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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Mechanical Design of Process Systems - Volume l Piping and Pressure Vessels A. Keith Escoe Foreword ., vii by John J. McKetta
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Preface , . ix Chapter 1 Piping Fluid Mechanics . 1 Basic Equations, I Non-Newtonian Fluids, 5 Velocity Heads, 8 Pipe Flow Geometries, 22 Comoressible Flow. 25 Piping Fluid Mechanics Problem Formulation, 25 Example 1-1: Friction Pressure Drop for a Hydrocarbon Gas-Steam Mixture in a Pipe, 27 Example 1-2: Frictional Ptessure Drop for a Hot Oil System of a Process Thnk, 33 Example 1-3: Friction Pressure Drop for a Waste Heat Recovery System, 42 Example 1-4: Pressure Drop in Relief Valve Piping System, 43 Notation, 45 References, 45 Chapter 2 The Engineering Mechanics of Piping ., .47 Piping Criteria, 47 Primary and Secondary Stresses, 49 Allowable stress Range for Secondary Stresses. Flexibility and Stiffness of Piping Systems, 52 Stiffness Method Advantages. Flexibility Method Advantages. Stiffness Method and Large Piping, 58 Flexibility Method of Piping Mechanics. Pipe Loops. PiDe Restraints and Anchors. 68 - Pipe Lug Supports. Spfing Supports. Expansion Joints. Pre-stressed Piping. Contents Fluid Forces Exerted on Piping Systems, 81 Extraneous Piping Loads, 83 Example 2-l: Applying the Stiffness Method to a Modular Skid-Mounted Gas Liquefaction Facility,88 Example 2-2: Applying the Flexibility Method to a Steam Turbine Exhaust Line, 95 Example 2-3: Flexibility Analysis for Hot Oil Piping,96 Example 2-42 Lug Design, 98 Example 2-5: Relief Valve Piping System, 99 Example 2-61 Wind-Induced Vibrations of Piping, 100 Notation, 101 References, 101 Chapter 3 Heat Transfer in Piping and Equipment . 103 Jacketed Pipe versus Traced Pipe, 103 Tracing Piping Systems, 106 Traced Piping without Heat Tmnsfer Cement. Traced Piping with Heat Transfer Cement. Condensate Return. Jacketed Pipe. Vessel and Equipment Traced Systems. Heat Transfer in Residual Systems, 132 Heat Transfer through Cylindrical Shells. Residual Heat Transfer through Pipe Shoes. Example 3-1: Steam Tracing Design, 136 Example 3-2: Hot Oil Tracing Design, 137 Example 3-3: Jacketed Pipe Design, 139 Example 3-4: Thermal Evaluation of a Process Thnk, 140 Example 3-5: Thermal Design of a Process Tank, 142 Internal Baffle Plates Film Coefficient. Film Coefficient External to Baffles-Forced Convection. Heat Duty of Internal Vessel Plates. Outside Heat Transfer Jacket Plates. Heat Duty of Jacket Plates Clamped to Bottom Vessel Head. Total Heat Duty of Tank.Example 3-6: Transient and Static Heat Transfer Design, 148 Static Heat Transfer Analysis. Total Heat Removal. Water Required for Cooling. Transient Hear Transfer Analysis. Example 3-7: Heat Transfer through Vessel Skirts, 152 Example 3-E: Residual Heat Transfer, 154 Example 3-9: Heat Transfer through Pipe Shoe, 156 Notation, 156 References, 157 Chapter 4 The Engineering Mechanics of Pressure Vessels . . . 159 Designing for Internal Pressure, 159 Designing for External Pressure, 160 Design of Horizontal Pressure Vessels, 166 Longitudinal Bending Stresses. Location of Saddle Supports. Wear Plate Design. Zick Stiffening Rings. Steel Saddle Plate Design, 174 Saddle Bearing Plate Thickness, 180 Design of Self-Supported Vertical Vessels, 180 Minimum Shell Thickness Reouired for Combined Loads, 181 Support Skirt Design, 183 Anchor Bolts, 184 Base Plate Thickness Design, 186 Compression Ring and Gusset Plate Design, 189 Anchor Bolt Torque, 189 Whd Aralysis of Towers, 190 r'\'ind Design Speeds. Wind-Induced Moments. $ ind-Induced Deflections of Towers. l ind-Induced Vibrations on Tall Towers. O\aling. Criteda for Vibration Analysis. Seismic Design of Tall Towers, 209 \anical Distribution of Shear Forces. Tower Shell Discontinuities and Conical Sections, 1t i Exanple {-l: Wear Plate Requirement Analysis, 215 Example 12: Mechanical Design of Process Column. 215 Sectron lt{omenls of Inertial lbwer Section Stress Calcularions. Skirt and Base Plate Design- Section Centroids. Vortex-Induced vibrarion. Equivalent Diameter Approach versus -{\S[ A58.1- 1982. Example 4-3: Seismic Analysis of a Vertical Tower, 237 Example 44: Vibration Analysis for Tower with Large Vortex-Induced Displacements, 241 Moments of Inertia. Wind Deflections. Example 4-5: Saddle Plate Analysis of a Horizontal Vessel, 249 Saddle Plate Buckling Analysis. Horizontal Reaction Force on Saddle. Notation,252 References,254 Appendix A Partial Volumes and Pressure Vessel Cafcufations .25s Partial Volumes of Spherically Dished Heads, 256 Partial Volumes of Elliptical Heads, 257 Partial Volumes of Torispherical Heads, 259 Internal Pressure ASME Formulations with Outside Dimensions, 261 Internal Pressure ASME Formulations with Inside Dimensions,262 Appendix B National Wind Design Standards . 265 Criteria for Determining Wind Speed, 265 Wind Speed Relationships, 266 ANSI A58.1-1982 Wind Cateeories. 267 Appendix C Properties of Pipe. , .271 Insulation Weight Factors, 278 Weights of Piping Materials, 279 Appendix D Conversion Factors . . 303 Alphabetical Conversion Factors, 304 Synchronous Speeds, 31 1 Temperature Conversion. 3l 2 Altitude and Atmospheric Pressures, 313 Pressure Conversion Chart, 314 Index . . . 315 I L ACI bearing strengths, 180 American Institute of Steel Construction. See AISC. Anchor bolts analysis, preloaded bolt, 184, 186 bolt area, required, 184 bolt loads, allowable, 187 bolt load, minimum required, 184 bolt spacing, 186 common types of, 190 large bolts, undesirability of, 184 loading force, distribution of, 186 loadings induced on, 184 lubricant, 190 philosophy, design, 184 size and number, 228 stress in, 184, 186 tension on gross area, 187 torque, anchor bolt, 189-190, 229 ASME Piping Codes ASME 831.1, 48 ASME 831.3, 48 ASME B3I.4, 48 ASME B3I.5, 48 .ASME 831.8,48 ASME Section IlI, 48. Also see Pressure vessels. for piping, 48 for pressure vessels, 48 ASME Section VIII, Division II for piping, 48 Aspect ratio, 85 Baseplate design, 186-189 anchor bolt size range, 186 bearing pressure on, 189 concrete foundation for, 186 concrete mixes, 186, 187 Index concrete modulus of elasticity of, 186 concrete and steel, relative strength of, 186 gusset plates, 188* 189 k-factor, offset, 188 steel, modulus of elasticity, 187 steel-concrete moduli ratio, 186 tension on gross area, 187 torque, anchor bolt, 189-190, 229 Bernoulli equation, 2 Bingham, 6-7 Boundary conditions for saddle plate design, 178 Buckling coefficients for saddle plate design, 175-178 Centroid, section,212 Circumferential stress, moment, 170 Codes, vessel differences in, 159 foreign, 159 Cold-spring,49 Colebrook equation, 4. Also see Friction factors. Compressible flow adiabatic flow, 2 compressibility effects, 24 introduction to, l-2, 24 isothermal flow 1 modulus, bulk compressibility, 24 non-steady flow, 24 sound, velocity of, 24 steady flow, 24 Concrete mixes for baseplate design, 186-187 Concrete modulus of elasticity, 186 Conical sections, 199, 224 Cost-plus contractor, 183 Creep,49 Critical damping factor, 202, 2O4 Critical pressure, 83 315316 Mechanical Design of Process Systems Critical temperature, 83 Critical wind velocity, 236 Damping coefficient, 2OZ 2M Deflections, windt 199-2Ol , 242 Degree of freedom, 201 Discontinuity, 236 Drag, 195,203 Ductile materials, 50, 52 Dynamic magnification factor, 201-204 Dynamic response, 200 EJMA. Sze Expansion joints, bellows. Electrical tracing, 103 Equivalent length, 2 Expansion joints bellows, corrugated, 77 gimbal joint, 79 hinged joint, 78-79 inJine pressure balanced, 79 multi-ply, 80 pipe span, allowable, 78 pressure thrust, 78-79 single ply, 80 standards of the Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association (EJMA), 80 stiffness, rotational, 78 stiffness, translational, 78 tie rods, 78-79 reasons for, 78 universal joint, pressure-balanced, 78 Fanning equation, 3 Fluid Mechanics, piping. See Hydraulics. Fourier number, l5l Friction factors, 4 Colebrook equation, 4 laminar flow, 4 Moody friction factors, 4 Prandtl solution, 5 turbulent flow, 4 von Karman solution, 5 Gimbal joint, 79 Grashof number, 132, 134, 153 Gusset plates, 188-189 Gust (wind) effects, 194-196, 236-237 Guy wires, 249 Head -*T co'\J 'rv 5oo r{ 'll"i, ' foot of, 2 pressure, I static, I velocity. See Velocity head. Heads manufacture of, 160 thickness of, 160 Heat transfer control mass, 115, 131 control volume, 115, 13l electrical tracing, 103 Fourier number, 151 Grashof number, 132, 134, 153 in jacketed pipe, I 12- I l5 LMTD (log mean) chart for, 114 definition of, I 14 Nusselt number, 132, 134, 153 in pipe shoes, 135- 136 application of, 156 heat balance for, 136 temperature distribution in, 136 in pipe supports, 133 in piping temperature distribution in, 134 typical applications of, 133- 134 Prandtl number, 112, 139-140 in process systems, 103 in residual systems applications of, 132 deflections, thermal, 134-135 overall heat transfer coefficient, 134 tubular tracers. See Tracing. in vessel skirts application of, 152- 154 coefficients of, 132 convection, significance of, 133 free convection, 133 rate of, 133 temperature, distribution oI, 132- 133 Heat transfer design example, 148-150 static analysis, i48- 150 transient analysis, 150- 152 Heisler's chart, l5l Hesse formula, 82 Horizontal pressure vessels saddle bearing plate design, 180 ACI bearing strengths, 180 bearing plate thickness, 180 factor of safety for, 180 saddle plate buckling analysis, 251 252 saddle plates application of , 249 -252 boundary conditions for, 178 buckling coefficients for, 175- 178 design of, 174- 179 effective area, 174, 178effective width, 113, 178, l'79 horizontal reaction, 119, 252 stiffener plates, I74, 179 STTESS criterion for residual, 178 elastic buckling, 179 inelastic buckling, 179 U.S. Steel design method, 174-179 web plates, 174 wear plate requirements, 215 Zick analysis, 166, 215 bending moment diagram, 167 constant, circumferential bending moment, introduction to, 166 saddle supports, location, criteria for, 172 shear stress, 171 shell stiffened by head, 171 unstiffened, saddles away from head, 17l stiffening rings, 172, 174 STTESS allowable compressive, 166 circumferential compressive, l7 I circumferential at horn of saddle, 17l head used as a stiffener, 171 "Hot-spring," 49 Hydraulic radius, definition of, 2i tabulated values, 24 Hydraulics basic equations, I Bernoulli equation, 2 modified form of, 3 compressible flow adiabatic flow, 2 compressibility effects, 24 introduction to, l-2, 24 isothermal flow, I modulus, bulk compressibility, 24 non-steady flow, 24 sound, velocity of, 24 steady flow, 24 incompressible flow, 1 non-Newtonian fluids Bingham,6-7 introduction to, 5-7 Metzer and Reed, 7 pseudoplastic, 6-7 rheological constants, 8 rheopectic,6-7 thixotropic, 6 7 time-dependent, 6-7 time-independent, 6-7 viscoelastic, 6-7 l:;: yield-pseudoplastic, 6 7 piping, reasonable velocities in, 25 problem formulation, 24 two-K method, 8,21 viscosity,24-26 Incompressible flow. See Hydraulics. Internal pressure, 159- 160 Jacketed pipe annulus, hydraulic radius for, 112 applications of, l12-115, 139 140 details of, 104-106, I 12-l l3 expansion joints for, 105- 106 heat transfer, I 12- I l5 coefficient, film, I l2 coefficient, overall, 112 rates of, I 12- 115 pressure drop in, I l5- I 17 rules of thumb for, 103 versus traced pipe, 103- 106 Joints. expansion. See Expansion joints. Laminar flow, 4. Also see Friction factors. Lumped-mass approach, 204-205 Lump-sum contractor, 183 Maximum allowable working pressure, 160 Mitchell equation , 210, 212 Moments equations for, 198 of inertia, for tube bundle, 222-223 wind-induced, 198 Moody friction factors. See Friction factors. Myklestad method, 200-201 Non-Newtonian fluids. See Hydraulics. Nusselt number, 132, 134,153 Ovaling, 205, 208 Pipe loops, 59-68 Pipe lug supports , 70-12, 98-99 Pipe materials ductile materials, 50, 52 non-ductile materials, 50 plastic deformation, 50 52 stress-strain curves, 50-51 Pipe shoes, heat transfer in, 135-136 Pipe supports, heat transfer in, 133 Piping codes. See ASME. Piping expansion joints. See Expansion joints. Piping mechanics anchor, pipe, definition, 58 API,47 170318 Mechanical Design of Process Systems equipment nozzle loads, 94 extraneous piping loads "cold spring" for, 80 vibration applications for, 100- 101 natural frequency of beam elements, 86 vortex shedding, 83,87 resonance,83 Reynolds number, 195, 200, 2Ol, 236 Strouhal number, 84-85 vortex force, 83 vortex streets, 83 flexibility (compliance) matrix, 53 flexibility method, 59-68, 8l advantages of, 53, 68 application of, 95-98 "hot-spring," 49 nozzle flexibility factors, angle of twist, 70 circumferential, 70 longitudinal, T0 Oak Ridge Phase 3 Report, 70 rotation deformation of, 70 rotational spring rate, 70 pipe loops, 59-68 pipe lug supports , 70-72, 98-99 pipe restraints moment restraints (MRS), 5'7 -59, 77 , 88-94 rotational 58, 68 translational,58,68 pipe roughness, 5 prpe stress circumferential bending/membrane, 7l "cold-spring," 49 creep,49 "hot-spring," 49 internal pressure, circumferential stress, 49 longitudinal stress, 49 pipe weight, bending stress, 49 pressure, 72 prestressed piping, 80 primary stress, 49-50, 72 range, allowable, 42 residual stress, 5l secondary stress, 49-52, 72 self-spring,49 "shakedown," 52 thermal expansion, 49 torsional or shear stress, 49 self-spring,49 shear flow, 58-59 spring supports, 72, 75, 76 guided load column, 72 jamming of, 77 stiffness beam element, 54 concrete,69 matrix,53-54 method,8l advantages,53,68 applications of, 88-94 piping elements, 55-56, 69 translational, 54 Pipe Stress. See Piping mechanrcs. Piping systems adiabatic process, 83 API 520 Pafi 2, 82 ASME 31.I, 82 critical pressure, 83 critical pressure ratio, 83 critical temperature, 83 Hesse formula, 82 impulse-momentum principle, as applied to a pipe elbow, 8l nozzle correction factor, 82 nozzle discharge coefficient, 82 nozzles,83 Prandtl number, ll2, 139-140 Pressure vessels ASME Section VIII Division I, 160 components, 159- 160 design, philosophy of, 159 external pressure, 160 heads, 160 horizontal saddle bearing plate design, 180 saddle plate buckling analysis, 251-252 saddle plate design, 174- 179 application of , 249-252 boundary conditions for, 178 buckling coefficients for, 175- 178 effective area, 174, 178 effective width, 173, 178, 179 horizontal rcaction, 179, 252 stiffener plates, 174, 179 stress, criterion for residual, 178 stress, elastic buckling, 179 stress, inelastic buckling, 179 U.S. Steel design method, 174-179 wear plate requirements, 215 web plates, 174 Zick analysis, 166, Zl5 bending moment diagram, 167 compressive B-factor, 174 constant, circumferential bending moment, 170 head used as stiffener, 171 saddle support location, 172shear stress in head/shell, 171 shell stiffened by head, l7l unstiffened, saddles away from head, 171 stiffening rings, 172, 174 stress, allowable compressive, 166 stress, circumferential con.rpressive, 171 stress, location of, 168- 169 tangential shear, 167- 171 wear plates, 171- 172 internal pressure component thickness, 159 maximum allowable working pressure, 160 quality of welds, 159 upset conditions, 160 vertical anchor bolts analysis, preloaded bolt, 184, 186 bolt area, required, 184 bolt loads, allowable, 187 bolt load, minimum required, 184 bolt spacing, 186 common types of, 190 large bolts, undesirability of, 184 loading force, distribution of, 186 loadings induced on, 184 lubricant, 190 philosophy, design, 184 size and number, 228 stress in, 184, 186 tension on gross area, 187 torque, anchor bolt, 189-190, 229 ANSr-1982,215 baseplate design, 186- 189 anchor bolt size range. 186 bearing pressure on, 189 concrete foundation for, 186 concrete mixes, 186, 187 concrete modulus of elasticity of, 186 concrete and steel, relative strength of, 186 . gusset plates, 188- 189 k-factor, offset, 188 steel, modulus of elasticity, 187 steel-concrete moduli ratio, 186 stress, compressive, on concrete, 188 thickness, baseplate, 188 centroid, section,212 combined loads on, 181 compression plate, 189 cone, truncated, equivalent radius for, 214 conical head, equivalent radius for,214 conical sections, equivalent radii for,224 earthquake, See Seismic design. loads, wind and seismic, 190-191 b"l- ! moments equations for, 198 of inertia, for tube bundle, 222-t3 pressure sections, centroids of, 198 vectors, section force, 198 wind-induced, 198 wind pressure, distribution of, 198 section properties of, 181 seismic analysis of, loads, combined, 190-l9l seismic design baseplate design, 238 coefficients, Mitchell, 210, 213 coefficients, structure type, 210 criteria, quasi-static, 210 criteria,238 Mitchell equation, 2lO, 2lZ compared to Rayleigh equation, 237 -238 occupancy importance factor, 210 period characteristic site, 238 numeric integration of vibration, 238-239 of tower, 210, 2lZ Rayleigh equation, 212 compared to Mitchell equation, 237 238 seismic zone factor/map, 210-211 site structure interaction factor, 210, 212 equation for, 212 shear forces earthquake force, total, 212 lateral force, equation for, 212 vertical distribution of, 212 seismic moments, equation for, 212 skirt design, 238 structural period response factor, 210 Uniform Building Code, 209 210 self-supporting, 180 skirts controlling criteria for, 184 design of, 183, 185 cost-plus contractor, 183 Iump-sum contractor, 183 stress equation, 183 supports, 183, 185 thichess, 183- 184 stress, bending, 181 combined loading, 181 compressive B factor, l9l compressive, leeward side, 181 discontinuity, 236 elements in, 182 tensile, windward side, l8l vacuum, 183 towers centroids, section, 230-231 31932O Mechanical Design of Process Systems definition of, 181 equivalent circle method, 214 section moment of inertia, 241-243 skirt and baseplate destgn, 228-229 anchor bolts, 228 anchor bolt torque, 229 compression ring thickness, 229 skirt thickness, 229 weld size, minimum for skirt-to-base plate, 229 skirt detail, 230 stress, discontinuity criteria foq 2 14 for conical sections, 214 stresses, wind section, 226-228 transition piece, 241, 243-244 vibration ensemble, 216 of lumped masses, 232, 246 wind deflections modes of, 199 schematic diagram of, 201 superposition, method of, 199 wind ensemble, 242 vibration, wind-induced angular natural undamped frequency, 205 applications of, 232-236, 241-249 area-moment method, 205-207 conjugate beam. See Area moment. controlling length, 203 critical damping factor, 202, ZO4 critical wind velocity, 208-209 , 236, 248,249 total wind force, 209 Zorilla criteria, 209 damping coefficient, 203 damping ratio, 202-203 degree of freedom, single, 201 differential equations for, 201-2OZ dynamic magnification factor, 201-202, 2O3, 2M dynamic response, 200 example of, 232-236 first period of, 204 force amplitude, 235 force amplitude, dynamic, 200 forced vibration theory, 200 frequency natural,248 ratio,202 vortex shedding, 208, 248 guy wires, disadvantages of, 249 Holzer procedure, 200 lock-in effect, 200 logarithmic decrement, ZO3-204 lumped mass approach, 204-205 mode shapes, 200 Myklestad method, 200, 201 ovaling,205 natural frequency of, 205 vibration due to, 208 wind velocity, resonance, 208 period of vibration, 234-235, 248 phase angle, 202 Rayleigh equation, ZOO, 201, 204, 205 resonance,236 Reynolds number, 195, 20O,201,236 soil types, 204 stresses, dynamic, 236 tower fluid forces on, 203 model for, 201-202 moment disrribution in, 205 stiffness, 205 vibration ensemble, 209 of lumped masses, 232 vibration, first peak amplitude, 200 vortex shedding, 199 vortex strakes, 249 wind tunnel tests, 236 wind analysis of, loads, combined, 190-191 wind design speed ASA 58.1-1955, 194 ANSI-A58.1-1972, 192 basic wind pressure, 192 effective velocity pressure, 192 gust response factor, dynamic, 192 ANSI A58. 1- 1982, 196, 236-237 effective velocity pressure, 192 gust response factor, 192 importance coefficient, 192 velocity pressure coefficient, 192 wind speed, variation of, 192 wind tunnel tests, 192 centroid of spandrel segment, for wind section, 218 coefficient, drag, 195 structural damping, 217 conical sections, 199 constant exposure category, 195 cross-sectional area, effective, 217 cylinder, pressure fields around, 196 equivalent diameter method, 236-237 vs. ANSI-A58. 1- 1982, 236-237 exposure lactor. 196 fatigue failure, 198 flexible structures, defined, 197 gust duration, 196 vs. gust diameter, 197 gust frontal area, 196ii gust response, dynamic, 194 gust response factor, 195, 196,217,236-231 gust size, 196 isopleths, 192- 193 Kutta-Joukowski theorem, 195 loading analysis, quasi-static, 196 logarithmic law, 192 parabolic area, centroid of, 219 parabolic function, 194 peak values, types of, 196 power law, 192 probability of exceeding. 196 response spectra, 198 return period, 192 similarity parameters, 195 structure size factor, 196, 197 surface roughness, 195 tower cross-sectional area of, 198 fluid force exerted on, 194-195 gust velocity vs. structural response, 197 natural frequency of, 197 wind area section properties, 219 wind force distribution, 218 wind distribution parabolic, 194, 218-219 triangular, 194 wind load applications of, 215-231, 241-245 equivalent static, 195 mean, 195 weld size, skirt-to-base plate, 189 welding, joint efficiencies for, 161-165,172 Zick analysis, 166, 215 bending moment diagram, 167 compressive B-factor, 174 constant, circumferential bending moment, 170 head used as stiffener, l7l saddle support location, 172 shear stress in head/shell, 171 . shell stiffened by head, 171 unstiffened, saddles away from head, 171 stiffening rings, 172, 174 stress, allowable compressive, 166 stress, circumferential compressive, 171 stress, location of, 168- 169 tangential shear, 167- 171 wear plates, 171- 172 Residual systems, heat transfer in, 132-135 in piping, 154- 155 Reynolds number, 195, 2OO, 2Ol, 236 drag coefficient vs., 203 l:r.= r Newtonian fluids, 21, 30,32 41. 1,19-l{l"t. l-!:. 145,147 non-Newtonian fluids. See Hydraulics. Non-Newtonian fluids. Strouhal coefficient vs., 85 vortex shedding, for, 83-85 Saddle plate design, 174- 179 application of , 249 -252 boundary conditions for, 178 buckling coefficients for, 175- 178 effective area, 174, 178 effective width, 173, 178, 179 horizontal react\on, 179, 252 stiffener plates, 174, 119 stress, criterion for residual, 178 stress, (in-) elastic buckling, 179 U.S. Steel design method, 174-179 wear plate requirements, 215 web plates, 174 Seismic design baseplate design, 238 coefficients, Mitchell, 210, 213 coefficients, structure tYPe, 210 criteria, quasi-static, 210 compared to wind, 238 Mitchell equation , 210, 212 compared to Rayleigh equation, 231-238 moments, equation for, 212 occupancy importance factor, 210 period, characteristic site, 238 period, vibration numeric integration of, 238 239 tower,210,212 Rayleigh equation, 212 compared to Mitchell equation, 231-238 seismic zone factor/map, 210, 2ll shear forces earthquake force, total, 212 lateral force, equation for, 212 vertical distribution of, 212 site structure interaction factor, 210, 212 equation for, 212 skirt design, 238 structural period response factor, 210 Uniform Building Code, 209-210 Skirts, 185 controlling criteria for, 184 cost-plus contractor, 183 design of, 183 lump-sum contractor, 183 stress equation, 183 supports, 185 thickness, 183- 184322 Mechanical Design of process Systems Strouhal number, 84 Reynolds number vs., 85 vibration, vortex shedding, 84-85, 200, 20g Supports, 72,75,76. Also see p\ping mechanics. Thermal design. See Heat transfer tie rods, 78-79 Towers centroids, section, 230-231 definition of, l8l equivalent circle method, 214 section moment of inertia, 241-243 skirt and baseplate design, 228-229 anchor bolts, 228 anchor bolt torqte, 229 compression ring thickness, 229 skirt thickness, 229 weld size, minimum for skirt{o-base plate, 229 skirt detail, 230 stress, discontinuity criteria for, 214 for conical sections, 214 stresses, wind section, 226-228 transition piece, 241, 243t244 vibration ensemble, 216 of lumped masses, 232, 246 wind deflections of modes of, 199 schematic diagram of, 201 superposition, method of, 199 wind ensemble, 242 Tracing of pipes applications of, 136- 139 condensate return for, I l0 condensate load, determining, 1l I guidelines for, 110-l ll spargers, 1l I separation keys, I l1 typical layout, 111 water hammer, 11 I hot oil, application of, 137-139 steam, application of, 136-137 versus jacketed pipe, 103- 106 with heat transfer cement, 106, 109- I 10 advantages, 106 procedure for, 109 film coefficient, natural convection, 108 109 heat balance for, I l0 heat transfer rates of, I l0 without heat transfer cement, 106-109 advantages of, 106 disadvantages of, 106 equivalent insulation thickness, 107 heat balance fog 107 heat transfer, rules of, 107 modes of heat transfer, 107 outside film coefficient, 107 overall heat transfer coefficient, 107 procedure for design, 107 of vessels and equipment agrtators film coefficients for, 143 use of, 115 applications of, 130, 140- 148 film coefficient, vessel-side, 147 heat duty of, jacketed heads, 146 heat transfer coefficients, reasonable values of, 130 transient, I l5 criteria for, 115 importance of, 130 internal baffle plates, heat duty of, 144 jacketed walls, heat transfer film coefficient, 145 jackets, types of, 115, l28,13l non-Newtonians, use of, 146 plate channels, equivalent velocity of, 147 reasons for, 115 Turbulent f|ow, 4 - Also see Friction factors. Velocity head introduction,3,8 method,3 two-K method, 8, 21 values of, 9-20, 21, 22-23, 30-32 Vessels. See Pressure vessels. Vibration, wind-induced angular natural umdamped frequency, 205 applications of , 232-236, 241 -249 area-moment method, 205-207 conjugate beam. See Area moment. controlling length, 203 critical damping factor, 202, 204 critical wind velocity, 208-209 , 236, Z4g-249 total wind force, 209 Zorilla criteria, 209 damping coefficient, 203 damping ratio, ZO2-203 degree of freedom. single. 201 differential equations for, 201,202 dynamic magnification factor, 201 -202, 203, ZO4 dynamic response, 200 example of, 232-236 first period of, 204 force amplitude, 235 force amplitude, dynamic, 200 forced vibration theory, 200 frequency natural,248,!i lri:r ftIio, 202 vortex shedding, 2O8' 248 suy wires, disadvantages of' 249 - i{olzer procedure, 200 lock-in effect, 200 losarithmic decrement, 203 -204 lumfed mass aPProach, 204-205 mode shapes, 200 Myklestad method, 200, 201 ovaling,205 natuial frequencY of. 205 vibration due to, 208 wind velocitY, resonance, 208 period of vibration, 234-235, 248 ohase angle, 202 ilayleigh-equarion. 200. 201. 204 ' 205 resonance,236 Reynolds number, 195, 200, 2O1' 236 soil types, 204 stresses, dYnamic, 236 tower fluid forces on, 203 model for, 201-202 moment distribution in, 205 equations for, 205 stiffness,205 vibration ensemble, 209 of lumped masses, 232 vibration, first peak amplitude' 200 vortex shedding, 83-87' 199 vortex strakes, 249 wind tunnel tests, 236 Viscosity, 24-25 von Karman solution, 5 Vortex shedding,83-87 aspect ratio, 85 cylinders,83 damping vs. amPlitude, 87 guidelines for, 85 mode shaPes, 85 reduced damPing, 85 Weld sizes recommended values, for Plates, 71 skirt to baseplate, 189 Welding, joint efficiencies for, 161-165, Wind design sPeed ASA 58.1-1955, 194 ANSI A58.1-1972 basic wind Pressure, 192 effective velocitY Pressure, 192 qust response iactor. dynamic. 192 ANsl A58. l-1982, t96, 236-231 effective velocitY Pressure, 192 sust response factor. 192 irpottun." coefficient. 192 velocitv pressure coefficient, 192 wind speid, variation of' 192 wind tunnel tests, 192 centroid of spandrel segment, for wind section' : i -r coefficient, drag, 195 structural damPing, 217 conical sections, 199 constant exposure category, 195 cross-sectional area, effective, 217 cvlinder, pressure fields around, 196 equivaleni diameter method, 236-237 vs. ANSI-A58.1- 1982, 236-231 exposure factor, 196 fatigue failure, 198 fle;ble structures, defined, 197 gust duration, 196 vs. gust diameter, 197 gust frontal area, 196 iurt t.rpon , dYnamic. 194 iurt ,.tpont" factor. 195. 1c0.217.236-237 gust size, 196 isopleths, 192- 193 Kuna-Joukowski Theorem. 195 loading analysis, quasi-static, 196 losarithmic law, 192 paiabolic area, centroid of, 219 parabolic function, 194 peak values, tYPes of, 196 power law, 192 probability of exceeding, 196 iesponse sPectra, 198 return period, 192 similarity parameters, 195 structure size factor, 196' 197 surface roughness, 195 tower cross-sectional area of, 198 fluid force exerted on, 194-195 gust velocity vs. structural response' 197 iatural frequencY of, 197 wind area section Properties, 219 wind force distribution, 218 wind distribution parabolic, 194, 2t8-219 triangular, 194 wind load applications of, 215-231, 241-245 equivalent static, 195 mean, 195 Yield, 159 octahedral shear stress theory, 236 172324 Mechanical Design of Process Systems Zick analysis, 166, 215 bending moment diagram, 167 compressive B-factot 174 constant, circumferential bending moment, 170 head used as stiffener, l7l saddle support location, 172 shear stress in head/shell, 171 shell stiffened bv head. l7l unstiffened, saddles away from head, 171 stiffening ings, 172, 174 stress, allowable compressive, 166 stress, circumferential compressive, 171 stress, location of, 168- 169 tangential shear, 167- 171 wear plates, l7l-172
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