–102 thermosets, 102 Poisson’s ratio approximate values, 75 element, tension, 75 Hertz stress, 75 Polar moment of inertia, 213–214, 232, 234, 241 Polar section modulus, 215–219, 223, 227–228, 241 Power, 203, 205 Precipitation hardening steels, 90 Preferred basic sizes, 33 Prepreg, 114804 Index Pressure vessels composites, 698 cylinders, thin-walled, 677 design considerations, 695 design procedure, 684 hoop stress, 684 longitudinal stress, 679 mean diameter, 676 shearing stresses in, 692 spheres, thin-walled, 677 spreadsheet aid for analyzing, 691 thick-walled, 683 wall thickness, thin/think, 675 Principal stresses, 585 Proportional limit, 69 Pultrusion, 115 Punching operation, 27 Q Quantitative torsional activity, 196–197 Quenching, 68, 88–89, 91 R Radius of gyration, 364–368, 639–641 Reactions on beams at supports, 279 Reinforcement materials and matrix, 117 Resistance factor, 142 Retaining rings, 225–226 Ring groove in tension, 165–166 Riveted joints, 713–714 Rivets, 713 Rockwell hardness scales, 77, 79 Rollers, bearing, 171 Rosettes, strain gage, 613 Rotational speed, 203, 206 Rule of mixtures, 117 S Safety factor, 131, 133 Screw threads, 33, 626, 731–732 Secant modulus, 100 Section modulus, 368–370, 400 torsional, 215 Shafts, solid and hollow, comparison, 218 Shafts with flats, 242 Shapes, structural, 34–36 Shear center, 412–416 Shear, double, 29 Shear failure of rivets, 714 Shear flow, 471 Shear modulus of elasticity, 232 Shear pin, 200–201 Shear, single, 29 Shear stress direct, 199–203 Shear stress, design, 215 direct, 24 maximum, 587 maximum, theory of failure, 604 Shear stress element, 33 Shearing force, definition, 283 Shearing force diagrams, 284, 289–290, 298–299 for distributed loads, 300 guidelines for drawing, 290, 299–300 Shearing forces for cantilevers, 303–304 Shearing forces in beams, 264, 283, 289, 295–296, 444 Shearing strain, 231 Shearing stress in beams, 441–473 circular shapes, 465 design, 464 distribution of, 455 first moment of the area, 471 general shear formula, 448 development of, 461 hollow thin-walled tubular shapes, 466–467 importance, 447 rectangular shapes, 450, 456, 464 special shear formulas, 464–468 statical moment, 448 stressed skin structures, 448 thin-webbed, 467 visualization, 461 wooden, 442–443, 447 Short beams, 448 SI Metric Unit System, 16 Simple axial loads, 381 Simple beam, 276–277 Single shear, 29 Single-stage gear reducer, 195 Sizes, preferred basic, 32–33 Slenderness ratio, 636 actual length, 637 effective length, 639 end-fixity factor, 637–639 radius of gyration, 639–641 transition, 641 Slug, the unit of mass, 17 Society of Automotive Engineers, 84 Soils, design bearing stress, 176 Special shear formulas, 464–468 Specific modulus, 109–111 Specific stiffness, 109–111 Specific strength, 109–111 Specific weight, 19 Spheres, thick-walled, 683 thin-walled, 677 S-shapes, structural steel, 34–36, 743–744Index 805 St. Venant principal, 390, 407 Stability, 7, 388–389, 644 Stainless steel, 90 coefficient of thermal expansion, 153 Stainless steels and nonferrous metals properties, 758–759 Standard structural shapes, 34 Statical moment, 472 Statically indeterminate beams, 323–328 Statically indeterminate members, axial, 159 Statics, review, 43–55 Steel alloy steels, 84 alloying elements, 85–86 annealing, 89 carbon and alloy, properties, 757 carbon steels, 84 cold drawn, 87 cold rolled, 87 conditions for, 87–89 designation system, 85 globalization, 87 hot rolled, 87 normalizing, 89 precipitation hardening, 90 quenching, 88 stainless, 90, 759 stress relief annealing, 89 structural, 90, 760 tempering, 88 weathering, 91 Steel angles properties, 735–737 Steel pipe and mechanical tubing properties, 753–756 Stiffness elasticity, 72 torsional, 230 uniaxial strain, 73 Young’s modulus, 72 Strain, definition, 26 shearing, 231 Strain gaging, 40–42 Rosettes, 614 Strength, ultimate tensile, 68 yield, 68 Stress direct shear, 199–203 Stress, apparent, 69 bearing, 167 compressive, 22 definition, 21 design for bending, 398 hoop, pressure vessels, 681–682 longitudinal, pressure vessels, 679–680 normal, 22 shear, direct, 26 shear stress, 30 tensile, 22 thermal, 131 units, 22 Stress concentration factors charts, 767–776 in beams, 506 in combined stress, 556 normal stresses, 163, 165 torsion, 222 Stress condition on selected planes, 604 Stress element, normal stress, 23, 25 bearing, 167 contact, 170–171 general, 561 shear stress, 29, 30 thermal, 156–159 Stressed skin structures, 448 Stresses, allowable on connections, 710–711, 715, 720 combined, normal, 569–576 combined, normal and shear, 576–581 principal, 585 Stress-relief annealing, 89 Stress–strain curve, 70–72 Stress–strain diagram, 69 Structural shapes, 31, 33 designations, 33 Metrication, 34 Structural steels, 90–92 properties, 760 Structural tubing, 91 Successive integration method analytic geometry states, 517 approach, 517–518 beam, 520 bending and shear, 526 computer-based equation, 523 curvature, 517 graph showing points, 524–525 load, shearing force and bending momen, 520–522 moment–area method, 517 neutral axis states, 515 segment of beam, 514–515 slope and deflection curves, 524 value of quantity, 523 Summation, 351 Superposition continuous beam, 513–514 deflection of shaft, 508 downward deflection, 510–511 physical implementation, 512–513 principle, 504–506 roof beam, 505 shaft, 507806 Index shearing force and bending moment, 512 statically indeterminate beams, 509–510 supported cantilever, 509–510 upward deflection, 510–511 Superposition, for statically indeterminate beams, 486 Support types, 276 T Tempering, 88 Tensile and yield strengths load versus elongation, 69 proportional limit, 69 stress–strain curve, 69–72 testing machine, 68–71 unit deformation, 71 Tensile stress, 131, 147, 157, 165, 167 Tension axially loaded grooved round bar, 767 axially loaded stepped flat plate, 769 axially loaded stepped round bar, 768 Theorem of three moments, 323–328 Thermoplastics, 101–102 Thermosets, 102 Thermosetting plastic, 101 Thin-walled vessels, 677 Thin-webbed beams, 447 shapes, 467–468 Three moment theorem, 323–328 Titanium, 96–97 coefficient of thermal expansion, 153 Torque, 203 equivalent, 578 Torsion grooved round bar, 772 stepped round bar, 773 Torsional deformation, 230, 240 Torsional shear stress, 207–210 circular sections, 207 design, 215 formula, 208 formula, derivation, 210 noncircular sections, 240 stress concentrations, 222 Torsional stiffness, 229, 240 recommended, 230 Toughness impact energy/impact resistance, 80 impact testing devices and equipment, 81 Trusses, analysis, 633 Tubing, mechanical, 34, 38–39, 243, 359, 418, 753–756 Tubing, structural, 38, 90, 95, 102, 756, 760 Twisting, 229 U Ultimate strength in shear, 200–201 Ultimate tensile strength, 68 Uniaxial strain, 73 Unified Numbering System, 84 Unit deformation, 71 Unit systems, 16–17 Unit weight, 100 Units, stress, 20 U.S. Customary Unit System, 17 V Volume fraction, 115–117 W Weathering steel, 90–91 Web wrinkling, 383–384 Weight, 18–19 Welded joints, 719–721 Welding electrodes, 720 Welds, types of, 718 White iron, 93 Wide-flange shapes (W-shapes), 34–35, 37, 185, 652–653, 742, 760 Wind turbine blade, 106 Wood, 97–98 properties, 763 Wood boards properties, 733–734 Wooden beams, 442–443, 447 Working stress, 131, 133 Y Yield point, 69 Yield strength, 68 Yield strength in shear, 132–133, 140, 199–200 Young’s modulus, 72 Z Zinc, 94, 96, 622
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