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 |  موضوع: كتاب Mechanical Design and Manufacturing of Electric Motors الإثنين 16 يناير 2023, 2:46 am | |
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أحضرت لكم كتاب
Mechanical Design and Manufacturing of Electric Motors
Second Edition
Wei Tong
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Contents
Preface ( nd Edition) . xxv
Preface ( st Edition) . xxix
Author xxxiii
List of Abbreviations xxxv
Chapter Introduction to Electric Motors
. History of Electric Machines
. Motor Design Characteristics
. Motor Torque
. Static and Dynamic Torque
. Motor Torque in Motor-Load System .
. Continuous Torque
. Peak Torque
. RMS Torque
. Stall Torque .
. Cogging Torque and Reduction Methods .
. Torque Ripple
. Motor Speed .
. Continuous Speed .
. Peak Speed
. Speed Ripple .
. Torque Density .
. Motor Power and Power Factor
. Torque–Speed Characteristics
. Mechanical Resonance and Resonant Frequency
. Load-to-Motor Inertia Ratio .
. Duty Cycle
. Motor Efficiency .
. Definition of Motor Efficiency .
. IEC Standards on Efficiency Classes of AC
Electric Motors .
. Motor Insulation .
. Motor Operation Reliability .
. Classifications of Electric Motors .
. DC and AC Motors .
. Single-Phase and Three-Phase Motors
. Induction and PM Motors
. Synchronous and Asynchronous Motors .
. Servo and Stepper Motors
. Gear Drive and Direct Drive Motors .
. Brush and Brushless Motors
. Reluctance Motors
. Radial Flux and Axial Flux Motors .
. Rotary and Linear Motors
. Open and Enclosed Motors
. Housed and Frameless Motors . viii Contents
. Internal Rotor Motor and External Rotor Motor
. Specialty Electric Motors .
. Explosion Proof Motor and Flame Proof Motor .
. Submersible Motor
. Ultrahigh-Speed Motor .
. Motor Operating under Vacuum Environment .
. Motor Operating under Nuclear Radiation Environment .
. Piezoelectric Motor .
. Motor Classification According to Power Rating .
. Motor Design and Operation Parameters
. Back EMF Constant, Ke .
. Torque Constant, Kt
. Velocity Constant, Kv
. Motor Constant, Km
. Mechanical Time Constant, τm .
. Electrical Time Constant, τe
. Thermal Time Constant, τth
. Viscous Damping, Kvd
. Sizing Equations
. Motor Design Process and Considerations
.
. Design Process .
. Design Integration
. Mechatronics
. Temperature Effect on Motor Performance .
. Motor Failure Modes .
. IP Code
References
Chapter Rotor Design .
. Rotor in Induction Motor .
. Wound Rotor
. Squirrel Cage Rotor
. Factors Affecting Resistance of Squirrel Cage Rotor
. Double-Cage Rotor .
. Casting Squirrel Cage Rotor .
. Skin Effect
. Induction Motor Design Types and Their Performing
Characteristics
. Permanent Magnet Rotor .
. Discovery of Phenomenon of Magnetism
. Permanent Magnet Characteristics
. Permanent Magnet Materials .
. Ferrite Permanent Magnets
. Rare Earth Permanent Magnets
. New Developments of Alternative PMs and
Reductions of Reliance on Rare Earths
. Magnetization .
. Factors Causing Demagnetization
. Maximum Operating Temperature
. Permanent Magnet Mounting and Retention Methods Contents ix
. Ring Magnets .
. Corrosion Protection of Permanent Magnets .
. Rotor Manufacturing Process
. Lamination Materials .
. Lamination Cutting
. Lamination Surface Insulation .
. Lamination Annealing .
. Lamination Stacking
. Rotor Casting for Squirrel Cage Motor
. Heat Treatment of Casted Rotor .
. Rotor Assembly
. Rotor Machining and Runout Measurement
. Rotor Balancing
. Type of Unbalance
. Rotor Balancing Machine .
. Balancing Operation .
. Interference Fit
. Press Fit
. Shrink Fit
. Serration Fit
. Fit with Knurling
. Fit with Adjustable Ringfeder Locking Devices
. Fit with Tolerance Rings
. Stress Analysis of Rotor
. Rotordynamic Analysis .
. Rotor Inertia .
. Motor Critical Speed and Resonance .
. Rotor Burst Containment Analysis
. Rotor Burst Speed
. Energy in Rotating Rotor .
. Kinetic Energy in Rotor
. Elastic Potential Energy in Rotor .
. Ratio of Potential Energy to Kinetic Energy of Rotor
. Rotor Burst Containment Design .
References
Chapter Shaft Design .
. Shaft Materials
. Shaft Loads
. Solid and Hollow Shafts
. Shaft Design Methods .
. Macaulay’s Method
. Area–Moment Method .
. Castigliano’s Method
. Graphical Method
. Engineering Calculations
. Normal Stress for Shaft Subjected to Axial Force .
. Bending Stress for Shaft Subjected to Bending Moment .
. Torsional Shear Stress and Torsional Deflection
. Lateral Deflection of Shaft . x Contents
. Lateral Deflection due to Bending Moment .
. Lateral Deflection due to Transverse Force
. Lateral Deflection due to Shear Force
. Shaft Design Issues
. Shaft Design Considerations
. Shaft Rigidity .
. Critical Shaft Speed .
. Shaft with Uniform Diameter .
. Stepped Shaft
. Dimensional Tolerance .
. Shaft Runout .
. Shaft Eccentricity .
. Heat Treatment and Shaft Hardness .
. Shaft Surface Finishing
. Shaft Lead
. Shaft Seal .
. O-Ring Seal
. Universal Lip Seal
. V-Shaped Spring Seal .
. Brush Seal .
. PTFE Seal .
. Spring-Energized Seal
. Noncontact Seal
. Diametrical Fit Types .
. Stress Concentration
. Torque Transmission through Mechanical Joints
. Keyed Shafts .
. Selection of Key Material .
. Stress Analysis of Key and Keyseat .
. Key Fit
. Stress Concentration Factors of Keyed Shafts
. Spline Shafts .
. Advantages of Spline Shafts .
. Type of Spline .
. Stress Concentration Factors of Spline Shafts
. Tapered Shafts
. Fatigue Failure under Alternative Loading .
. Shaft Manufacturing Methods
. Machined Shaft
. Forged Shaft .
. Welded Hollow Shaft .
. Shaft Measurement .
. Shaft Misalignment between Motor and Driven Machine
. Type of Misalignment
. Correction of Shaft Misalignment .
. Shaft Coupling .
. Rigid and Semirigid Couplings
. Flexible Couplings
. Non-Contact Couplings
. Oil Shear Couplings .
References Contents xi
Chapter Stator Design
. Stator Lamination
. Stator Lamination Material
. Stator Lamination Patterns .
. One-Piece Lamination
. T-Shaped Segmented Lamination .
. Connected Segmented Lamination .
. Two-Section Stator Lamination
. Stator Lamination Integrated by Individual Teeth and
a Yoke Section
. Slotless Stator Core .
. Slinky Lamination Stator Core .
. Magnet Wire
. Regular Magnet Wire .
. Self-Adhesive Magnet Wire .
. Litz Wire
. Stator Insulation
. Injection Molded Plastic Insulation
. Slot Liner
. Glass Fiber Reinforced Mica Tape .
. Powder Coating on Stator Core
. Manufacturing Process of a Stator Core .
. Stator Lamination Cutting
. Lamination Fabrication Process .
. Lamination Annealing .
. Lamination Stacking
. Stator Winding .
. Random Winding by Hand .
. Coil Formation—Distributed Winding
. Coil Formation—Concentrated Winding .
. Coil Formation—Conductor Bar
. Stator Encapsulation and Impregnation
. Encapsulation .
. Encapsulation Materials .
. Encapsulation Process
. Varnish Dipping .
. Trickle Impregnation
. Vacuum Pressure Impregnation .
. Stator Design Considerations
. Cogging Torque
. Airgap .
. Stator Cooling
. Robust Design of Stator
. Power Density Improvement
. Mechanical Stress of Stator .
References
Chapter Motor Frame Design
. Types of Motor Housing Based on Manufacturing Method xii Contents
. Wrapped Housing .
. Casted Housing
. Casting Material .
. Casting Process .
. Pressure Casting .
. Heat Treatment .
. Machined Housing .
. Stamped Housing .
. Extruded Motor Housing
. Motor Housing with Composite Materials .
. Motor Housing Fabricated by D Printing and Other Additive
Manufacturing Processes .
. Frameless Motor .
. Testing Methods of Casted Motor Housing .
. Endbell Manufacturing
. Casted Endbell .
. Stamped Endbell
. Iron Casting versus Aluminum Casting .
. Machined Endbell
. Forged Endbell .
. Motor Assembly Methods .
. Tie Bar
. Tapping at Housing End Surface
. Forged Z-Shaped Fastener
. Rotary Fasteners .
. Triangle-Base Rotating Fastener
. Square-Base Rotating Fastener .
. Butterfly-Base Rotating Fastener
. Other Types of Fasteners
. Cylinder-Base Fastener Locked with Retaining Ring
. Cylinder-Base Fastener with Self-Locking Aperture .
. Fastener Engaged with Housing from Housing Interior .
. Self-Clinching Fastener
. Fastening System Design .
. Types of Thread Fasteners .
. Thread Formation .
. Fastener Preload .
. Fastener-Tightening Process .
. Tightening Torque
. Thread Engagement and Load Distribution .
. Common Types of Electric Motor Enclosures
. Open Drip Proof Enclosure
. Totally Enclosed Non-Ventilated Enclosure .
. Totally Enclosed Fan Cooled Enclosure .
. Totally Enclosed Air over Enclosure
. Totally Enclosed Forced Ventilated Enclosure
. Totally Enclosed Washdown Enclosure .
. Explosion Proof Enclosure .
. Anticorrosion of Electric Motor and Components
. Surface Treatment Methods .
. Electroplating Contents xiii
. Electroless Plating
. Physical Vapor Deposition
. Inorganic Coating .
. Phosphate Coating
. Electropolishing
. Nanocoating
. Anticorrosion Treatment of Electric Motor
. Hydrogen Embrittlement Issues .
References
Chapter Motor Bearing
. Bearing Classification
. Journal Bearing
. Rolling Bearing
. Ball Bearing
. Roller Bearing .
. Noncontact Bearing
. Sensor Bearing .
. Slewing Ring Bearing
. Crossed Roller Bearing
. Ball Screw
. Bearing Design
. Bearing Materials .
. Bearing Internal Clearances .
. Allowable Bearing Speed .
. Bearing Fit
. Prevention of Bearing Axial Movement
. Bearing Load
. Bearing Preload Arrangement
. Radial and Axial Bearing Load
. Load Distribution
. Bearing Fatigue Life
. Calculation of Bearing Fatigue Life .
. Bearing Failure Probability Distribution .
. Influence of Unbalance on Bearing Fatigue Life .
. Influence of Wear on Bearing Fatigue Life
. Influence of Internal Radial Clearance on Bearing Fatigue Life .
. Bearing Failure Mode
. Major Causes of Premature Bearing Failure
. Lubricant Selection .
. Improper Bearing Lubrication .
. Lubricant Contamination .
. Grease Leakage
. Bearing Sealing and Bearing Shielding .
. Excessive Load .
. Internal Radial Interference Condition
. Bearing Current
. Impact of High Temperature on Bearing Failure .
. Bearing Failure Associated with Motor Vibration and Overloading
. Improper Bearing Installation and Bearing Misalignment xiv Contents
. Vertically Mounted Motor
. Bearing Noise
. Bearing Selection
. Bearing Type Selection Based on Load .
. Bearing Type Selection Based on Speed
. Selection of Bearing Size .
. Bearing Performance Improvement
References
Chapter Motor Brake .
. Fundamental Knowledge of Motor Brake .
. Static and Dynamic Friction
. Wear .
. Kinetic Energy of Rotating Object .
. Brake Friction Materials
. Brake Operation Mode .
. Key Design Parameters and Considerations in Brake Design
. Braking Torque .
. Brake Operation Time
. Definitions of Various Brake Action Time .
. Brake Response Time .
. Actual Braking Time
. Total Braking Time .
. Braking Energy for Single Operation and Operation Frequency
per Minute
. Mean Heat Power .
. Temperature Rise and Thermal Capacity Rating .
. Factor of Safety
. Brake Backlash .
. Brake Noise
. Maximum Sliding Speed
. Reliability and Durability
. Brake Operation Cycle .
. Brake Mounting Arrangement .
. Brake Size
. Brake Integration with Electric Motor .
. Brake Ingress Protection Rating
. Accumulation of Brake Wear Particles
. Classification of Braking System
. Electromagnetic Brake .
. Spring-Engaged, Electromagnetically Released Brake
. Solenoid-Actuated Brake
. Multiple Disc Friction-Blocking Brake
. Eddy-Current Brake .
. Magnetic Particle Brake .
. Hysteresis Brake .
. Permanent Magnet Brake .
. Magnetorheological Brake
. Piezoelectric Brake . Contents xv
. Mechanical Brake
. Compressed Air-Engaged, Spring-Released Brake
. Spring-Engaged, Hydraulic Pressure Released Brake
. Pneumatic Brake .
. Hydraulic Brake
. Oil Shear Brake
. Regenerative Brake .
. Brake Failure .
. Overheating of Mating Friction Surfaces .
. Excessive Wear on Friction Surfaces .
. Failure due to Corrosion .
. Runout of Friction Disc
. Thermomechanical Fatigue
. Brake Design and Selection Considerations
. Dynamic Stopping Brake or Holding Brake? .
. AC or DC Brake?
. Braking Torque .
. Overall Inertia of System .
. Thermal Consideration in Brake Selection
. Other Factors Affecting Brake Selection .
References
Chapter Servo Feedback Devices and Motor Sensors .
. Encoder
. Type of Encoder .
. Optical Encoder
. Magnetic Encoder .
. Capacitive Encoder .
. Inductive Encoder .
. Absolute and Incremental Encoders .
. Absolute Encoder
. Incremental Encoder .
. Resolution of Encoder
. Rotary and Linear Encoder
. Encoder Mounting
. Resolver .
. Type of Resolver .
. Resolver Operating Parameters
. Resolver Accuracy
. Input Excitation Frequency, Voltage, and Current .
. Phase Shift
. Transformation Ratio
. Winding Impedance .
. Speed Ripple .
. Null Voltage
. Resolver Testing .
. Test Equipment and Instruments
. Determination of Resolver Position Error
. Measurement of Transformation Ratio .
. Measurement of Phase Shift . xvi Contents
. Measurement of Velocity Ripple
. Measurement of Resolver Impedance
. Effect of Cable Length on Resolver Performance
. Influence of Motor Brake on Resolver Performance
. Influence of Mechanical Impacts on Resolver
Performance
. Hall Effect Sensor .
. Linear Sensor .
. Threshold Sensor
. Proximity Sensor .
. Inductive Proximity Sensor
. Capacitive Proximity Sensor
. Ultrasonic Proximity Sensor
. Photoelectric Proximity Sensor
. Other Motor Sensors
. Force/Torque Sensor .
. Temperature Sensor
. Thermocouple .
. Resistance Temperature Detector .
. Thermistor
. Monolithic Integrated Circuit Temperature Sensor
. Infrared Thermometer
. Vibration Sensor .
. Current Sensor
. Pressure Sensor
. Magnetic Field Sensor
. Improving Motor Sensor Performance
. Mitigation of Electrical Noise
. Suppression of Temperature Rise .
. Utilization of Dual-Feedback Solution for Improving Motion
Control Accuracy and Reliability .
. Development of Innovative Sensor
. Sensor Miniaturization—Microsensor and Nanosensor
. Advanced Wireless Sensor Technology .
. Smart Sensors .
. Color-Changing Dye Sensor for Detecting Motor Condition
. Sensor with Newly Developed Material .
. Selection of Motor Feedback Devices and Sensors .
. Cable Technology
References
Chapter Power Transmission and Gearing Systems
. Characteristics of Gearing Systems
. Gearing System Efficiency .
. Gear Ratio and Torque Ratio
. Inertia Matching .
. Gear Tooth Profile
. Backlash .
. Gearing Stage .
. Gear Lubrication Contents xvii
. Gear Contact Ratio .
. Temperature Rise and Thermal Effect on Gearing System
Performance .
. Compact Structure
. Acoustic Noise
. Operation Reliability
. Types of Modern Gearing Systems .
. Strain Wave Gearing System
. Planetary Gearing System
. Cycloidal Gearing System
. Rotate Vector Gearing System .
. Magnetic Gearing System
. Continuously Variable Strain Wave Transmission .
. Pulse Drive .
. Abacus Drive
. Circular Wave Drive .
. Archimedes Drive
. Spiral Cam Gearing System .
. Clutch-Type Stepless Speed Changer .
. Conventional Gearing Systems .
. Spur Gear .
. Helical Gear .
. Bevel Gear
. Spiroid Gear .
. Helicon Gear
. Worm Gear .
. Comparison of Conventional Gearing Systems .
. Gearhead and Gearmotor
. Gearhead
. Gearmotor
. Failure of Gearing System .
. Selection of Gearing System .
References
Chapter Motor Power Losses .
. Power Losses in Windings due to Electric Resistance in Copper Wires
. Eddy-Current and Magnetic Hysteresis Losses
. Eddy-Current Loss .
. Magnetic Hysteresis Loss .
. Calculations of Eddy-Current and Magnetic Hysteresis Losses
. Losses in Stator and Rotor Iron Cores .
. Losses in PMs .
. Power Losses in Other Core Components
. Mechanical Friction Losses .
. Bearing Losses .
. Sealing Losses
. Brush Losses
. Windage Losses .
. Windage Loss due to Rotating Rotor .
. Taylor Vortex xviii Contents
. Friction Factor .
. Windage Loss Due to Rotating Rotor .
. Windage Loss due to Entrance Effect of Axial Airgap Flow
. Windage Loss due to Stator Surface Roughness
. Energy Loss due to Fluid Viscosity .
. Fan Losses
. Ventilating Path Losses
. Methods for Reducing Windage Losses .
. Stray Load Losses .
. Influence of Power Rating on Motor Power Losses
References
Chapter Motor Cooling
. Introduction .
. Passive and Active Cooling Techniques .
. Heat Transfer Enhancement Techniques
. Conductive Heat Transfer Techniques .
. Conductive Heat Flux and Energy Equations
. Encapsulation and Impregnation of Electric Motor .
. Enhanced Heat Transfer Using High-Thermal-Conductivity
Material
. Using Self-Adhesive Magnet Wire for Fabricating Stator Winding .
. Natural Convection Cooling with Fins
. Cooling Fin .
. Fin Optimization
. Heatsinks Manufactured with Additive Manufacturing Process .
. Applications of Various Fins in Motor Cooling .
. Pin Fin Heatsink .
. Thermal Interface Materials
. Forced Air Cooling Techniques
. Thermophysical Properties of Air
. Direct Forced Air Cooling Techniques
. Forced Air Cooling at End-Winding Regions
. Forced Air Flowing through Internal Cooling
Channels across the Motor .
. Forced Air Flowing Over Motor Outer Surfaces .
. Forced Air Flowing through Both Motor Outer and
Inner Surfaces .
. Air Jet Impingement Cooling .
. Cooling with Hydrogen Gas .
. Indirect Forced Air Cooling Techniques .
. Indirect Forced Air Cooling with Heat Exchangers .
. Indirect Forced Air Cooling via Indirect Evaporative
Air Cooler .
. Fan and Blower .
. Fan Types
. Forward-Curved, Backward-Curved, and Straight
Blades of Centrifugal Fans .
. Fan Performance Curve and Operation Point .
. Fan Selection . Contents xix
. Liquid Cooling Techniques .
. Thermophysical Properties of Coolants .
. Direct Liquid Cooling Techniques .
. Direct Liquid Cooling of Bundled Magnet Wires
. Spray Cooling .
. Direct Liquid Cooling through Hollow Winding
Coils/Conductors
. Liquid Jet Impingement Cooling
. Liquid Immersion Cooling .
. Indirect Liquid Cooling Techniques
. Indirect Liquid Cooling via Cold Plates Attached to
Motor Walls
. Indirect Liquid Cooling via Helical Copper Pipes
Casted in Motor Housing
. Indirect Liquid Cooling with Cooling Channels on
Casted Motor Housing
. Indirect Liquid Cooling via Copper Pipe in Spacer .
. Indirect Liquid Cooling through Stator Winding Slots
. Indirect Liquid Cooling through Microscale Channels
. Indirect Liquid Cooling via Heat Transfer
Enhancement Device
. Phase-Change Cooling Techniques .
. Cooling with Heat Pipes .
. Cooling with Vapor Chambers .
. Evaporative Cooling .
. Mist Cooling .
. Radiative Heat Transfer .
. Other Advanced State-of-the-Art Cooling Methods .
. Micro Channel Cooling Systems .
. Metal Foams .
. Heat Transfer Enhancement with Nanotechnology
. Nanofluid
. Carbon Nanotube
. NanoSpreader Vapor Cooler .
. CarbAl Heat Transfer Material .
. Ionic Wind Generator .
References
Chapter Motor Vibration and Acoustic Noise
. Vibration and Noise of Electric Motor
. Fundamentals of Vibration
. Simple Harmonic Oscillating System
. Damped Harmonic Oscillating System
. Forced Vibration with Damping
. Forced Vibration Due to Mass Unbalance .
. Vibration Induced by Support Excitation .
. Directional Vibration .
. Electromagnetic Vibrations .
. Unbalanced Forces/Torques Caused by Electric Supply
. Broken Rotor Bar and Cracked End Ring xx Contents
. Unbalanced Magnetic Pull Due to Asymmetric Airgap
. Electromagnetic Force at Airgap
. Asymmetric Airgap Due to Nonconcentric Rotor
and Stator
. Asymmetric Airgap Due to Elliptic Stator .
. Asymmetric Airgap Due to Elliptic Rotor .
. Asymmetric Airgap Due to Rotor Misalignment .
. Asymmetric Airgap Resulting from Shaft Deflection
. Nonuniform Airgap Due to Stator Slots .
. Mutual Action Forces between Currents of Stator and Rotor
. Vibration Due to Unbalanced Voltage Operation
. Mechanical Vibrations
. Misaligned Shaft and Distorted Coupling .
. Defective Bearing .
. Self-Excited Vibration
. Torsional Vibration .
. Vibration Measurements
. Vibration Control .
. Damping Materials .
. Vibration Isolation
. Magnetorheological Damper and Machine Mount
. Tuned Mass Damper
. Double Mounting Isolation System
. Viscoelastic Bearing Support .
. Self-Locking Fastener
. Hard Lock Nut
. Super Lock Nut and Super Stud Bolt
. Self-Locking Nut
. Jam Nut .
. Serrated Face Nut and Bolt .
. Nord-Lock Washer
. Active Vibration Isolation and Damping
. Measurements of Motor Vibration .
. Fundamentals of Acoustic Noise .
. Tonal Noise and Broadband Noise .
. Sound Pressure Level and Sound Power Level
. Octave Frequency Bands
. Three Sound Weighting Scales
. Averaged Sound Pressure Level .
. Type of Noise .
. Structure-Borne Noise
. Airborne Noise .
. Type of Aerodynamic Noise .
. Noise Classification and Measurement in Rotating Electric Machine
. Noise Type in Rotating Electric Machine
. Mechanical Noise .
. Electromagnetic Noise
. Aerodynamic Noise
. Acoustic Anechoic Chamber
. Measurement of Motor Noise .
. Acoustic Noise Field Measurement Contents xxi
. Motor Noise Abatement Techniques .
. Active Noise Reduction Techniques .
. Passive Noise Reduction Techniques .
. Blocking Noise Propagation Paths and Isolating Noise
Sources
. Using Noise-Absorbing Material
. Motor Suspension Mounting .
. Noise-Attenuating Structure .
. Smoothing Ventilation Path
. Selecting Low Noise Bearing .
. Innovative Noise Abatement Methods .
References
Chapter Motor Testing .
. Motor Testing Standards .
. Testing Equipment and Measuring Instruments
. Dynamometer .
. Thermocouples and Other Temperature Measuring Devices
. Control System .
. Data Acquisition System
. Torque Transducer
. Power Quality Analyzer .
. Power Supply
. Motor Test Platform .
. Testing Load Level
. Testing Methods
. Mechanical Differential Testing Method .
. Back-to-Back Testing Method
. Indirect Loading Testing Method .
. Forward Short-Circuit Testing Method
. Variable Inertia Testing Method
. Off-Line Motor Testing .
. Winding Electrical Resistance Testing
. Megohm Testing .
. Polarization Index Testing
. High-Potential Testing
. Surge Testing
. Step-Voltage Testing .
. Determination of Rotor’s Moment of Inertia .
. Online Motor Testing
. Locked Rotor Testing .
. Motor Heat Run Testing .
. Motor Efficiency Testing
. Impulse Testing
. Cogging Torque Testing .
. Torque Ripple Measurement
References xxii Contents
Chapter Modeling, Simulation, and Analysis of Electric Motors
. Computational Fluid Dynamics and Numerical Heat Transfer .
. Strategies in Modeling and Performing CFD Analysis .
. Rotating Flow Modeling
. Porous Media Modeling .
. Numerical Simulation of Motor Cooling .
. Mathematical Formulations
. Numerical Method
. Case Study— D Thermal Analysis of Large Size Motor
. Simulation of Two-Phase Flow and Heat Transfer .
. Thermal Simulation with Lumped-Circuit Modeling .
. Thermal Analysis Using the Finite Element Method
. Rotordynamic Analysis .
. Problem Description .
. Bearing Support’s Stiffness and Damping .
. Rotordynamic Modeling
. Results of Rotordynamic Analysis .
. Static and Dynamic Stress/Strain Analysis .
. Static Analysis
. Dynamic Analysis
. Centrifugal Force-Induced Stress on PMs
. Structural Analysis Using the Finite Element Method .
. Shock Load .
. Fatigue Analysis
. Torsional Resonance Analysis .
. Motor Noise Prediction .
. Buckling Analysis .
. Thermally Induced Stress Analysis .
. Thermal Expansion and Contraction Analysis
References
Chapter Innovative and Advanced Motor Design
. High-Temperature Superconducting Motor .
. Radial-Flux Multirotor or Multistator Motor
. Radial-Flux Multirotor Motor
. Radial-Flux Multistator Motor .
. Radial-Flux Brushless Dual-Rotor Machine
. Radial-Flux Dual-Stator PM Machine .
. High-Torque PM Motor with D Circumferential Flux Design .
. Radial-Flux Dual-Rotor, Dual-Stator Motor
. Radial-Flux Integrated Magnetic-Geared In-Wheel Motor .
. Axial-Flux Multirotor or Multistator Motor
. Single-Sided and Double-Sided Axial-Flux Motors
. Multistage Axial-Flux Motor .
. Yokeless and Segmented Armature Motors .
. Energy Efficient Axial-Flux Yokeless Motor with Modular Stator
. Axial-Flux Motor with PCB Stator
. Hybrid Motor .
. Hybrid Excitation Synchronous Machine Contents xxiii
. Hybrid Hysteresis PM Synchronous Motor
. Hybrid Motor Integrating RF Motor and AF Motor
. Hybrid-Field Flux-Controllable PM Motor
. Hybrid Linear Motor
. Conical Rotor Motor
. Transverse Flux Motor
. Reconfigurable PM Motor .
. Variable Reluctance Motor
. PM Memory Motor
. Variable Flux PM Memory Motor .
. Pole-Changing PM Memory Motor .
. Doubly Salient Memory Motor
. Adjustable and Controllable Axial Rotor/Stator Alignment Motor
. Piezoelectric Motor .
. Advanced Electric Machines for Renewable Energy
. Micromotor, Nanomotor, and Molecular Motor
. Micromotor .
. Nanomotor
. Molecular Motor .
References
Appendix A: Advanced Interconnection Technology for Motors .
Index
Index
abacus drive
advantages
gear ratio
acceleration of gravity ,
accelerometer –
AC motor , , , ; see also alternating
current (AC) motor
acoustic anechoic chamber
acoustic blankets – ,
acoustic noise
acoustic anechoic chamber
active noise reduction –
aerodynamic noise ,
airborne noise – ,
average sound absorption coefficient
averaged sound pressure level
A-weighting scale
broadband noise
B-weighting scale
C-weighting scale
electromagnetic noise , , – ,
field noise test
mechanical noise – ,
noise abatement , –
noise measurement ,
nonrotational aerodynamic noise
octave frequency bands –
rotating electric machines (see rotating
electric machines)
rotational aerodynamic noise
sound power , –
sound pressure , ,
structure-borne noise , – ,
tonal noise
active cooling
active noise reduction –
active vibration damping ,
active vibration isolation systems , –
additive manufacturing process , –
direct metal laser sintering
direct metal laser melting
electron beam melting
selective heat sintering
selective laser melting
selective laser sintering
D printing , – , –
aerodynamic noise ,
AF motors see axial-flux (AF) motors
airborne noise –
air cooling
direct
end-winding regions , , – ,
, –
internal cooling channels
jet impingement –
motor inner surfaces
motor outer surfaces ,
indirect
heat exchangers , – , – ,
indirect evaporative air cooler
thermophysical properties of air
air density ,
specific heat – ,
thermal conductivity – ,
air density ,
airgap – , , – , , , ,
, , , , – ,
– ,
AF motor –
asymmetries
cylindrical circular rotor whirling –
eccentricity –
electromagnetic force –
elliptic rotor –
elliptic stator –
nonconcentric rotor and stator –
rotor misalignment
shaft deflection ,
UMP –
conical rotor motor –
dynamic loss
end
flux density , , , – ,
hybrid motor , –
inner
nonuniform – , – ,
SRM noise –
stator slots ,
outer
reluctance –
uniform – , ,
velocity components ,
windage loss – ,
axial airgap flow
film divider –
Taylor vortices , –
tangential flow
alnico magnet motors – , – , , –
alternating current (AC) motors
vs. DC motors
efficiency classes –
IM – (see also induction motor (IM)
motor damping)
PMMs – ,
power loss
reactive power –
servomotor – , – , – , , ,
– , , ,
single-phase motors –
synchronous HTS motor
three-phase motors , – , – ,
, , , , ,
,
torque–speed characteristics – , – , Index
aluminum–nickel–cobalt (alnico) – , – ,
, –
ambient temperature – , – , , ,
, , , , –
Ampère-Maxwell’s law
angular acceleration – , – ,
angular contact ball bearings
back-to-back arrangement –
contact angle –
cross section ,
face-to-face arrangement
load analysis
matched bearing
performance – , ,
reverse loading conditions
angular deceleration –
angular displacement , –
angular misalignment – , –
angular momentum , , – , ,
,
angular speed , – , – , , ,
,
angular velocity , , , , ,
, , ,
angular vibration
anticorrosion
electroless plating technology
electroplating , , – ,
electropolishing ,
hydrogen embrittlement , –
inorganic and organic materials , ,
inorganic coating
nanocoating
phosphate coating ,
protective coating – ,
PVD ,
salt-spray test
seals
stainless steel
thermally conductive paints
thermal spraying process
Archimedes drive (compound planetary drive) –
advantages –
applications
gear ratio
structure
area-moment method
asynchronous motors ,
A-weighting scale
axial fan ,
axial-flux (AF) motors , ,
HTS motor ,
hybrid motor –
torque density
with PCB stator –
yokeless and segmented armature (YASA) –
axial-flux (AF) multirotor
double-sided , –
magnetic flux path ,
multistage machine
rotor–stator–rotor structure ,
single-sided –
slotless torus topology
yokeless and segmented armature (YASA) –
axial misalignment – , – ,
axial rotor/stator alignment motor –
axial vibration , ,
back EMF constant (Ke) , –
background noise level ,
backlash – , – , – , , ,
– , – , – , – ,
– , – ,
back-to-back testing method –
ball bearing
angular contact ball bearings – , ,
deep-groove ball bearings – , , – ,
, , – ,
radial ball bearing
ball screw –
bearing
axial movement prevention ,
ball
angular contact ball bearings – , ,
deep-groove ball bearings – , ,
– , , – ,
radial ball bearing
ceramic hybrid ,
crossed roller – ,
clearance – , – ,
current – , –
failure mode
bearing currents –
excessive load
fishbone diagram
grease leakage –
high temperature impact
improper installation and misalignment
improper lubrication
internal radial interference condition
lubricant contamination
lubricant selection
motor vibration and overloading
premature failure causes
seals and shields
statistical data
vertically mounted motor –
fatigue life
calculation –
determining factors
failure probability distribution –
internal radial clearance –
unbalance influence –
wear influence –
fit ,
journal –
load distribution , – , –
lubrication , , – ,
materials ,
noise ,
noncontact – ,
performance improvement
preload arrangement
radial and axial bearing load , , – ,
,
roller
cylindrical roller – ,
tapered roller – ,
thrust ,
slewing ring – Index
selection
based on load
based on speed
selection factors –
size
sensor
speed ,
bearing clearance –
bearing currents – , –
bearing failure mode
bearing currents –
excessive load
fishbone diagram
grease leakage –
high temperature impact
improper installation and misalignment
improper lubrication
internal radial interference condition
lubricant contamination
lubricant selection
motor vibration and overloading
premature failure causes
seals and shields
statistical data
vertically mounted motor –
bearing failure probability –
bearing fatigue life
calculation –
determining factors
failure probability distribution –
internal radial clearance
unbalance influence –
wear influence –
bearing fit ,
bearing load , , , –
bearing losses
ball bearing structure
friction torque ,
total frictional moment ,
total power loss
bearing noise , ,
bearing speed ,
bearing stress ,
bending moment , – , – , – ,
, ,
bending stress
compressive and tensional stresses
single-section shaft , – ,
stepped shaft , – , – ,
black oxide ,
BLDC motor see brushless DC (BLDC) motor
blower , ,
bolt–nut fasteners –
brake
backlash – , – ,
braking torque – , – , – ,
,
blocking –
eddy-current – ,
electromagnetic
factor of safety , –
friction material
ceramic –
full metallic
non-metallic
semi-metallic
hydraulic
hysteresis ,
inertia , – , – ,
ingress protection (IP) rating –
kinetic energy – , ,
magnetic particle/powder
magnetorheological (MR) –
maximum sliding speed
mean heat power
mechanical
mounting arrangement
multiple disc friction-blocking
noise
oil shear
operation cycle
operation mode
operation time
actual braking – ,
actual torque build-up –
armature engage –
armature pull-in ,
brake cycle
brake response
braking
effective brake release ,
effective engagement
hold
initial delay
response
torque build-up
torque decaying ,
total braking
total brake release
permanent magnet (PM)
piezoelectric-actuated
pneumatic
powder (particle) ,
Prony
regenerative
reliability and durability
solenoid-actuated
spring-engaged
thermal capacity rating –
temperature rise
torque –
wear –
wear power loss
brake failure
corrosion –
excessive wear
overheating
runout
thermomechanical
brake selection
backlash – ,
braking torque , ,
,
cost
dynamic stopping ,
holding ,
lifetime , –
mounting configuration ,
overall inertia
precise positioning capability Index
brake selection (cont. )
size –
thermal considerations
broadband noise
broken rotor bar ,
brushed DC PM field motors
brushless DC (BLDC) motor , – ,
brushless double-rotor machine (BDRM) –
brushless motors ,
brush losses
brush motors ,
brush seal
flexible silicone rubber –
Kevlar fibers , – ,
wire bristles
buckling analysis , ,
butterfly-base rotating fastener –
B-weighting scale
Campbell diagram ,
carbon emission
carbon equivalent (CE)
carbon fiber , ,
carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) ,
carbon steel
cold-rolled or hot-rolled carbon steel
heat treatment process ,
low-carbon, medium-carbon, and high-carbon steels
mechanical and thermal properties
Carter factor
casted endbell –
casted housing
aluminum ,
casting materials properties
die casting –
EPC ,
graphite –
gray iron
graphite iron
gravity fed process
heat treatment
iron
material melting temperature
molten material
permanent-mold casting
pressure casting –
pressure fed process
sand casting
servomotor
steel casting –
testing methods –
Castigliano’s method –
casting
copper rotor – , –
die ,
endbell manufacturing –
full-mold
heat treatment
iron vs. aluminum
lost-foam
low-pressure
material properties
permanent-mold
pressure
sand
squirrel cage rotor ,
steel –
cast iron technique
centrifugal fan
backward-curved blade fans –
forward-curved blade fans –
helical impeller design
straight blade radial fans –
ceramic bearings ,
CFD see computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
CFPR see carbon fiber reinforced polymer
chassis dynamometer
chemical vapor deposition (CVD)
circular wave drive (CWD)
gear ratio
structure –
cloud-based data storage and transmission system
clutch-type stepless speed changer –
speed change ratio
structure –
CMM see coordinate measuring machine (CMM)
CNC see computer numerical control (CNC)
coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) – , ,
, , –
aluminum ,
carbon steel
CarbAl thermal material
copper ,
ductile iron
gray iron ,
linear, area, and volumetric thermal expansions
–
stainless steel
cogging torque
analytical methods –
effective driving torque
nocurrent torque
reduction techniques
drive current waveform modulation
flux linkage
magnet pole arc
magnet segmentation
skewed permanent magnets –
skewed stator teeth –
slot number per pole
Soleimani’s rotor structure
stator–rotor airgap –
step-skewed permanent magnets
slotless stator core ,
testing
torque ratio ,
vibration and acoustic noise
cold forging , –
endbell
impression-die forging
phosphate coating ,
serration fit
cold plates , – , –
cold rolled lamination steel
composite material , – ,
compound motor
compound-structure permanent magnet synchronous
machine (CS-PMSM) – Index
compressive strength ,
computational fluid dynamics (CFD) , ,
, , , – , – ,
– ,
advantages , –
modeling and performing strategies –
numerical simulation, motor cooling
continuity equation
energy/heat equation
flowrate – ,
fluid meshing
fundamental laws of physics
large-scale elevator motor
momentum equations
pressure distribution ,
pressure drop data
pressure vs. flowrate
solid meshing
temperature-dependent properties ,
temperature distribution –
temperature vs. flowrate
D velocity field ,
turbulence model –
winding insulation
porous media modeling –
rotating flow modeling –
mixing plane model
MRF model
sliding mesh method
SRF method
Taylor–Couette flow – ,
– ,
computer numerical control (CNC) , , ,
, , , ,
concentrated winding ,
conduct bar coil formation –
conduction , , – , , ,
, ,
direct cooling technique ,
enclosed motor
FEM analysis ,
FVM
indirect cooling technique ,
nanofluid
passive cooling mode
silicon steel lamination
thermal interface material
thermal network
conductive heat transfer , ,
carbon nanotube
conductive heat flux
encapsulation and impregnation ,
energy equations
high-thermal-conductivity materials ,
self-adhesive magnet wires
conductor bar in casted rotor , – ,
fatigue stress
heat treatment
skin effect –
conical rotors
nonuniform airgap
rotor–stator structures
uniform airgap
containment design
loading model
debris accumulation model
debris deflection model
maximum compression and shear strain energy
minimum perforation energy
minimum thickness, containment shell –
residual energy
rotor burst tests and FEMs
continuity equation ,
control
active , ,
passive ,
control loop
close –
open –
control system , – , , , ,
– , , , – ,
– , – , , ,
,
dynamometer ,
end play –
motion , , , , ,
,
coolants , , , – , – ,
, – , , , – ,
cooling
active ,
air (see air cooling)
evaporative , –
fin , (see also fin cooling)
hydrogen gas , –
HTS motor –
immersion , – ,
internal channels , –
jet impingement
air jet impingement –
liquid jet impingement –
liquid (see liquid cooling)
liquid immersion , , – ,
microchannel , –
mist ,
passive ,
phase-change (see phase-change cooling)
spray (see spray cooling)
through hollow winding coils/conductors –
coordinate measuring machine (CMM) ,
copper rotor – , –
core losses see eddy-current losses; magnetic hysteresis losses
corrosion resistance
aluminum
coating protection –
electroless plating
electroplating , – , – ,
electropolishing ,
ferrite PMs ,
forged shafts
Inconel alloys , ,
inorganic coating
nanocoating
physical vapor deposition
phosphate coating ,
stainless steel , , – , , ,
,
coupled rotor unbalance – Index
coupling
flexible
bellow
double flex
geared –
grid –
jaw
Oldham
roller chain –
spiral beam
Thompson (universal joint)
noncontact
labyrinth , –
magnetic – ,
PM eddy-current –
oil shear –
rigid – ,
semirigid –
crack/cracking ,
cast iron
end rings
fatigue ,
hydrogen-induced
microcracks ,
microscale
quenching
stress concentration ,
stress corrosion –
welding process
critical speed
damped , –
mechanical resonance and resonant frequency
and resonance
definitions
fourth-order frequency equation
motion equation
natural frequencies , – , ,
– , –
physical and rotordynamic analytical model
–
Rayleigh–Ritz and Dunkerley methods ,
two-degree-of-freedom model ,
shaft design –
undamped , –
cross-flow fan –
CTE see coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE)
cumulative distribution function (CDF)
CVD see chemical vapor deposition (CVD)
CWD see chemical vapor deposition (CVD)
C-weighting scale
cycloidal gearing system
advantages –
disadvantages
efficiency
gear ratio
structure –
cylinder-base fastener –
cylindrical roller bearings – ,
damped harmonic oscillating system
damper
magnetorheological
mechanical
single-degree-of-freedom system
spring-damper system
TMD (see tuned mass damper (TMD))
damping
AC motors
active vibration
and bearing support stiffness
forced vibration
dynamic equation of motion ,
nonhomogeneous second-order differential
equation
phase angle variations , –
single-degree-of-freedom system
steady-state response
transient response
materials – ,
viscoelastic material ,
viscous – , –
damping ratio – , – , – , – ,
,
Darcy–Weisbach friction factor
data acquisition systems ,
DC motors see direct current (DC) motors
DDR motors see direct drive rotary (DDR) motors
deep-groove ball bearings – , , – ,
, , – ,
delta connection
design constant
back EMF time constant (Ke) , –
electrical time constant (τe)
mechanical time constant (τm) –
motor constant (Km)
thermal time constant (τth)
torque constant (Kt)
velocity constant (Kv)
viscous damping (Kvd)
design for assembly (DFA)
design for manufacturing (DFM)
design integration
design process
design optimization
electromagnetic design
flowchart
mechanical design
prototype motor ,
rotordynamic analysis , –
subsystem/component approach
system approach –
thermal analysis –
DFA see design for assembly (DFA)
DFM see design for manufacturing (DFM)
diameter
inner , , , , ,
– ,
outer , , , – , ,
die casting , – , – , – ,
–
die casting copper motors
digital signal ,
digital signal processor (DSP)
direct current (DC) motors , – , – , – ,
, ,
vs. AC motors ,
brush AF motor
brushless AF motor – Index
brushless motor , ,
brush motor ,
motor constant (Km)
motor torque – , –
servomotor
torque–speed characteristics
types of –
direct drive rotary (DDR) motors , , –
advantages
cartridge DDR motors –
vs. conventional servo systems
frameless DDR motors , –
hollow shafts ,
housed/frameless –
direct drive system
equivalent motor-load model ,
mechanical resonance and resonant frequency
TFM
direct forced air cooling
end-winding regions
internal cooling channels
jet impingement –
motor outer and inner surfaces
motor outer surfaces –
directional vibration
direction of rotation (DIR) , , ,
–
direct liquid cooling
bundled magnet wires
jet impingement –
spray cooling – ,
direct loading vs. indirect loading testing
direct numerical simulation
distributed winding
double mounting isolation system
doubly salient permanent magnet (DSPM) motor
PM memory motor
airgap flux control
dual magnet
temperature stability
topology –
VRM
DSPM motor see doubly salient permanent magnet
(DSPM) motor
ductile iron , – ,
duty cycle – , , , – ,
dynamic load , , ,
dynamic rotor unbalance –
dynamometer
brake power (Pb)
chassis
control system
eddy-current brake –
electric motor/generator
hydraulic brake
hysteresis brake
inertia brake
mechanical friction brake
powder brake
water brake
eccentricity – , – , – ,
,
asymmetrical airgap –
dynamic ,
static
mass – ,
rotor ,
shaft ,
UMP ,
eddy-current brake dynamometer –
eddy-current losses , – , , ,
– ,
Ampère-Maxwell’s law
divergence theorem
FEA tools
Gauss’s law
lumped circuit approach
Maxwell’s equations ,
in permanent magnet motors
in stator and rotor cores –
eddy-current probes
EDM see electrical discharge machining (EDM)
effective thermal conductivity – ,
effective viscosity
efficiency
gearing system ,
motor (see motor efficiency)
power transmission
electrical discharge machining (EDM)
electrical interconnect technology
insulation displacement connection (IDC) technology
–
press-fit technology –
electrical system ,
electrical time constant (τe)
electric generator
electric motor/generator dynamometer
electric motors
AC motors , , ,
AF motors – , , – ,
– , – ,
brush and brushless motors
characteristics
duty cycle – , ,
efficiency (see motor efficiency)
insulation (see motor insulation)
load-to-motor inertia ratio –
mechanical resonance and resonant frequency (see
mechanical resonance and resonant frequency)
operation reliability , , , ,
, ,
power and power factor
speed (see motor speed)
torque (see motor torque)
closed loop and open loop control systems
components , , , – , , ,
, , , , ,
, , , , ,
– , , , ,
, , , – , ,
, , , – ,
DC motors , – , – , ,
DDR motors
cartridge DDR motors –
vs. conventional servo systems
frameless DDR motors , –
housed/frameless – Index
electric motors (cont. )
design and operation parameters
back EMF constant (Ke) , –
electrical time constant (τe)
mechanical time constant (τm) –
motor constant (Km)
thermal time constant (τth)
torque constant (Kt)
velocity constant (Kv)
viscous damping (Kvd)
design integration ,
design process
design optimization ,
flowchart
mechanical design –
multidisciplinary design optimization
prototype motor
subsystem/component approach
system approach –
enclosed motor , , ,
failure modes
gear drive motors
history
induction motors (IMs) , – , – ,
– , , , , ,
, ,
IP code
linear motor – ,
mechatronics
open motor
permanent magnet motors (PMMs) , – ,
, , , ,
power rating classification
reluctance motors ,
RF motors , , ,
rotary motors , – ,
servomotors , – , , – , ,
– , , , , ,
,
single-phase motors –
sizing equations – , –
specialty electric motors
explosion proof
flame proof
operating under vacuum environment
operating under nuclear radiation environment
piezoelectric
submersible
ultrahigh speed
stepper motors –
synchronous and asynchronous motors
three-phase motors – ,
electroless plating technology
electromagnetic force (EMF) , , ,
, – ,
airgap –
axial vibration ,
back EMF , – , ,
constant , –
sinusoidal ,
trapezoidal ,
electromagnetic noise , , – ,
electromagnetic vibration –
two-pole motors
unbalanced
vibration and acoustic noise
electromagnetic vibrations –
airgap asymmetries
cylindrical circular rotor whirling –
eccentricity –
electromagnetic force –
elliptic rotor –
elliptic stator –
nonconcentric rotor and stator –
rotor misalignment
shaft deflection
UMP –
broken rotor bars –
cracked end rings
mutual action forces
nonuniform airgap
unbalanced forces/torques
unbalanced voltage operation
electroplating , – ,
electropolishing ,
elliptic rotor –
elliptic stator –
EMF see electromagnetic force (EMF)
encapsulation , ,
materials –
partial and total encapsulation – ,
process
thermoplastics
thermoset plastics
trickle impregnation
varnish dipping
void-free
vacuum pressure impregnation (VPI)
primary process –
vs. solvent varnishes
tank, large electric motors
enclosed motor , , ,
encoder
absolute , – , – ,
capacitive – ,
incremental , – , – ,
inductive – ,
linear ,
magnetic – , –
optical ,
resolution multiplication
rotary ,
selection factors –
accuracy
compact size
cost
electrical noise immunity
energy consumption
magnetic field immunity
maintainability
operating temperature range
operation reliability and stability
output signal
repeatability
response time
resolution
service life
structure ruggedness
tolerance to vibration and shock
loading Index
endbell
casted endbell
forged endbell
iron casting vs. aluminum casting
machined endbell
stamped endbell
epoxy resins , ,
evaporative air cooler
evaporative cooling , –
evaporative pattern casting (EPC) ,
excitation frequency , – , – ,
– ,
exciting force , , , , ,
attenuation
harmonic
self-excited vibration system
vibration isolation
exponential Weibull distribution –
extra-large motors
extruded aluminum motor housing –
factor of safety
bearing
braking system ,
electric machine
crushing failure – ,
motor
motor components ,
rotor
shaft design ,
shear failure – ,
failure
mechanism
crushing –
shear – ,
mode
bearing (see bearing failure mode)
motor
winding failures ,
fan
axial fan , ,
centrifugal fan
backward-curved blade fans –
forward-curved blade fans –
helical impeller design
straight blade radial fans –
cross-flow fan –
heatsink-impeller
law
volumetric airflow
static pressure
power
mixed-flow fan , –
performance curve and operation point ,
– ,
selection ,
Fanning friction factor
fan performance curve , – ,
Faraday’s law of induction , –
fasteners
cylinder-base fastener
forged Z-shaped fastener
loading distribution
preload
rotary fasteners
butterfly-base rotating fastener –
square-base rotating fastener
triangle-base rotating fastener
self-clinching fastener
self-locking fastener
hard lock nut
jam nut
Nord-lock washer
self-locking nut
serrated face nut and bolt
super lock nut
super stud bolt
thread engagement and load distribution
tightening factor
tightening load
tightening process – ,
tightening torque ,
fast fourier transform (FFT)
fatigue analysis , , –
fatigue failure , , , , ,
– , –
FEA see finite element analysis (FEA)
FEM see finite element method (FEM)
ferrite permanent magnets
FDM see finite difference method (FDM)
fin cooling
fin optimization
design parameters
fin height vs. overall thermal resistance
fin ratio vs. overall thermal resistance
plate-fin efficiency
thermal model
on motor endbell
motor frame with external and internal fins
oblique plate fins
pin-fin heatsink (see pin-fin heatsink)
plate fins , – , – , – ,
stator lamination fins –
finite element analysis (FEA) , , – , ,
, – , , , ,
,
hybrid linear motor
hysteresis and eddy-current losses
results
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رابط من موقع عالم الكتب لتنزيل كتاب Mechanical Design and Manufacturing of Electric Motors
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