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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Technical Drawing - Fundamentals, CAD, Design Second Edition David L. Goetsch John A. Nelson William S. Chalk
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Brief Contents PREFACE x SECTION ONE • BASICS Introduction 2 I Drafting Instruments and Their Use 22 2 Lettering, Sketching, and Line Techniques 67 3 Geometric Construction 93 SECTION TWO • TECHNICAL DRAWING FUNDAMENTALS 145 4 Multiview Drawings 146 5 Sectional Views 193 6 Auxiliary Views 225 7 Descriptive Geometry 24 5 8 Patterns and Developments 289 9 Dimensioning and Notation 323 SECTION THREE • COMPUTER-AIDED DRAFTING 391 10 Computer-Aided Drafting Technology 392 11 Computer-Aided Drafting Operations 407 SECTION FOUR • DESIGN DRAFTING APPLICATIONS 429 12 Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing 430 13 Fasteners 457 14 Springs 505 15 Cams 521 16 Gears 535 17 Assembly and Detail Drawings 552 18 Pictorial Drawings 579 SECTION FIVE • RELATED TECHNOLOGY 619 19 Welding 620 20 Shop Processes 644 21 Pipe Drafting 684 22 Electronic Drafting 705 23 Charts and Graphs 720 24 The Design Process 791 APPENDIX A MECHANICAL DRAFTING MATHEMATICS 842 APPENDIX B TABLES 874 GLOSSARY 928 INDEX 935 Contents SECTION ONE • BASICS 1 Introduction 2 drawings described • types of drawings • types of technical drawings • purpose of technical drawings • applications of technical drawings • regulation of technical drawings • what students of technical drawing and drafting should learn • review Chapter 1 • Drafting instruments and their use 22 conventional and CAD/CAM drafting equipment • conventional drafting requisites • drawing sets • scales • measuring • ink tools • technical pens • mechanical lettering sets • butterfly-type scriber • airbrush • paper sizes • whiteprinter • files • open-end typewriter • care of drafting equipment • review • problems Chapter 2 • Lettering, sketching, and line techniques 67 freehand lettering • freehand lettering techniques • line work • sketching • types of sketches • sketching materials • sketching techniques • review • problems Chapter 3 • Geometric construction 93 geometric nomenclature • elemental construction principles polygon construction circular construction • supplementary construction • review • problems SECTION TWO • TECHNICAL DRAWING FUNDAMENTALS 145 Chapter 4 • Multiview drawings 146 orthographic projection • planning the drawing • sketching procedure • centering the drawing • rounds and fillets • runouts • treatment of intersecting surfaces • curve plotting • cylindrical intersections • incomplete views • aligned features • how to represent holes • conventional breaks • visualization • first-angle projection • review • problems Chapter 5 • Sectional views 193 sectional views • cutting-plane line • direction of sight • section lining • multisection views • kinds of sections • sections through ribs or webs • holes, ribs and webs, spokes and keyways • aligned sections • fasteners and shafts in section intersections in section • review • problems Chapter 6 • Auxiliary views 225 auxiliary views defined • secondary auxiliary views partial views • auxiliary section • half auxiliary views • review • problems Chapter 7 • Descriptive geometry 245 descriptive geometry projection • steps used • notations • fold lines • how to project a line into other views • how to locate a point in space (right view) • how to find the true length of a line • how to construct a point view of a line • how to find the true distance between a line and a point in space • how to find the true distance between two parallel VIlines • how to find the true distance between two non-parallel lines • how to project a plane into another view • how to construct an edge view of a plane surface • how to find the true distance between a plane surface and a point in space • how to find the true angle between two planes • how to determine the visibility of lines • how to determine the piercing point by inspection • how to determine the piercing point by construction • how to determine the piercing point by line projection • how to find the intersection of two planes by line projection • how to find the intersection of a cylinder and a plane surface by line projection • how to find the intersection of a sphere and a plane surface • how to find the intersection of two prisms • bearings, slope, and grade • how to construct a line with a specified bearing, slope angle, and length • how to construct a line with a specified bearing, percent of grade, and length • review • problems Chapter 8 • Patterns and developments 289 developments • parallel line development • radial line development • triangulation development • true-length diagram • notches • bends • review • problems Chapter 9 • Dimensioning and notation 323 dimensioning systems • dimension components • laying out dimensions • steps in dimensioning • specific dimensioning techniques • summary of dimensioning rules • notation • rules for applying notes on drawings • review • problems SECTION THREE • COMPUTER-AIDED DRAFTING 391 Chapter 10 • Computer-aided drafting technology 392 overview of CAD • computer-aided drafting systems • CAD hardware • CAD software • CAD users • modern CAD system configurations • advantages of CAD • microCADD • microCADD in the beginning • advantages of microCADD • limitations of microCADD • review Chapter 1 1 • Computer-aided drafting operations 407 general system operation • input commands • manipulation commands • output commands review • problems SECTION FOUR • DESIGN DRAFTING APPLICATIONS 429 Chapter 12 • Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing 430 summary of geometric dimensioning and positional tolerancing terms general tolerancing • geometric dimensioning and positional tolerancing defined • modifiers • feature control symbol • true position • flatness • straightness • circularity (roundness! • cylindricity • angularity • parallelism • perpendicularity • profile • runout • review • problems Chapter 13 • Fasteners 457 classifications of fasteners • threads • screw thread forms • tap and die • threads per inch (TPI) • pitch • single and multiple threads • right-hand and left-hand threads • thread representation • thread relief (undercut) • screw, bolt, and stud • rivets • keys and keyseats • grooved fasteners • spring pins • fastening systems • retaining rings • review • problems Chapter 14 • Springs 505 spring classification • helical springs • flat springs • terminology of springs • required spring data • how to draw a compression spring • how to draw an extension spring • other spring design layout • standard drafting practices section view of a spring • isometric views • review • problems VIIChapter 15 • Cams 521 cam principle • basic types of followers • cam mechanism • cam terms • cam motion • laying out the cam from the displacement diagram • how to draw a cam with an offset follower • how to draw a cam with a flat-faced follower • timing diagram • dimensioning a cam • review • problems Chapter 16 : Gears 535 kinds of gears • gearratio • pitch diameter • gear blank • backlash • basic terminology • diametral pitch • pressure angle • center-to-center distances • measurements required to use a gear tooth caliper • required tooth-cutting data • rack • bevel gear • worm and worm gear • gear train • materials • design and layout of gears • review • problems Chapter 17 • Assembly and detail drawings 552 the engineering department • drawing revisions • invention agreement • title block • size of lettering within title block • checking procedure • numbering system • parts list • personal technical file • the design procedure • working drawings • patent drawings • computer drawings (see Chapters 10 and 11) • review • problems Chapter 18 • Pictorial drawings 579 types of pictorial drawings • axonometric drawings • oblique drawings • perspective drawing • isometric principles • nonisometric lines • hidden lines • offset measurements • center lines • box construction • irregularly shaped objects • isometric curves • isometric circles or arcs isometric arcs • isometric knurls • isometric screw threads isometric spheres • isometric intersections • isometric rounds and fillets • isometric dimensioning • isometric templates • perspective drawing procedures • review • problems SECTION FIVE • RELATED TECHNOLOGY 619 Chapter 19 • Welding 620 welding processes • basic welding symbol • size of weld • length of weld • placement of weld • intermittent welds • process reference • contour symbol • field welds • welding joints • types of welds • multiple reference line • spot weld • projection weld • seam weld • welding template • review • problems Chapter 20 • Shop processes 644 shop processes casting • forging • extruding • stamping • machining • special workholding devices • heat treatment of steels • automation and integration (CAM and CIM FMSl • computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) • industrial robots • CIM FMS • review Chapter 2 1 • Pipe drafting 684 types of pipe • types of joints and fittings • types of valves • pipe drawings • dimensioning pipe drawings • review • problems Chapter 22 • Electronic drafting 705 electronics symbols • schematic diagrams • connection diagrams • block diagrams • logic diagrams • printed circuit board drawings • review • problems Chapter 23 • Charts and graphs 720 functional classes: an overview • five basic components • specific charts and graphs • review • problems Chapter 24 • The design process 791 time • learning the design process • the design process: phases and steps • design projects: routine and non-routine • review • problems vinAppendix A • Mechanical drafting mathematics 842 mathematics for drafters • rounding decimal fractions • expressing common fractions as decimal fractions • millimeter-inch equivalents (conversion factors) • evaluating formulas • ratio and proportion • arithmetic operations on angles expressed in degrees, minutes, and seconds • degrees, minutes, seconds—decimal degree conversion • types of angles • angles formed by a transversal • types of triangles • common polygons • definitions of properties of circles • geometric principles of circle circumference, central angles, arcs, and tangents • geometric principles of angles formed inside a circle • geometric principles of angles formed on a circle and angles formed outside a circle • internally and externally tangent circles • trigonometry: trigonometric functions • trigonometry: basic calculations of sides • trigonometry: common drafting applications • trigonometry: oblique triangles— law of sines and law of cosines • review Appendix B • contents 874 Glossary 928 Index 935 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS OF INTEREST TO DESIGNERS, ARCHITECTS, AND DRAFTERS TITLE OF STANDARD Abbreviations Y1.1-1972 American National Standard Drafting Practices Size and Format Y1 4 .1-1980 Line Conventions and Lettering Y14 2M-1979 Multi and Sectional View Drawings Y14.3-1975(R1980) Pictorial Drawing Y14 4-1957 Dimensioning and Tolerancing Y14 5M-1982 Screw Threads Y1 4.6-1 978 Screw Threads (Metric Supplement) Y14.6aM-1981 Gears and Splines Spur, Helical, and Racks Y14 7. 1-1971 Bevel and Hyphoid Y1 4.7 2-1 978 Forgings Y1 4.9-1 958 Springs Y14 13M-1981 Electrical and Electronic Diagram Y14.15-1966(R1973) Interconnection Diagrams Y1 4. 15a- 1971 Information Sheet Y14.15b-1973 Fluid Power Diagrams Y14.17-1966(R1980) Digital Representation for Communication of Product Definition Data Y14.26M-1981 Computer-Aided Preparation of Product Definition Data Dictionary of Terms Y1 4.26.3-1 975 Digital Representation of Physical Object Shapes Y14 Report Guideline — User Instructions Y1 4 Report No. 2 Guideline — Design Requirements Y1 4 Report No. 3 Ground Vehicle Drawing Practices In Preparation Chasis Frames Y14.32 1-1974 Parts Lists, Data Lists, and Index Lists Y14.34M-1982 Surface Texture Symbols Y14 36-1978 Illustrations for Publication and Projection Y15 1M-1979 Time Series Charts Y15.2M-1979 Process Charts Y15 3M-1979 Graphic Symbols for: Electrical and Electronics Diagrams Y32.2-1975 Plumbing Y32 4-1977 Use on Railroad Maps and Profiles Y32 7-1972(R1979) Fluid Power Diagrams Y32.10-1967(R1974) Process Flow Diagrams in Petroleum and Chemical Industries Y32.1 1-1961 Mechanical and Acoustical Element as Used in Schematic Diagrams Y32.18-1972(R1978) Pipe Fittings, Valves, and Piping Z32.2 3-1949(R1953) Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning Z32 2.4-1949(R1953) Heat Power Apparatus Z32.2.6-1 950(R1 956) Letter Symbols for: Glossary of Terms Concerning Letter Symbols Y1 1 -1972 Hydraulics Y10.2-1958 Quantities Used in Mechanics for Solid Bodies Y10.3-1968 Heat and Thermodynamics Y10. 4-1982 Quantities Used in Electrical Science and Electrical Engineering Y10 5-1968 Aeronautical Sciences Y 1 7- 1 954 Structural Analysis Y10 8-1962 Meteorology Y10.10-1953(R1973) Acoustics Y10 1 1-1953(R1959) Chemical Engineering Y10 12-1955(R1973) Rocket Propulsion Y10 14-1959 Petroleum Reservoir Engineering and Electric Logging Y10 15-1958(R1973) Shell Theory Y10 16-1964(R1973) Guide for Selecting Greek Letters Used as Symbols for Engineering Mathematics Y10 17-1961 (R1 973) Illuminating Engineering Y10 1 8-1967(R1 977) Mathematical Signs and Symbols for Use in Physical Sciences and Technology Y10 20-1975 Table 48 927Glossary Absolute System A type of numerical control system in which all coordinates are located from a fixed or absolute zero point Acme Screw thread form Actual Size Actual measured size of a feature Acute Angle An angle less than 90 Addendum Radial distance from pitch circle to top of gear tooth Allen Screw Special set screw or cap screw with hexagon socket in head Allowance Minimum clearance between mating parts Alloy Two or more metals in combination, usually a fine metal with a baser metal Alphanumeric Refers to the totality of characters that are either alphabetic or numeric Aluminum A lightweight but relatively strong metal: often alloyed with copper to increase hardness and strength Ammonia A colorless gas used in the development process of diazo and sepia prints Angle Iron A structural shape whose section is a right angle Angularity Tolerancing of a feature at a specified angle from another feature Anneal To soften metals by heating to remove internal stresses caused by rolling and forging Anodizing The process of protecting aluminum by oxidizing in an acid bath using a direct current Application A definable set of drafting tasks to be accomplished in a given drafting area; may be accomplished partly through manual procedures and partly through computerized procedures Arc A part of a circle Arc-weld To weld by electric arc; the work is usually the positive terminal Artificial Intelligence The ability of a machine to improve its own operation or the ability of a machine to perform functions that are normally associated with human intelligence such as learning, adapting, reasoning, self-correction, and automatic improvement Assembly Drawing A drawing showing the working relationship of the various parts of a machine or structure as they fit together Automated Assembly Assembly by means of operations performed automatically by machines that are controlled and monitored by computers Automated Process Planning Using a computer in developing a process plan Automation The conversion of a process or system to automatic operation Auxiliary View An additional view of an object, usually of a surface inclined to the principal surfaces of the object to provide a true size and shape view Axes Plural of axis Axis An imaginary line around which parts rotate or are regularly arranged Babbitt A soft alloy for bearings, mostly of tin with small amounts of copper and antimony Backlash Lost motion between moving parts, such as threaded shaft and nut or the teeth of meshing gears Baseline Dimensioning A system of dimensioning where as many features of a part as are functionally practical are located from a common set of datums Basic Dimension A theoretically "perfect" dimension similar to a reference or nominal dimension. It is used to identify the exact location, size, or shape of a feature. Basic Size The size from which the limits of size are derived by the application of allowances and tolerances Bearing A supporting member for a rotating shaft Bend Allowance The amount of sheet metal required to make a bend over a specific radius Bevel An inclined edge; not a right angle to joining surface Bilateral Tolerances Tolerances that are applied to a nominal dimension in the positive and negative directions Bisect To divide into two equal parts Blanking A stamping operation in which a press uses a die to cut blanks from flat sheets or strips of metal Blueprint A copy of a drawing Bolt Circle A circular center line on a drawing, containing the centers of holes about a common center Bore To enlarge a hole with a boring bar or tool in a lathe, drill press or boring mill Boss A cylindrical projection on a casting or a forging Brass An alloy of copper and zinc Braze To join with hard solder of brass or zinc 928 JBroach A tool for removing metal by pulling or pushing it across the work; the most common use is producing irregular hole shapes such as squares, hexagons, ovals or splines Bronze An alloy of eight or nine parts of copper and one part of tin Buff To finish or polish on a buffing wheel composed of fabric with abrasive powders Burr The ragged edge or ridge left on metal after a cutting operation Burnish To finish or polish by pressure upon a smooth rolling or sliding tool Bushing A metal lining which acts as a bearing between rotating parts such as a shaft and pulley: also used on jigs to guide cutting tool CAD (Computer-aided drafting) The use of computers and peripheral devices to aid in the documentation for design projects Callout A note on the drawing giving a dimension, specification or machine process Calipers Instrument for measuring diameters Cam A rotating shape for changing circular motion to reciprocating motion Carburize To heat a low-carbon steel to approximately 2000= F in contact with material which adds carbon to the surface of the steel Case Harden To harden the outer surface of a carburized steel by heating and then quenching Center Drill A special drill to produce bearing holes in the ends of a workpiece to be mounted between centers Central Processing Unit (CPU) A unit of a computer that includes circuits controlling the interpretation and execution of instructions Chain Dimensioning Successive dimensions that extend from one feature to another, rather than each originating at a datum Chamfer A bevel on an external edge or corner, usually at 45 : Character A letter, digit or other symbol that is used as part of the organization, control, or representation of data Chase To cut threads with an external cutting tool Chill To harden the outer surface of cast iron by quick cooling as in a metal mold Chuck A mechanism for holding a rotating tool or workpiece Circularity A tolerance that controls elemental tolerance zones around a circular feature that is independent of other features Circular Pitch The length of the arc along the pitch circle between the center of one gear tooth to the center of the next Circular Runout A tolerance that identifies an infinite number of elemental tolerance zones on a feature when the feature is rotated 360 for each element Clearance Fit A condition between mating parts in which there is always a clearance assembly Clockwise Rotation in the same direction as hands of a clock Coin To form a part in one stamping operation Cold Rolled Steel Bessemer steel containing . 12% to .20% carbon that has been rolled while cold to produce a smooth, quite accurate stock Collar A round flange or ring fitted on a shaft to prevent sliding Concentric Having a common center as circles or diameters Concentricity A tolerance in which the axis of a feature must be coaxial to a specified datum regardless of the datum s and the features size Configuration A group of machines, devices, parts, etc. that makes up a system Coordinate An ordered set of data values, either absolute or relative, that specifies a location Coordinate Dimensioning A type of rectangular datum dimensioning in which all dimensions are measured from two or three mutually perpendicular datum planes; all dimensions originate at a datum and include regular extension and dimension lines and arrowheads Cope The upper portion of a flask used in molding Core To form a hollow portion in a casting by using a dry-sand core or a green-sand core in a mold Counterbore The enlargement of the end of a hole to a specified diameter and depth Countersink The chamfered end of a hole to receive a flat head screw CPU Central processing unit Cursor 1 1 1 On CRT a movable marker that is visible on the viewing surface and is used to indicate a position at which an action is to take place or the position on which the next device operation would normally be directed. (21 On digitizers, a movable reference, usually optical cross hairs used by an operator to indicate manually the position of a reference point or line where an action is to take place. Cylindricity A tolerance that simultaneously controls the surface of revolution for straightness. parallelism, and circularity of a feature, and is independent of any other features on a part Data A representation of facts, concepts or instructions in formalized manner suitable for communication interpretation or processing by human or automatic means Datum Points, lines, planes, cylinders and the like assumed to be exact for purposes of computation from which the location or geometric relationship (form) of features of a part may be established Datum Feature A feature that is used to establish a datum Datum Identification Symbol A special rectangu lar box that contains the datum reference letter 929Dedendum The radial distance between the pitch circle and the bottom of the tooth Delineation Pictorial representation: a chart, a diagram or a sketch Design Size The size, of a feature after an allowance for clearance has been applied and tolerances have been assigned Detail Drawing A drawing of a single part that provides all the information necessary in the production of that part Development Drawing of the surface of an object unfolded on a plane Deviation The variance from a specified dimension or design requirement Diagram A figure or drawing which is marked out by lines; a chart or outline Diameter The length of a straight line passing through the center of a circle and terminating at the circumference on each end Diazo Material that is either a film or paper sensitized by means of azo dyes used for photocopying Die Hardened metal piece shaped to cut or form a required shape in a sheet or metal by pressing it against a mating die Die Casting Process of forcing molten metal under pressure into metal dies or molds, producing a very accurate and smooth casting Die Stamping Process of cutting or forming a piece of sheet metal with a die Digitize To use numeric characters to express or represent data Digitizer A device for converting positional information into digital signals: typically, a drawing or other graphic is placed on the measuring surface of the digitizer and traced by the operator using a cursor Dimension Measurements given on a drawing such as size and location Direct Numerical Control ( DNC) The use of a common host computer for distribution of part programs to remote machine tools Display A visual presentation of data on an output device Dowel A cylindrical pin. commonly used to prevent sliding between two contacting flat surfaces Draft The tapered shape of the parts of a pattern to permit it to be easily withdrawn from the sand or withdrawn from the dies Drag Lower portion of a flask used in molding Draw To temper steel Drill To cut a cylindrical hole with a drill; a blind hole does not go through the piece Drill Press A machine for drilling and other holeforming operations Drop Forge To form a piece while hot between dies in a drop hammer or with great pressure Eccentric Not having the same center; off center Extrusion Metal which has been shaped by forcing it in its hot or cold state through dies of the desired shape Fabrication A term used to distinguish production operations from assembly operations Face To finish a surface at right angles, or nearly so, to the center line of rotation on a lathe FAO Finish all over Fastener A mechanical device for holding two or more bodies in definite positions with respect to each other Feature A portion of a part, such as a diameter, hole, keyway or flat surface Ferrous Having iron as a metal's base material File To finish or smooth with a file Fillet An interior rounded intersection between two surfaces Fin A thin extrusion of metal at the intersection of dies or sand molds Finish General finish requirements such as paint, chemical or electroplating, rather than surface texture or roughness (see surface texture) Fit The clearance or interference between two mating parts Fixture A special device for holding the work in a machine tool Flange A relatively thin rim around a piece Flask A box made of two or more parts for holding the sand in sand molding Flatbed Plotter A plotter that draws an image on a data medium such as paper or film mounted on a table Flat Pattern A layout showing true dimensions of a part before bending; may be actual size pattern on polyester film for shop use Flatness A tolerance that controls the amount of variation from the perfect plane on a feature independent of any other features on the part Flute Groove, as on twist drills, reamers, and taps Forge To force metal while it is hot to take on a desired shape by hammering or pressing Form Tolerancing The permitted variation of a feature from the perfect form indicated on the drawing Fusion Weld The intimate mixing of molten metals Gage The thickness of sheet metal by number Galvanize To cover a surface with a thin layer of molten alloy, composed mainly of zinc Gasket A thin piece of rubber, metal or some other material, placed between surfaces to make a tight joint Gate The opening in a sand mold at the bottom of the sprue through which the molten metal passes to enter the cavity or mold Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing A means of dimensioning and tolerancing a drawing with 930respect to the actual function or relationship or part features which can be most economically produced; it includes positional and form dimensioning and tolerancing Grind To remove metal by means of an abrasive wheel, often made of carborundum, used where accuracy is required Group Technology Grouping of parts into families based on similarities in design or production processes Gusset A small plate used in reinforcing assemblies Hard Copy A copy of output in a visually readable form (e.g., printed reports, listings, documents, summaries, and drawings) Harden To heat steel above a critical temperature and then quench in water, oil or air Hardness Test Techniques used to measure the degree of hardness of heat-treated materials Heat Treat To change the properties of metals by heating and then cooling Hexagon A polygon having six angles and six sides Hone A method of finishing a hole or other surface to a precise tolerance by using a spring-loaded abrasive block and rotary motion Horizontal Parallel to the horizon Inclined A line or plane at an angle to a horizontal line or plane Incremental System A system of numerically controlled machining that always refers to the preceding point when making the next movement; also known as continuous path or contouring method of NC machining Input The transfer of information into a computer or machine control unit (see "output") Intelligent Robot Robot that can make decisions based on data received from sensing devices Interchangeable Refers to a part made to limit dimensions so that it will fit any mating part similarly manufactured Intermediate A translucent reproduction made on vellum, cloth or film from an original drawing to serve in place of the original for making other prints Involute A spiral curve generated by a point on a chord as it unwinds from a circle or a polygon Isometric Drawing A pictorial drawing of an object so positioned that all three axes make equal angles with the picture plane, and measurements on all three axes are made to the same scale Jig A device for guiding a tool in cutting a piece Journal Portion of a rotating shaft supported by a bearing Kerf Groove or cut made by a saw Key A small piece of metal sunk partly into both shaft and hub to prevent rotation of mating parts Keyseat A slot in a shaft to hold a key Keyslot The slot machined in a shaft for Woodrufftype keys Keyway A slot in a hub or portion surrounding a shaft to receive a key Lathe A machine used to shape materials by rotating against a tool Layout Lines drawn on material as guides for subsequent operations Least Material Condition (LMC) A condition of a feature in which it contains the least amount of material Light Pen A hand-held data-entry device used only with refresh displays. It consists of an optical lens and photocell, with associative circuitry mounted in a wand. Most light pens have a switch allowing the pen to be sensitive to light from the screen. Limit Dimensions A tolerancing method showing only the maximum and minimum dimensions that establish the limits Limits The maximum and minimum allowable sizes of a feature Location Tolerance A tolerance that specifies the allowable variation from the perfect location Lug An irregular projection of metal, but not round as in the case of a boss: usually with a hole in it for a bolt or screw Magnaflux A nondestructive inspection technique that makes use of a magnetic field and magnetic particles to locate internal flaws in ferrous metal parts Main Storage The general-purpose storage of a computer: usually, main storage can be accessed directly by the operating registers Malleable Casting A casting that has been made less brittle and tougher by annealing Material Handling The movement and handling of materials, either manually or through the use of powered equipment Maximum Material Condition (MMC) When a feature contains the maximum amount of material: that is. minimum hole diameter and maximum shaft diameter Menu A list of options which are displayed on the CRT or a plastic or paper overlay Microcomputer A computer that is constructed using a microprocessor as a basic element of the CPU: all electronic components are arranged on one printed circuit board Mill To remove material by means of a rotating cutter on a milling machine Modifier The application of MMC or RFS to alter the normally implied interpretation of a tolerance specification Mold The mass of sand or other material that forms the cavity into which molten metal is poured 931Neck To cut a groove called a neck around a cylindrical piece Nonferrous A description of metals not derived from an iron base or an iron alloy base: nonferrous metals include aluminum, magnesium, and copper, among others Normalize To heat steel above its critical temperature, and then cooling it in air Normalizing A process in which ferrous alloys are heated and then cooled in still air to room temperatures to restore the uniform grain structure free of strains caused by cold working or welding Numerical Control A system of controlling a machine or tool by means of numeric codes that direct commands to control devices attached or built into the machine or tool Oblique Drawing A pictorial drawing of an object so drawn that one of its principal faces is parallel to the plane of projection, and is projected in its true size and shape; the third set of edges is oblique to the plane of projection at some convenient angle Obtuse Angle An angle larger than 90 c Octagon A polygon having eight angles and eight sides Ordinate The Y coordinate of a point: i.e.. its vertical distance from the X axis measured parallel to the Y axis: the vertical axis of a graph or chart Orthographic Projection A projection on a picture plane formed by perpendicular projectors from the object to the picture plane: third-angle projection is used in the United States and first-angle projection is used in most countries outside the United States Output Data that have been processed from an internal storage to an external storage; opposite of "input" Parallel Having the same direction, such as two lines which, if extended, would never meet Parallelism A tolerance controlling interdependent surfaces and axes that must be an equal distance from a datum plane or axis Part Individual component of an assembly Pattern A model, usually of wood, used in forming a mold for a casting Peen To hammer into shape with a ballpeen hammer Pentagon A polygon having five angles and five sides Perpendicular Lines or planes at a right angle to a given line or plane Perpendicularity A tolerance controlling surfaces and axes which must be at right angles with a datum axis Perspective Drawing A pictorial drawing in which receding lines converge at vanishing points on the horizon: the most natural of all pictorial drawings Pickle To clean forgings or castings in dilute sulphuric acid Pilot A piece that guides a tool or machine part Pilot Hole A small hole used to guide a cutting tool for making a larger hole Pinion The smaller of two mating gear Pitch The distance from a point on one thread to a corresponding point on the next thread; the slope of a surface Pitch Circle An imaginary circle corresponding to the circumference of the friction gear from which the spur gear is derived Plane To remove material by means of a planer Plate To coat a metal piece with another metal. such as chrome or nickel, by electrochemical methods Polish To produce a highly finished or polished surface by friction, using a very fine abrasive Polygon A plane geometric figure with three or more sides Positional Tolerancing The permitted variation of a feature from the exact or true position indicated on the drawing Position Tolerance A tolerance that controls the position of a feature as related to a datum or datums Precision The quality or state of being precise or accurate: mechanical exactness Printed Circuit Board A special board on which a predetermined pattern of printed circuits has been formed and to which electronic components have been attached Printer A device that prints the output of a computer Prism A solid whose bases or ends are any congruent and parallel polygons, and whose sides are parallelograms Prismatic Pertaining to or like a prism Processor The computer in a CAD system Profile of a Line A tolerance that controls the allowable variation along an elemental tolerance zone with regard to a basic profile Profile of a Surface A tolerance that controls the allowable variation of a surface from a basic profile or configuration Program A set of step-by-step instructions telling the computer to solve a problem with the information input to it or contained in memory Projected Tolerance Zone A tolerance zone that applies to the location of an axis above the surface of the feature being controlled Punch To cut an opening of a desired shape with a rigid tool having the same shape Quench To immerse a heated piece of metal in water or oil in order to harden it Rack A flat bar with gear teeth in a straight line to engage with teeth in a gear Raster The coordinate grid dividing the display area of a graphics display ^ 932Reference Dimension A non-toleranced dimension used for information purposes only, which does not govern production or inspection operations Refresh Display A CRT device that requires the refreshing of its screen presentation at a high rate so that the image will not fade or flicker Regardless of Feature Size (RFS) The condition where tolerance of position or form must be met irrespective of where the feature lies within its size tolerance Relief An offset of surfaces to provide clearance Rendering Finishing a drawing to give it a realistic appearance; a representation Resistance Welding The process of welding metals by using the resistance of the metals to the flow of electricity to produce the heat for fusion of the metals Rib A relatively thin flat member acting as a brace or support Rivet To connect with rivets or to clench over the end of a pin by hammering Rotate To revolve through an angle relative to an origin Round An exterior rounded intersection of two surfaces Runout The composite variation from the desired form of a part surface of revolution during full rotation of the part on a datum axis Sandblast To blow sand at high velocity with compressed air against castings or forgings to clean them Scrape To remove metal by scraping with a hand scraper, usually to fit a bearing Sectional View A view of an object obtained by the imaginary cutting away of the front portion of the object to show the interior detail Shape To remove metal from a piece with a shaper Shear To cut metal by means of shearing with two blades in sliding contact Shim A thin piece of metal or other material used as a spacer in adjusting two parts Size Tolerance A tolerance that specifies how far individual features may vary from the desired size Software A set of programs, procedures, rules, and possibly associated documentation concerned with the operation of a CAD system Solder To join with solder, usually composed of lead and tin Specification A concise statement of the requirements of a material, an item, or a service, and of the procedure to be followed to determine if the requirements have been met Spin To form a rotating piece of sheet metal into a desired shape by pressing it with a smooth tool against a rotating form Spline A keyway. usually one of a series cut around a shaft or hole Spotface To produce a round spot or bearing surface around a hole, usually with a spotfacer: similar to a counterbore Spot Weld A resistance-type weld that joins pieces of metal by welding separate spots rather than a continuous weld Sprue A hole in the sand leading to the gate which leads to the mold, through which the metal enters Straightness A tolerance that controls the allowable variation of a surface or an axis from a theoretically perfect plane or line Stress Relieving To heat a metal part to a suitable temperature and holding that temperature for a determined time, then gradually cooling it in air: this treatment reduces the internal stresses induced by casting, quenching, machining, cold working or welding Stretchout A flat pattern development for use in laying out. cutting and folding lines on flat stock, such as paper or sheet metal, to be formed into an object Stylus A penlike device that provides input or output of coordinate data usually for the purpose of indicating where the next entered character will be displayed Surface Texture The roughness, waviness. lay. and flaws of a surface Swage To hammer metal into shape while it is held over a swage or die that fits in a hole in the swage block or anvil Sweat To fasten metal together by the use of solder between the pieces and by the application of heat and pressure Symbol A letter, character or schematic design representing a unit or component Tabular Dimension A type of rectangular datum dimensioning in which dimensions from mutually perpendicular datum planes are listed in a table on the drawing instead of on the pictorial portion Tap A tool used to produce internal threads by hand or machine Taper Pin A small tapered pin for fastening, usually to prevent a collar or hub from rotating on a shaft Taper Reamer Produces accurately tapered holes, as for a taper pin Temper To reheat hardened steel to bring it to a desired degree of hardness Template A guide or pattern used to mark out the work Tensile Strength The maximum load ipullla piece supports without breaking or failing Tin A silvery metal used in alloys and for coating other metals with tin plate Tolerance Total amount of variation permitted in limit dimension of a part Tooling Standard and or special tools for producing a particular part including jigs fixtures, gauges cutting tools etcTorque The rotational or twisting force in a turning shaft Total Runout A tolerance that simultaneously controls a surface related to a datum in all directions Trammel An instrument consisting of a straightedge with two adjustable fixed points for drawing curves and ellipses Transition Fit A condition in which two parts are toleranced so that either a clearance or an interference can result when the parts are assembled Translucent A quality of material that passes light but diffuses it so that objects are not identifiable True Position The basic or theoretically exact position of a feature Truncated Having the apex, vertex or end cut off by a plane Turn To produce on a lathe a cylindrical surface parallel to the center line Typical This term, when associated with any dimension or feature, means the dimension or feature applies to the locations that appear to be identical in size and shape Uniform Having the same form or character: unvarying Unilateral Tolerance A tolerance that allows variations in only one direction Upset To form a head or enlarged end on a bar by pressure or by hammering between dies User A person who operates a CAD system Vector A directed line segment which, in computer graphics, is always defined by its two end points Vernier Scale A small movable scale, attached to a larger fixed scale, for obtaining fractional subdivisions of the fixed scale Vertex The highest point of something; the top; the summit; plural: vertices Vertical Perpendicular to the horizon Virtual Condition A condition of a feature in which all tolerances of location, size and form are considered Web A thin flat part joining larger parts: also known as a rib Welding Uniting metal pieces by pressure or fusionwelding processes Woodruff Key A semicircular flat key Working Drawings A set of drawings which provides details for the production of each part, and information for the correct assembly of the finished product Workpiece A part in any stage of manufacturing before it becomes a finished part Workstation The assigned location where a worker performs his or her job (i.e.. the keyboard and the system displayl Wrought Iron Iron of low carbon content: useful because of its toughness, ductility, and malleability 934Index Acme thread form. 4 59 Addendum in gears, 54 I Adjacent alignment chart, 728 Airbrushes, 49. 5/ Alignment charts, 74 1. 743-52 Allowance, 353 Angle gears, 536 Angle plate fixture, 660, 661 Angle plate jig, 658, 659 Angles acute, arc tangent constructed to an, 113 bisecting, 99 described, 94 dimensioning, 33 1-32 obtuse, arc tangent constructed to an. 114 right, arc tangent constructed to an, 112 transfer of, 104 ANSI standard, for clearance locational fits. 360-61 force and shrink fits, 362-63 interference locational fits, 360-61 running and sliding fits, 359 transition locational fits. 360-61 Appliques, use of. 57 Arc tangent constructed to acute angle. 1 13 obtuse angle, 1 14 right angle. I 12 straight line and curve. 1 1 5 two radii or diameters. I 16 Architect's scale. 39 Architectural drawings. 20 Arcs dimensioning. 331-32 drawing. 99 isometric. 59 I drawing. 589-91 template for drawing, 588-89 Arrowheads, 329 Artistic drawings, described. 2 Assembly drawings. 558-59 Auxiliary views, 225-44 auxiliary section. 23 I drawing. 226-27 irregular curved surface. 229-30 round surface. 229 round surface projection from an inclined or slanted surface. 227-28 half auxiliary. 232 partial views and. 23 I secondary, 2 3 I Axonometric drawings, 579-81 diametric projection. 580 trimetic projection, 580-81 Axonometric projections, 7 8 Axonometric sketching. 77. 78, 82 Backing weld. 63 1-32 Bar charts, 720, 721 spreadsheets and. 736 Base circle, cams, defined. 523 Baseline diagrams, 706 Beam compass, 30 Beam diagrams. 732. 733, 770-76 Bends. 305-7 finding bend allowance of. 307. 308 straight sides of, 307 total straight-side length adjoining. 308 sheet metal, dimensioning. 346 Bevel gears. 536. 537 545 Beveled retaining rings. 489. 49 1 Bolts, 468. 469 bolt center, locating. 336-37 center lines, concentric arcs and. 337 defined. 466 Boring mills. 655-56 Bow compass, with lead clutch. 29 Bowed, retaining rings. 489 Box jig. 659 Brass pipe. 685 Brazing. 620 Broaching machines. 656 Burnishing plates, care of 57-58 Bushings. 669-71 Butterfly scriber. 48-49 Buttress thread form 460 Cabinet drawings. 582 CAD CAM. 8 equipment 2 \ notations on drawings and \6 of tooth gears with 542-43 Calipers measurement of tooth gears with vernier Callouts. dimensioning. 338- CAM (computer-aided manufacturing). 672-76 Index 935mm Cams dimensioning, 528-29 displacement diagram, laying out from, 524-27 flat-faced follower, drawing, 5 17 mechanisms of, 522 motion of, 523-24 offset follower, drawing, 525-26 principles of, 52 1-22 terminology of, 522-23 timing diagram, 528 Cap screws, 466 drawing, 467 Cast iron pipe, 684 Casting, 645-47 Cavalier drawings, 581-82 Center lines, 72 orthographic projections and, 157 Centrifugal casting, 646 Chain intermittent weld, 624 Chain and sprockets, 538 Chamfers external, dimensioning, 343 head fits for undercut. 344 internal, dimensioning, 343 Channel jig. 659, 660 Charts communicating information, 720-22 components of, 733-35 generating information, 722-33 Check valves. 690, 691 data, 696-97 Chords, dimensioning, 331-32 Circles described, 95 drawing, 99 an involute of, 135 isometric, drawing, 589-91 locating center of, 110-11 Circular diameter in gears, 540 Civil engineer's scale. 39 Clamping principles, 664-68 Clearance, 353 Clearance in gears, 541 Closed jig, 658 Compasses, 27-30 care of, 57 Compression springs, 505-7 drawing, 509-12 Computer-aided design (CAD), 8 equipment, 23 notations on drawings and, 364-72 Computer-aided drafting, 392-428 advantages of, 398-99 commands input, 409-10, 412, 414 manipulation, 414, 416-17 output, 417 hardware, 394-97 digitizer, 395 functions menu, 396 graphics display, 395 keyboard, 395 plotter, 397 processor, 397 text display, 395 micro, 399, 402-5 overview of, 392-94 software, 397 system operation, 407-9 cursor control, 408 digitizing, 408 entering commands, 408-9 Computer-aided manufacturing, 672-76 Computer-integrated manufacturing, 678-81 Computer numerical control, 673-75 applications, 675-76 Concrete, prestressed, drawings, 19 Concurrency charts, 741, 743-52 Cones described, 97 dimensioning, 347 truncated, radial line development and, 300-2 Copper pipe, 685 Curve plotting, multiview drawings, 1 63-64 Curves adjustable, 30 arc tangent constructed to, 115 cycloidal, drawing, 135-36 dimensioning, 333 French, 33, 34 ogee, drawing, 117-18 parabolic, drawing a, 131 Cutting plane line, 72 Cycloidal curve, drawing a, 13 5-36 Cylinder dimensioning, 340 truncated, parallel line development of, 296-98 Datums, 435 establishing, 435-36 Decimal-inch dimensioning, 324 Descriptive geometry, 245-88 azimuth bearing. 263-64 bearing of a line, 263 bearings and headings angles between, 266-67 construction of a line with, 267-70 fold lines and, 246-63 cylinder and plane surface intersection line projection, 262 distance between nonparallel lines, 252 distance between a plane surface and 936 Indexa point in space. 254-55 edge view of a plane surface. 253-54 finding true line length. 248-49 intersection of two planes by line projection. 261 piercing point by construction determination, 257-59 piercing point by inspection determination. 257 piercing point by line projection determination, 259-61 plane projection into another view, 252 point location in space. 248 point view of a line construction, 249-50 projecting into other views, 247-48 sphere and plane surface intersection, 262-63 true angle between two planes, 2 55 true distance between a line and a point in space, 250-5 I true distance between parallel lines, 251 two prisms intersection, 263 visibility of lines determination. 256-57 grade percent. 265 north/south deviation. 263 notations used in. 246 projection. 245 slope angle, 264-65 steps used in, 245-46 Design layouts. 5 58 Design procedure. 557-58 Design process. 7-9, 791-841 learning. 792 phases and steps alternative solutions evaluation. 799-804 alternative solutions synthesis. 796. 798-99 problem identification and defining. 792-96 solution. 804-19 time. 791 Design projects. 819-29 Detail drawings. 560 Developments bends. 305-7 defined. 289 design practices. 291 laps and seams. 290-9 I notches. 305 surface, 289-90 thickness of materials. 29 1-92 triangulation. 302 Diametral pitch in gears. 54 I Die casting, 646 Dies, 460 Dimension, bolt holes, 348-49 Dimension lines. 72. 326-28 Dimensioning angles. 33 1-32 arcs. 33 1-3 2 cams. 528-29 chords. 331-32 components. 325-29 cones. 347 contours not defined as arcs. 333 curved surfaces. 332 curves. 333 cylinders, 340 double, 340 external chamfers. 343 flat tapers. 34 5 geometric angularity. 442 circularity. 44 I concentricity, 445-48 cylindricity. 44 I defined. 432 feature control symbol 436-37 flatness, 439 modifiers. 432-36 parallelism. 442 perpendicularity. 442 profile. 442-44 runout, 444 straightness, 439-4 I terms of. 4 30-31 true position. 437-38 holes along a line. 337-38 cutouts. 334 locations of. 336 internal chamfers. 34 3 internal slots. 34 1-42 isometric. 595-96 keyseats 4 73 keyways. 345 knurls. 344 multiple radii. 333 necks and undercuts. 34 1 offsets. 333.334 pad and a boss. 346 pipe drawings. 701-2 pyramids. 346-47 radius. 332 rectangular coordinate reference. 340-4 I repetitive features. 338 round holes 33 J round tapersrounded ends. Indexm rules, 357-58 sectional views, 346 shafts, 348 sheet metal bends, 346 spheres, 334 squares, 340 steps in, 329-30 symbols, 330-31 systems, 323-2 5 tabular, 351 techniques, 330-56 threads, 346 Dimensions nominal, 342-43 not to scale, 342 staggered, 344 Dimetric projection, axonometric drawings, 580 Displacement diagram, defined, 522-23 Divider, defined, 30 Drafters, left-handed, 24 Drafting electronic, 705-19 diagrams, 705-1 printed circuit board drawings, 712-14 symbols, 705, 706 overlay, 59-61 Drafting brushes, 37 Drafting equipment care of, 56-57 drawing surface, 24 table, 23 parallel straightedge, 2 5 T-squares, 24-25 Drafting instruments, 22-66 CAD/CAM, 23 conventional, 22-23 See also specific type of instrument Drafting machines, 25-26 Drafting sets, equipment contained in, 27-37 Drawing scales, 37-40 Drawing surface, 24 Drawing table, 23 Drawings architectual, 20 artistic, 2 assembly, 5 58-59 axonometric, 579-81 diametric projection, 580 trimetic projection, 580-81 cabinet, 582 cavalier, 581-82 checking procedure, 554, 556 detail, 560 mechanical drawings, isometric, 14 multiview, 146-92 aligned features, 168 centering, 160-61 conventional breaks in, 170-71 curve plotting, 163-64 cylindrical intersections, 164-66 first angle projection of, 173 incomplete views and, 166-67 intersecting surfaces, treatment of, 163 orthographic projection, 147-58 planning, 158-59 representing holes in, 168-70 rounds and fillets, 162 runouts, 162 sketching procedure, 159-60 visualization of, 171-72 numbering systems, 5 56 oblique, 581-82 parts list of, 5 56 patent, 561 perspective, 582 procedures. 596-602 pictorial drawings, 579-617 axonometric, 579-81 box construction, 585-86 center lines, 585 hidden lines, 584 isometric circles, 587-91 isometric principles of, 582-84 nonisometric lines, 584 offset measurements, 585 perspective, 582 pipe, 698-701 revisions, 552-53 technical, 2-3, 5-7 applications of, 9-15 architectural, 10, 12, 13 civil, 12 described, 2-3, 5 electrical, 1 HVAC, 1 purpose of, 7-9 regulation of, 15 structural, 1 types of, 5-7 text on, 58-59 title block, 554 types of, 2-7 See also specific type of drawing Drill bushings, 669 mounting, 669, 671 renewable, 670 Drill presses, 653 Drill size, tolerancing, 335-36 Drop bow compass, 29, 30 Drop forging, 647, 648 Dry cleaning powder, 37 938 IndexDry transfer sheets. 57 Duplex fixture, 662 Dwell, defined, 523 Electronic drafting, 705-19 diagrams block, 708-9 connection, 706-7 logic, 710-11 schematic, 705-6 electronic, 712-14 symbols, 705, 706 Ellipse drawing concentric circle method, 1 19-2 I foci, 122-23 inclined plane, 594 major and minor axis location. 124 tangent drawn to from a distant point, 12 5-26 with located center, 124-25 trammel, drawing a, 121-22 Empirical equations, 753-61 Ends, rounded, dimensioning. 342 Equilateral triangles, 95 drawing, 107 Erasers, 36-37 Extension lines, 72, 325 Extension springs, 507 drawing. 512-13 External retaining rings, 489 Extruding, 648-49 Fasteners bolts. 465-67 classifications of. 457 grooved, 474-86 pins. 475-84 sizes. 477. 481 spring pins. 486-87 studs. 481 types. 476-77 keys and keyseats. 472-73 pitch. 460-61 retaining rings. 488-98 external series, 497-98 internal series, 495-96 materials and finishes, 49 1 selection considerations, 491 symbols. 493-94 types of. 489-9 1 rivets. 470-72 screw thread forms. 4 58-60 screws, 465-67 studs, 465-67 tap and die, 460 threads, 458 relief. 463. 465 representation of. 462-63 right-hand and left-hand, 462 single and multiple. 461 threads per inch (TPI). 460 Fastening devices, 671, 672 Fastening systems, 488 Field welds. 627-28 Files, drawing, 56 Fillet weld. 628 Fillets isometric, 595 multiview drawings and, 162 Finish marks. 350 Fittings pipe. 685-90 symbols for, 698-99 screwed, 685-690 Fixed-renewable bushings. 669 Fixtures. 660-63, 675 Flange weld, 633-34 Flanged fittings, 690 Flanged joints. 690 Flat springs, 507-8 Flow charts, 723 Foci ellipse, drawing a, 122-23 Foreshortening. 147 Forge welding, 620 Forging. 647-48 Fractional dimensioning. 325 French curves. 33. 34 Friction-joint compass. 2 7, 28 Fusion welding, 620 symbols, 622 Gate valves. 690. 691 data, 692-93 Gears backlash, 540 blank. 539 design and layout of. 548 diametral pitch. 54 I materials of, 548 pitch diameter. 5 39 rack. 544 ratio, 538-39 terminology of. 540-4 I tooth caliper, using. 542-43 tooth cutting data. ^ 12- n ~^17 train. 546 548 types of. 535-38 Geometric elemental construction principles. 98-106 nomenclature 93-97 Geometric dimensioning angularity 44 2 circularity 44 I concentricit\ 4 1 5- 18 Index 939cylindricity. 44 1 datums, 435 defined, 432 establishing, 435-36 feature control symbol, 436-37 flatness, 439 least material condition. 434 maximum material condition, 432-33 modifiers, 432 parallelism, 442 perpendicularity, 442 profile, 442-44 projected tolerance zone, 435 regardless of feature size, 434 runout, 444 straightness, 439-41 terms of, 430-31 true position, 437-38 Geometry, descriptive, 245-88 azimuth bearing, 263-64 bearing of a line, 263 bearings and headings angles between, 266-67 construction of a line with, 267-70 fold lines and, 246-63 cylinder and plane surface intersection line projection, 262 distance between nonparallel lines. 252 distance between a plane surface and a point in space, 254-55 edge view of a plane surface. 2 53-54 finding true line length. 248-49 intersection of two planes by line projection, 261 piercing point by construction determination, 257-59 piercing point by inspection determination, 257 piercing point by line projection determination, 259-61 plane projection into another view, 252 point location in space, 248 point view of a line construction, 249-50 projecting into other views, 247-48 sphere and plane surface intersection, 262-63 true angle between two planes, 255 . true distance between a line and a point in space, 250-5 1 true distance between parallel lines. 251 two prisms intersection, 263 visibility of lines determination, 256-57 grade percent, 265 north/south deviation, 263 notations used in, 246 projection, 245 slope angle. 264-65 steps used in, 245-46 Globe valve, 690, 691 data, 694-95 Graphical calculus, 730, 731 Graphical integration, pole and ray method of, 761-70 Graphs communicating information, 720-22 components of, 733-35 generating information, 722-33 Grinders. 654 Groove weld, 628-30 Helical springs, 505-7 Helix, drawing a, 132-33 Hex head bolt. 469 Hexagon, drawing a, 109 Hidden lines, 72 orthographic projections and, 1 56-57 pictorial drawings, 584 Highway diagrams, 708 Holes bolt center, locating. 336-37 bolt, dimensioning, 348-49 counterbored. callouts for, 338, 339 countersunk, callouts for. 338. 339 cutouts, dimensioning, 334 dimensioning, 334 along a line, 337-38 locations of, 336 limits, 353 multiview drawings and, 168-70 tapered, callouts for, 338 Horizontal lines, 73 Hyperbola, drawing a, 129-31 Illustrations described, 5 mechanical, 6 Inclined plane, drawing an ellipse on. 594 Indexing fixture, 662 Indexing jig, 660 Industrial robots. 676-78 Ink, tools, 43 Interference fit. 353 Internal retaining rings, 489 Intersections, isometric. 593-95 Invention agreement, 554 Investment casting, 646 ISO metric thread form, 4 58, 459 Isometric arcs. 591 drawing. 589-91 940 Indextemplate for drawing. 588-89 circles, drawing, 589-91 dimensioning, 595-96 drawings, 582-84 fillets, 595 intersections, 593-95 knurls, 592 object, centering. 595 rounds, 595 screw threads, 592 sketching, 78, 83 spheres, 592-93 templates, 596 Isometric projections axonometric drawings and, 579 springs, 5 14 Isosceles triangle, 95 jigs, 657,658-60 joints pipe, 685-90 welding, 628 Keys and keyseats. 472-73 Keyways. dimensioning, 345 Knuckle thread form, 459-60 Knurls dimensioning, 344 isometric. 592 Laps, 290-91 Lathes, 651-52 Lead holders. 35-36 Leader lines. 328 Leads, 35 Leaf jig. 659, 660 Lettering characteristics of good. 70 freehand techniques. 71 guidelines. 7 I pens. 48 styles, 67-70 Lettering sets, mechanical. 46-48 Linear coordinate graphs. 723 Linear graphs. 724 Lineless diagrams. 708 Liner bushings. 669 Lines angular. 73 bisecting. 98 characteristics of. 72 described. 94 divide into proportional parts. 103-4 dividing into equal parts. 102-3 drawing an involute of. 134 horizontal and vertical. 73 parallel. 73-74 parallel to a curved, drawing. 100 parallel to a straight, drawing, 100 perpendicular, 74, 101-2 sketching, 75 straight, arc tangent constructed to. 115 Locators. 664. 666 Log-linear graphs. 72 5. 727 Log-log graphs. 725. 727 728 Machine screws. 466 drawing, 467 Machining. 65 1-57 Measuring. 40-42 Mechanical drawings, isometric. 14 Mechanical engineer's scale. 37-39 Mechanical illustration. 6 Mechanical lettering sets. 46-48 Mechanical pictorial drawings. 21 Metric dimensioning, 323-24 MicroCADD. 399. 402-5 advantages of. 402-3 limitations of. 403-5 Micrometer described. 4 1 reading a, 4 1-42 Milling machines. 653 Miter gears. 536. 537 Multistation jig. 660 Multiview drawings. 146-92 aligned features. 168 centering, 160-61 conventional breaks in. 170-71 curve plotting. 163-64 cylindrical intersections 164-66 first angle projection of. 173 incomplete views and. 166-67 intersecting surfaces, treatment of. 163 orthographic projection 147-58 center lines and. I 57 hidden lines and. 156-57 planning. 158-59 representing holes in. 168-70 rounds and fillets. 162 runouts. 162 sketching procedure 159-60 visualization of 17 1-72 Nomograms alignment charts and. 74 I concurrency charts 74 I 743-52 Nomographs Nonisometric lines pictorial drawings. 584 true length of 594-95 Notations. 3c> I on drawings 364-72 detail notes 3w 368 ?7/ Index 94 1^ general notes. 366. 367, 369-70 note specifications, 366 writing notes. 366 Notches. 305 Numerically controlled machines. 656-57 Nuts, 469 Oblique drawings, 581-82 Oblique projections, 7 Oblique, sketching, 78, 79, 84-87 Octagon, drawing a, 109-10 Offsets, dimensioning. 333, 334 Ogee curves, drawing, 117-18 Oil-groove bushings. 670 Open jig, 658 Open-carriage typewriter, 58 Orienting dimensioning. 325 Orthographic sketching, 77, 81 view of, 77, 82 Orthographic projection, 5. 7 center lines and, 157 hidden lines and, 156-57 multiple, 6 multiview drawings, 147-58 Outside diameter in gears, 540 Overlay drafting, 59-61 Paper, sizes of, 5 1-54 Parabola drawing a. 126-27 focus point of. 127-28 Parabolic curve, drawing a. 131 Parallel alignment chart, 729 Parallel line development, 292-98 truncated cylinder developed from, 296-98 truncated prism developed from, 294-96 Parallel lines, 73-74 Parallel projections, 5, 7 Parallel straightedge. 2 5 Parts list, 556 Patent drawings, 561 Pencils, 35 Pens lettering, 48 technical, 43-44 cleaning, 44-46 Pentagon, drawing a, 108 Perpendicular lines, 74 Perspective projection. 7 one point. 8 sketching, 77, 84-87 three point, 8 Perspective drawings, 582 procedures. 596-602 Phantom lines, 72 Pictorial charts, 72 1 Pictorial drawings, 579-617 axonometric, 579-81 box construction, 585-86 center lines, 585 hidden lines, 584 isometric circles, 587-91 isometric principles of, 582-84 nonisometric lines, 584 offset measurements, 585 perspective, 582 Pie charts, 720 spreadsheets and, 736 Pinion gears, 535 Pins grooved. 475-84 spring, 486-87 Pipe drawings, 698-701 dimensions, 701-2 joints and fittings, 685-90 symbols for. 700 types of, 684-85 valves, 690-98 Piping drawings, 18 Pitch diameter in gears, 540 fasteners and, 460-61 Planers, 655 Plastic pipe. 685 Plate fixtures, 660, 661 Plate jig. 658 Plug weld. 632, 633 Points in space, 93 Point-to-point diagrams, 706 Polar graphs, 724 Pole method of graphical integration, 761-70 Polygons construction. 106-10 described, 95 force, 736, 738-41 Polyhedron, described, 97 Positional tolerancing, defined. 432 Power metallurgy, casting and, 647 Power saws, 654 Precision grinders, 654 Press forging, 647 Press-fit bushings, 669 Prism described. 97 truncated, parallel line development and. 294-96 Profile charts. 72 1 Projection plane, 6 defined, 147 Projection weld, 636-37 942 IndexProjections axonometric. 7. 8 descriptive geometry. 245 dimetric, 580 isometric. 579 axonometric drawings and. 579 springs. 5 14 oblique, 7 orthographic. 5, 7 center lines and. I 57 hidden lines and. 156-57 multiple. 6 multiview drawings, 147-58 parallel. 5. 7 perspective. 7 trimetic, 580-81 Proportional dividers. 30 Protractors. 26. 3 5 Pyramid described. 97 dimensioning. 346-47 truncated, radial line development and. 299-300 Quadrilateral, described. 95 Rack gears, 53 5 Radial line development. 298-302 truncated cone development from, 300-2 truncated pyramid developed from. 299-300 Radii, arc tangent constructed to. 116 Radius, dimensioning. 332
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