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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب MATLAB - TheLanguage of Technical Computing Julio Salvador
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Contents Development Environment Starting and Quitting MATLAB 1 S tarting MATLAB 1-3 Starting MATLAB on Windows Platforms 1-3 Starting MATLAB on UNIX Platforms . 1-3 Startup Directory for MATLAB 1-3 Startup Options 1-5 Reducing Startup Time with Toolbox Path Caching 1-10 Quitting MATLAB .1-15 Running a Script When Quitting MATLAB .1-15 Using the Desktop 2 D esktop Tools 2-4 Launch Pad .2-5 Configuring the Desktop 2-7 Opening and Closing Desktop Tools .2-7 Resizing Windows .2-9 Moving Windows .2-10 Using Predefined Desktop Configurations 2-16 Common Desktop Features 2-17 Desktop Toolbar 2-17 Context Menus 2-17 Keyboard Shortcuts and Accelerators . 2-18 Selecting Multiple Items . 2-19 Using the Clipboard 2-20 Accessing The MathWorks on the Web . 2-20 Setting Preferences 2-21 General Preferences for MATLAB 2-23 Running MATLAB Functions 3The Command Windo w 3-2 Opening the Command Window . 3-2 Running Functions and Entering Variables 3-2 Controlling Input and Output 3-4 Running Programs 3-11 Keeping a Session Log .3-12 Preferences for the Command Window .3-13 Command History . 3-17 Viewing Functions in the Command History Window 3-17 Running Functions from the Command History Window .3-18 Copying Functions from the Command History Window 3-19 Getting Help 4 T ypes of Information 4-3 Using the Help Bro w ser 4-4 Changing the Size of the Help Browser . 4-5 Using the Help Navigator 4-7 Using the Product Filter 4-7 Viewing the Contents Listing in the Help Browser . 4-9 Finding Documentation Using the Index 4-11 Searching Documentation . 4-13 Bookmarking Favorite Pages 4-15 Vie w ing Documentation in the Display P ane 4-17 Browsing to Other Pages . 4-18 Bookmarking Pages . 4-18 Revisiting Pages 4-19 Printing Pages . 4-19 Finding Terms in Displayed Pages . 4-19 Copying Information . 4-19 Evaluating a Selection . 4-19 Viewing the Page Source (HTML) . 4-20 Viewing Web Pages . 4-20 Preferences for the Help Bro w ser 4-21 Documentation Location – Specifying the help Directory . 4-22 Product Filter – Limiting the Product Documentation . 4-23 PDF Reader – Specifying Its Location . 4-23 General – Synchronizing the Contents Pane with the Displayed Page 4-23 Help Fonts Preferences – Specifying Font Name, Style, and Size . 4-24Printing Documentation 4-26 Printing a Page from the Help Browser 4-26 Printing the PDF Version of Documentation 4-26 Using Help Functions 4-28 Viewing Function Reference Pages – the doc Function . 4-29 Getting Help in the Command Window – the help Function . 4-29 Other Methods for Getting Help 4-31 Product-Specific Help Features . 4-31 Running Demos . 4-31 Contacting Technical Support . 4-32 Providing Feedback . 4-32 Getting Version and License Information . 4-32 Accessing Documentation for Other Products . 4-33 Participating in the Newsgroup for MathWorks Products 4-33 Workspace, Search P ath, and File Operations 5 M ATLAB Workspace . 5-3 Workspace Browser 5-3 Viewing and Editing Workspace Variables Using the Array Editor 5-10 Search Path 5-14 How the Search Path Works .5-14 Viewing and Setting the Search Path .5-15 File Operations 5-20 Current Directory Field .5-20 Current Directory Browser 5-20 Viewing and Making Changes to Directories 5-22 Creating, Renaming, Copying, and Removing Directories and Files 5-23 Opening, Running, and Viewing the Content of Files .5-26 Finding and Replacing Content Within Files 5-28 Preferences for the Current Directory Browser 5-30 Importing and Exporting Data 6 Im porting Text Data . 6-4 Using the Import Wizard with Text Data 6-4 Using Import Functions with Text Data 6-9Importing Numeric Text Data .6-11 Importing Delimited ASCII Data Files .6-12 Importing Numeric Data with Text Headers 6-13 Importing Mixed Alphabetic and Numeric Data . 6-14 Exporting ASCII Data . 6-16 Exporting Delimited ASCII Data Files . 6-17 Using the diary Command to Export Data 6-18 Importing Binary Data 6-20 Using the Import Wizard with Binary Data Files . 6-20 Using Import Functions with Binary Data . 6-22 Exporting Binary Data 6-25 Exporting MATLAB Graphs in AVI Format . 6-27 Working w ith HDF Data . 6-29 Overview of MATLAB HDF Support . 6-30 MATLAB HDF Function Calling Conventions 6-31 Importing HDF Data into the MATLAB Workspace . 6-33 Exporting MATLAB Data in an HDF File 6-41 Including Metadata in an HDF File 6-47 Using the MATLAB HDF Utility API . 6-49 Using Lo w-Level File I/O Functions 6-51 Opening Files 6-52 Reading Binary Data . 6-54 Writing Binary Data . 6-55 Controlling Position in a File . 6-56 Reading Strings Line-By-Line from Text Files . 6-58 Reading Formatted ASCII Data 6-59 Writing Formatted Text Files . 6-61 Closing a File . 6-62 Editing and Debugging M-Files 7 S tarting the Editor/Debugger 7-3 Creating a New M-File in the Editor/Debugger . 7-4 Opening Existing M-Files in the Editor/Debugger . 7-5 Opening the Editor Without Starting MATLAB .7-6 Closing the Editor/Debugger .7-6 Creating and Editing M-Files w ith the Editor/Debugger .7-8 Appearance of an M-File .7-8Navigating in an M-File 7-11 Saving M-Files 7-15 Running M-Files from the Editor/Debugger 7-15 Printing an M-File . 7-16 Closing M-Files . 7-16 Debugging M-Files 7-17 Types of Errors 7-17 Finding Errors . 7-17 Debugging Example – The Collatz Problem 7-18 Using Debugging Features 7-22 Preferences for the Editor/Debugger . 7-35 General Preferences for the Editor/Debugger . 7-36 Font & Colors Preferences for the Editor/Debugger 7-37 Display Preferences for the Editor/Debugger 7-38 Keyboard and Indenting Preferences for the Editor/Debugger 7-40 Printing Preferences for the Editor/Debugger . 7-42 Imp roving M-File Performance– the Profiler 8 W hat Is Profiling? . 8-3 Using the Profiler . 8-4 The profile Function . 8-4 An Example Using the Profiler 8-6 Vie w ing Profiler Results 8-7 Viewing Profile Reports 8-7 Profile Plot 8-12 Saving Profile Reports .8-13 Interfacing with Source Control Systems 9 P rocess of Interfacing to an SCS . 9-3 Vie w ing or Selecting the Source Control System . 9-4 Function Alternative for Viewing the SCS . 9-5 Setting Up the Source Control System . 9-6 For SourceSafe Only – Mirroring MATLAB Hierarchy 9-6 For ClearCase on UNIX Only – Set a View and Check Out a Directory 9-6Checking Files into the Source Control System 9-7 Function Alternative for Checking In Files 9-8 Checking Files Out of the SCS 9-9 Function Alternative for Checking Out Files 9-10 Undoing the Check-Out .9-10 Using Notebook 10 Notebook Basics . 10-3 Creating an M-Book 10-3 Entering MATLAB Commands in an M-Book .10-6 Protecting the Integrity of Your Workspace 10-6 Ensuring Data Consistency .10-7 Defining MATLAB Commands as Input Cells 10-8 Defining Cell Groups .10-8 Defining Autoinit Input Cells 10-10 Defining Calc Zones 10-10 Converting an Input Cell to Text 10-11 Evaluating MATLAB Commands . 10-12 Evaluating Cell Groups .10-13 Evaluating a Range of Input Cells . 10-14 Evaluating a Calc Zone .10-14 Evaluating an Entire M-Book 10-15 Using a Loop to Evaluate Input Cells Repeatedly 10-15 Converting Output Cells to Text 10-16 Deleting Output Cells 10-17 Printing and Formatting an M-Book . 10-18 Printing an M-Book 10-18 Modifying Styles in the M-Book Template .10-18 Choosing Loose or Compact Format .10-19 Controlling Numeric Output Format .10-20 Controlling Graphic Output .10-20 Configuring Notebook . 10-24 Notebook Command Reference . 10-26 Bring MATLAB to Front Command .10-26 Define Autoinit Cell Command 10-26 Define Calc Zone Command .10-27 Define Input Cell Command 10-27Evaluate Calc Zone Command .10-28 Evaluate Cell Command 10-28 Evaluate Loop Command .10-29 Evaluate M-Book Command 10-30 Group Cells Command 10-30 Hide Cell Markers Command .10-31 Notebook Options Command 10-31 Purge Output Cells Command .10-31 Toggle Graph Output for Cell Command .10-31 Undefine Cells Command 10-32 Ungroup Cells Command .10-32 Mathematics Matrices and Linear Algebra 11 Function Summary 11-3 Matrices in MATLAB 11-5 Creation 11-5 Addition and Subtraction 11-7 Vector Productsand Transpose 11-7 Matrix Multiplication 11-9 The Identity Matrix .11-11 The Kronecker Tensor Product .11-11 Vector and Matrix Norms .11-12 Solving Linear Systems of Equations . 11-13 Overview .11-13 Square Systems .11-15 Overdetermined Systems 11-15 Underdetermined Systems 11-18 Inverses and Determinants . 11-21 Overview .11-21 Pseudoinverses 11-22 Cholesky, LU, and QR Factorizations . 11-25 Cholesky Factorization 11-25 LU Factorization .11-26 QR Factorization .11-28 Matrix P o w ers and Exponentials 11-32 Eigenvalues . 11-35 Singular Value Decomposition . 11-39 P olynomials and Interpolation12 P olynomials . 12-3 Polynomial Function Summary .12-3 Representing Polynomials .12-4 Polynomial Roots .12-4 Characteristic Polynomials .12-5 Polynomial Evaluation 12-5 Convolution and Deconvolution .12-6 Polynomial Derivatives .12-6 Polynomial Curve Fitting 12-7 Partial Fraction Expansion .12-8 Interpolation 12-10 Interpolation Function Summary .12-10 One-Dimensional Interpolation 12-11 Two-Dimensional Interpolation 12-13 Comparing Interpolation Methods 12-14 Interpolation and Multidimensional Arrays .12-16 Triangulation and Interpolation of Scattered Data .12-19 Tessellation and Interpolation of Scattered Data in Higher Dimensions 12-27 Selected Bibliography 12-38 Data Analysis and Statistics 13 Column-Oriented Data Sets 13-4 Basic Data Analysis Functions 13-8 Function Summary .13-8 Covariance and Correlation Coefficients .13-11 Finite Differences 13-12 Data Preprocessing 13-14 Missing Values .13-14 Removing Outliers 13-15 Regression and Curve Fitting . 13-17 Polynomial Regression .13-18 Linear-in-the-Parameters Regression .13-19 Multiple Regression .13-21 Case Study: Curve Fitting 13-22 Polynomial Fit 13-22 Analyzing Residuals .13-24Exponential Fit .13-27 Error Bounds 13-30 The Basic Fitting Interface 13-31 Difference Equations and Filtering . 13-40 Fourier Analysis and the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) 13-43 Function Summary 13-43 Introduction 13-44 Magnitude and Phase of Transformed Data 13-49 FFT Length Versus Speed 13-50 Function Functions 14 Function Summary 14-3 Representing Functions in MATLAB 14-4 Plotting Mathematical Functions . 14-6 Minimizing Functions and Finding Zeros . 14-9 Minimizing Functions of One Variable .14-9 Minimizing Functions of Several Variables 14-10 Setting Minimization Options .14-11 Finding Zeros of Functions . 14-12 Tips 14-15 Troubleshooting 14-15 Converting Your Optimization Code to MATLAB Version 5 Syntax 14-16 Numerical Integration (Quadrature) . 14-19 Example: Computing the Length of a Curve 14-19 Example: Double Integration .14-20 Differential Equations 15 Initial Value Problems for ODEs and DAEs 15-3 ODE Function Summary .15-3 Introduction to Initial Value ODE Problems .15-6 Initial Value Problem Solvers .15-6 Representing ODE Problems 15-10 Improving ODE Solver Performance .15-16 Examples: Applying the ODE Initial Value Problem Solvers 15-31 Questions and Answers, and Troubleshooting 15-50Boundary Value Problems for ODEs . 15-57 BVP Function Summary .15-57 Introduction to Boundary Value ODE Problems .15-59 Boundary Value Problem Solver .15-60 Representing BVP Problems .15-63 Using Continuation to Make a Good Initial Guess .15-68 Improving BVP Solver Performance .15-75 P artial Differential Equations . 15-82 PDE Function Summary .15-82 Introduction to PDE Problems 15-83 MATLAB Partial Differential Equation Solver .15-84 Representing PDE Problems .15-88 Improving PDE Solver Performance .15-93 Example: Electrodynamics Problem 15-94 Selected Bibliography . 15-99 Sparse Matrices 16 Function Summary 16-3 Introduction 16-6 Sparse Matrix Storage 16-6 General Storage Information 16-7 Creating Sparse Matrices 16-7 Importing Sparse Matrices from Outside MATLAB .16-12 Vie w ing Sparse Matrices . 16-13 Information About Nonzero Elements 16-13 Viewing Sparse Matrices Graphically .16-15 The find Function and Sparse Matrices 16-16 Example: Adjacency Matrices and Graphs 16-17 Introduction to Adjacency Matrices 16-17 Graphing Using Adjacency Matrices .16-18 The Bucky Ball 16-18 An Airflow Model 16-23 Sparse Matrix Operations . 16-25 Computational Considerations 16-25 Standard Mathematical Operations 16-25 Permutation and Reordering .16-26 Factorization .16-30 Simultaneous Linear Equations 16-36 Eigenvalues and Singular Values .16-39Selected Bibliography 16-42 Programming and Data Types M-File Programming 17 MATLAB Programming: A Quick Start 17-3 Kinds of M-Files 17-3 What’s in an M-File? .17-4 Providing Help for Your Programs 17-4 Creating M-Files: Accessing Text Editors .17-5 Scripts 17-7 Simple Script Example 17-7 Functions . 17-8 Simple Function Example .17-8 Basic Parts of a Function M-File .17-9 Function Names 17-11 How Functions Work .17-12 Checking the Number of Function Arguments 17-14 Passing Variable Numbers of Arguments .17-16 Local and Global Variables . 17-19 Persistent Variables 17-20 Special Values .17-21 Data Types 17-22 Key w ords . 17-25 Operators . 17-26 Arithmetic Operators 17-26 Relational Operators .17-28 Logical Operators 17-29 Operator Precedence .17-32 Flo w Control 17-35 if, else, and elseif 17-35 switch .17-37 while .17-39 for .17-40 continue 17-41 break 17-41 try . catch .17-42 return .17-42 Subfunctions 17-43 Private Functions 17-45Subscripting and Indexing . 17-46 Subscripting .17-46 Advanced Indexing .17-51 String Evaluation . 17-54 eval .17-54 feval 17-54 Command/Function Duality 17-56 Empty Matrices . 17-57 Operating on an Empty Matrix 17-57 Using Empty Matrices with If or While .17-58 Errors and Warnings . 17-59 Error Handling with eval and lasterr 17-59 Displaying Error and Warning Messages 17-60 Dates and Times 17-62 Date Formats .17-62 Current Date and Time 17-67 Obtaining User Input 17-69 Prompting for Keyboard Input .17-69 Pausing During Execution .17-69 Shell Escape Functions 17-70 Optimizing MATLAB Code . 17-71 Vectorizing Loops .17-71 Preallocating Arrays 17-73 Making Efficient Use of Memory 17-74 Character Arrays (Strings) 18 Character Arrays 18-5 Creating Character Arrays .18-5 Creating Two-Dimensional Character Arrays .18-6 Converting Characters to Numeric Values .18-7 Cell Arrays of Strings 18-8 Converting to a Cell Array of Strings 18-8 String Comparisons 18-10 Comparing Strings For Equality .18-10 Comparing for Equality Using Operators .18-11Categorizing Characters Within a String .18-12 Searching and Replacing . 18-13 String/Numeric Conversion . 18-15 Array/String Conversion .18-16 Multidimensional Arrays 19 Multidimensional Arrays . 19-3 Creating Multidimensional Arrays .19-4 Accessing Multidimensional Array Properties 19-8 Indexing 19-9 Reshaping .19-10 Permuting Array Dimensions 19-12 Computing w ith Multidimensional Arrays . 19-14 Operating on Vectors 19-14 Operating Element-by-Element 19-14 Operating on Planes and Matrices .19-15 Organizing Data in Multidimensional Arrays 19-16 Multidimensional Cell Arrays 19-18 Multidimensional Structure Arrays . 19-19 Applying Functions to Multidimensional Structure Arrays . 19-20 Structures and Cell Arrays 20 Structures . 20-4 Building Structure Arrays .20-5 Accessing Data in Structure Arrays 20-7 Finding the size of Structure Arrays .20-10 Adding Fields to Structures 20-10 Deleting Fields from Structures 20-10 Applying Functions and Operators .20-10 Writing Functions to Operate on Structures .20-11 Organizing Data in Structure Arrays .20-12 Nesting Structures 20-17 Cell Arrays 20-19 Creating Cell Arrays .20-20 Obtaining Data from Cell Arrays 20-23 Deleting Cells 20-24 Reshaping Cell Arrays .20-25 Replacing Lists of Variables with Cell Arrays 20-25 Applying Functions and Operators .20-27Organizing Data in Cell Arrays . 20-27 Nesting Cell Arrays 20-29 Converting Between Cell and Numeric Arrays 20-30 Cell Arrays of Structures 20-31 Function Handles 21 Benefits of Using Function Handles 21-3 A Simple Function Handle 21-5 Constructing a Function Handle . 21-7 Maximum Length of a Function Name .21-7 Evaluating a Function Through Its Handle 21-9 Function Evaluation and Overloading 21-9 Examples of Function Handle Evaluation .21-10 Displaying Function Handle Information . 21-13 Fields Returned by the Functions Command 21-14 Types of Function Handles 21-17 Function Handle Operations . 21-21 Converting Function Handles to Function Names 21-21 Converting Function Names to Function Handles 21-22 Testing for Data Type 21-23 Testing for Equality 21-23 Saving and Loading Function Handles . 21-25 Handling Error Conditions 21-26 Handles to Nonexistent Functions 21-26 Including Path In the Function Handle Constructor 21-26 Evaluating a Nonscalar Function Handle .21-27 Historical Note - Evaluating Function Names . 21-28 MATLAB Classes and Objects 22 Classes and Objects: An Overvie w 22-3 Features of Object-Oriented Programming .22-3 MATLAB Data Class Hierarchy 22-4 Creating Objects 22-4 Invoking Methods on Objects 22-5 Private Methods 22-6 Helper Functions .22-6Debugging Class Methods .22-6 Setting Up Class Directories .22-7 Data Structure 22-8 Tips for C++ and Java Programmers 22-8 Designing User Classes in MATLAB 22-9 The MATLAB Canonical Class .22-9 The Class Constructor Method 22-10 Examples of Constructor Methods 22-11 Identifying Objects Outside the Class Directory .22-11 The display Method .22- 12 Accessing Object Data .22-13 The set and get Methods .22-13 Indexed Reference Using subsref and subsasgn 22-14 Handling Subscripted Reference .22- 14 Handling Subscripted Assignment 22-17 Object Indexing Within Methods 22-17 Defining end Indexing for an Object .22-18 Indexing an Object with Another Object .22-19 Converter Methods 22-20 Overloading Operators and Functions . 22-21 Overloading Operators 22-21 Overloading Functions 22-23 Example - A P olynomial Class . 22-24 Polynom Data Structure .22-24 Polynom Methods 22-24 The Polynom Constructor Method 22-24 Converter Methods for the Polynom Class 22-25 The Polynom display Method . 22-28 The Polynom subsref Method .22-28 Overloading Arithmetic Operators for polynom .22-29 Overloading Functions for the Polynom Class .22-31 Listing Class Methods .22-33 Building on Other Classes 22-35 Simple Inheritance .22-35 Multiple Inheritance 22-36 Aggregation 22-37 Example - Assets and Asset Subclasses 22-38 Inheritance Model for the Asset Class .22-38 Asset Class Design .22-39 Other Asset Methods 22-39 The Asset Constructor Method .22-39 The Asset get Method .22-41 The Asset set Method 22-41The Asset subsref Method 22-42 The Asset subsasgn Method .22-43 The Asset display Method 22-44 The Asset fieldcount Method 22-45 Designing the Stock Class 22-45 The Stock Constructor Method .22-46 The Stock get Method .22-48 The Stock set Method .22-48 The Stock subsref Method .22-49 The Stock subsasgn Method .22-51 The Stock display Method 22-52 Example - The Portfolio Container 22-54 Designing the Portfolio Class .22-54 The Portfolio Constructor Method 22-55 The Portfolio display Method .22-56 The Portfolio pie3 Method 22-57 Creating a Portfolio 22-58 Saving and Loading Objects 22-60 Modifying Objects During Save or Load .22-60 Example - Defining saveobj and loadobj for P ortfolio . . . 22-61 Summary of Code Changes .22-61 The saveobj Method 22-62 The loadobj Method .22-62 Changing the Portfolio Constructor 22-63 The Portfolio subsref Method 22-64 Object Precedence .22-65 Specifying Precedence of User-Defined Classes 22-66 Ho w MATLAB Determines Which Method to Call 22-67 Selecting a Method 22-67 Querying Which Method MATLAB Will Call 22-70 External Interfaces and the MATLAB API A Fi nding the Documentation in Online Help A-2 Reference Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-4 xxii Contents 1S tarting and Quitting MATLAB Starting MATLAB 1-3Starting MATLAB on Windows Platforms 1-3 Starting MATLAB on UNIX Platforms .1-3 Startup Directory for MATLAB 1-3 Startup Options 1-5 Reducing Startup Time with Toolbox Path Caching .1-10 Quitting MATLAB 1-15 Running a Script When Quitting MATLAB 1-15 These sections describe how to start and quit MATLAB, including options associated with starting and quitting. • “Starting MATLAB on Windows Platforms” on page 1-3 •“Starting MATLAB on UNIX Platforms” on page 1-3 •“Startup Directory for MATLAB” on page 1-3 •“Startup Options” on page 1-5 •“Reducing Startup Time with Toolbox Path Caching” on page 1-10 •“Quitting MATLAB” on page 1-15 •“Running a Script When Quitting MATLAB” on page 1-15 #ماتلاب,#متلاب,#Matlab,
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