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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب The Effect of UV Light and Weather on Plastics and Elastomers Third edition Laurence W. McKeen
![كتاب The Effect of UV Light and Weather on Plastics and Elastomers T_e_o_13](https://i.servimg.com/u/f61/15/36/74/14/t_e_o_13.jpg) و المحتوى كما يلي :
Table of Contents 1. Introduction to Plastics and Polymers Compositions 2. Introduction to the Weathering of Plastics 3. Introduction to Plastic Properties 4. Styrenic Plastics 5. Polyesters 6. Polyimides 7. Polyamides Nylons 8. Polyolefins 9. Polyvinyls and Acrylics 10. Fluoropolymers 11. High-Temperature/High-Performance Polymers 12. Elastomers and Rubbers 13. Sustainable Polymers Index Note: Page numbers followed by “f” denote figures; “t” tables. A ABS. See Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) Accelerated indoor fluorescent light exposure, 73t Accelerated outdoor tests, 31e32 EMMA, 31e32, 32f EMMAqua, 32 ultra-accelerated exposure testing, 32, 32f Acetal copolymer, chemical structure of, 282f Acetal homopolymer, chemical structure of, 282f Acetal polymers, 291 Acid scavenger, 26 Acrylic resins, 231 Acrylics, 217. See also Polyvinyls Acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymers (NBR), 346e352, 351f applications and uses, 352 manufacturers and trade names, 352 types of, 346e352 Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), 71f, 72f manufacturers and trade names, 72 physical properties of, 73t, 74f, 74t property changes in, 73t stabilization, 71 weathering properties, 71 Acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylate (ASA), 105 Alternating copolymer, 2 American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), 45 Amide-imide polymers, 148t Amino acids, chemical structures of, 164f Amorphous, 10 Amorphous nylon, 165, 166f Amorphous polyamide, 165e166, 165f applications and uses, 166 manufacturers and trade names, 166 Artificial accelerated tests, 32e40 carbon arc fade-meter, 39 fluorescent/QUV, 33e38 light sources, 32, 34t SEPAP, 39e40 xenon arc, 33, 35f ASA. See Acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylate (ASA) Atmospheric pollutants, chemical effects of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), 19 ozone, 18 photodegradation and photo oxidation, 19 sulfur dioxide (SO2), 18 B BASF Ultrason, 279 4,4’-Bisphenol A Dianhydride (BPADA) monomer, 146, 152f photodegradation reactions of, 153f Block copolymer, 2e3 Butyl rubber, 314e318, 318f, 319f, 320f applications and uses, 318 manufacturers and trade names, 315e316 C Carbon arc, 33, 36f Carbon black, 15 Cellophane, 372e375, 377f applications and uses, 375 manufacturers and trademarks, 375 weathering, 372 Cellulose acetate, 376e377, 377f, 378f applications and uses, 377 manufacturers and trade names, 377 Cellulose acetate butyrate, 377e378, 378f applications and uses, 378 manufacturers and trade names, 378 Chlorobutyl rubber, 320e322, 320f, 322f, 323f applications and uses, 322 manufacturers and trade names, 321 Coefficient of friction (COF), 13 Conventional aging, 29e31 Copolymerization, 292 Copolymers, 2e3. See also Polyoxymethylene (POM) Crystalline, 10 Crystallinity, 49 D Daylight filters, 33 Degree of polymerization, 9 Degree of unsaturation (DoU), 4e5 Diacids, chemical structures of, 164f Diamines, chemical structures of, 164f Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), 65 Dipole moment, 3 DMTA. See Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) Drop dart impact test, 57e58 DuPont elastomer neoprene, 321 DuPont Kapton, elongation of, 156f DuPont Minlon, 178t, 179t exposure of, 178t DuPont Tedlar, 252 Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), 67, 67f E ECTFE. See Ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE) Elastomers, 299 fluoroelastomers, 337e346, 345f, 345t olefinic thermoplastic elastomers, 301e304 thermoplastic copolyester elastomers, 313e314, 313f TPU, 299e301, 300f, 301t Elmendorf tear strength, 61, 61f 383EMMA. See Equatorial mount with mirrors for acceleration (EMMA) EMMAqua. See Equatorial mount with mirrors for acceleration plus water (EMMAqua) Epichlorohydrin rubber, 325e337, 342f, 343f applications and uses, 337 manufacturers and trade names, 337 EPS. See Expanded polystyrene (EPS) Equatorial mount with mirrors for acceleration (EMMA), 31e32, 32f Equatorial mount with mirrors for acceleration plus water (EMMAqua), 32 ETFE. See Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE) Ethyl cellulose, 378, 380f applications and uses, 378 manufacturers and trade names, 378 Ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE), 262e266, 266f applications and uses, 263e266 manufacturers and trade names, 263 Ethylene-propylene rubbers, 324e325, 324t, 325t, 340f, 341f, 342f applications and uses, 325 basic kinds of, 324 manufacturers and trade names, 325 Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE), 258e262. See also Polyethylene tetrafluoroethylene manufacturers and trade names, 262 mechanical properties of, 259e262, 263f Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, 357e361, 360f applications and uses, 361 manufacturers and trade names, 361 stabilization, 361 weathering, 361 Ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), 217e218, 217f, 218t defined, 217 desirable properties, 217e218 manufacturers and trade names, 218 EVAL, 218 EVOH. See Ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) Expanded polystyrene (EPS), 72e74 F Falling dart impact strength, 60, 60f Fade-meter, 39 FEP. See Fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) Ferro Corporation LPP30, 211f Fiber-reinforced grades, 11e12 Flexural properties, 54 Fluorescent/QUV, 33e38 Fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), 246, 246f applications and uses, 246 manufacturers and trade names, 246 Fluoroelastomers, 337e346, 345f, 345t applications, 346 manufacturers and trade names, 346 types of, 337e345 Fluoropolymers ECTFE, 262e266, 266f ETFE, 258e262 FEP, 246, 246f PCTFE, 252e256, 257f, 258f PFA, 247e250, 250f, 250t PTFE, 243e245, 244f, 246f PVDF, 256e258, 258f PVF, 250e252, 252f Free-Falling Dart Method, 57e58, 58f G Gardner impact strength, 60, 60f General purpose polystyrene (GPPS), 87t, 88f, 93 Generalized polyamide reaction, 163, 164f Glass transition temperature estimating, mechanical methods of, 66e67 estimating, thermal methods of, 67e69 thermal mechanical analysis, 67 Gloss measurement, 45 Graft copolymer, 2e3 Grilamid TR55, 165, 165f, 177f, 178f Weather-Ometer exposure of, 166, 166f H HALS. See Hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS) Haze measurement, 45e46 Heat distortion temperature (HDT), 63 High-density polyethylene (HDPE), 193, 195 High-gloss Tedlar, 252 High-impact polystyrene (HIPS), 3, 74, 93e95 High molecular weight (HMW), 272 High-performance polyamide. See polyphthalamide High-speed puncture test, 54e57, 58f High-temperature/high-performance polymers PAEK, 271e272, 271f parylene, 279e283 PES, 276e279, 280t, 281f, 282f polyoxymethylene copolymer, 282f, 284e295 POM, 282f, 283e285 PPO, 291f, 292f, 293t, 295e296 PPS, 272e274, 273f, 275t PPSU, 275e276, 279f PSU, 274e275, 276f Hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS), 22e23, 163 Hiosynergist inorganic screener, 24 Homopolymer, 245. See also Polyoxymethylene (POM) I Indoor and interior exposures, 28e29 Ionomers, 233e238, 237f defined, 233 ethylene acrylic acid copolymer, 237f manufacturers and trade names, 238 UV protection in, 236e238 weathering properties, 234 Isomers, 5e7 geometric isomers, 6, 6f stereoisomers, 6e7 structural isomers, 5e6, 6f L LCPs. See Liquid crystalline polymers (LCPs) Light sources, artificial accelerated tests, 32, 34t Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), 193, 195 Liquid crystalline polymers (LCPs), 107e108 applications and uses, 108 manufacturers and trade names, 108 weathering properties, 108 Low-density polyethylene (LDPE), 193, 195 M Mechanical testing, 47e62 flexural properties, 54 gardner and falling dart impact strength, 60 izod impact strength and charpy impact strength, 58e59 384 INDEXplastics materials, rigidity of, 48e49 puncture and impact, 54e58 shear properties, 49e51 tear properties, 60e62 tensile properties, 47e48 Medium-density polyethylene, 193 Melt flow index, 63 Mercury vapor, 32e33 Metal halide lamps, 33, 35f Molecule affects, polarity of, 4 Monomers, chemical structures of, 121f, 155, 155f Multiphase polymer blends, 11 N Natural rubber, 346, 348f applications and uses, 346 NBR. See Acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymers (NBR) Nitrocellulose, 375e376, 377f applications and uses, 376 manufacturers and trade names, 376 Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), 19 Nylon 6. See Polyamide 6 Nylon 11. See Polyamide 11 Nylon 12. See Polyamide 12 Nylon 66. See Polyamide 66 O Olefinic thermoplastic elastomers, 301e304 applications and uses, 304 manufacturers and trade names, 304 Optical brighteners, 163 Outdoor testing, 29 Outdoor weathering antioxidants effects on, 209t glass-reinforced polypropylene, 209t in Puerto Rico of Polypropylene, 210t time vs. yellowness index, 75f Ozone testing, 40 P PAEK. See Polyaryletherketone (PAEK) Parylene, 279e283 Parylene polymers, 279e283, 282f manufacturers and trade names, 283 results, 283 weathering resistance, 282e283 PBT. See Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) PCTFE. See Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) PES. See Polyethersulfone (PES) PEN. See Polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) Perfluoro alkoxy (PFA), 247e250, 250f, 250t applications and uses, 250 manufacturers and trade names, 250 PET. See Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) PFA. See Perfluoro alkoxy (PFA) Phase-separated mixtures, 11 Phenolic antioxidants, 23, 163 Phosphites, 24 Phosphonites, 24 Photodegradation, radicals, reactions of, 19, 20t PLA. See Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) Plastics compositions antiblock additives, 14 antistatic additives, 16 catalysts, 14 combustion modifiers, 12 coupling agents, 15 dyes and mica, 15 fillers/reinforcement and composites, 11e12 fire/flame retardants and smoke suppressants, 12 impact modifiers and tougheners, 14 optical brighteners, 15 pigments and extenders, 15 plasticizers, 15 release agents, 13 slip additives/internal lubricants, 13e14 thermal stabilizers, 15e16 UV/radiation stabilizers, 14 defined, 1 Plastics materials, weathering on, 17 atmospheric pollutants, chemical effects of, 18e19 physical processes of, 17 testing, 28e40 UV stabilization, mechanisms of, 19e21 Plastic properties appearance of color, 43e45 gloss measurement, 45 haze measurement, 45e46 yellowness index, 46e47 mechanical testing, 47e62 flexural properties, 54 gardner and falling dart impact strength, 60, 60f izod impact strength and charpy impact strength, 58e59, 59f, 60f plastics materials, rigidity of, 48e49 puncture and impact, 54e58 shear properties, 49e51 tear properties, 60e62 tensile properties, 47e48 thermal property testing of, 62e69 glass transition temperature, 65e69 heat deflection temperature, 63 melt flow index, 63 melting point, 65 vicat softening temperature, 63 Plastics Web, 1 PMMA. See Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) Polar bond, 3 Polyacrylics, 220e233, 231f applications and uses, 231 manufacturers and trade names, 233 PMMA, 220e231 stabilization, 233 weathering, 232 Polyamide 6, 169e170, 169f manufacturers and trade names, 170 weathering properties, 170 Polyamide 11, 170e176, 176f manufacturers and trade names, 176 weathering resistance, 176 Polyamide 12, 167f, 176e177, 177f, 178f manufacturers and trade names, 177 weathering resistance, 177 Polyamide 66, 177e178, 178f characteristics of, 177e178 manufacturers and trade names, 178 weathering properties, 178 Polyamide copolymers. See Amorphous polyamide Polyamide-imide, 145e146, 145f, 146f INDEX 385applications and uses, 146 manufacturers and trade names, 146 weathering properties, 145 Polyamides nylons amorphous polyamide, 165e166, 165f polyamide 6, 169e170, 169f polyamide 11, 170e176, 176f polyamide 12, 167f, 176e177, 177f, 178f polyamide 66, 177e178, 178f polyarylamide, 178e181, 184f polyphthalamide/high-performance polyamide, 188f, 190 stabilization, 163 weathering properties, 163 Polyarylamide, 178e181, 184f applications and uses, 181 manufacturers and trade names, 181 Polyaryletherketone (PAEK), 271e272, 271f commercial plastics, 271 manufacturers and trade names, 272 weathering properties, 272 Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), 108e112, 110f applications and uses, 110 manufacturers and trade names, 110 stabilization, 110 weathering properties, 108 Polycaprolactone, 378e380, 380f applications and uses, 380 manufacturers and trade names, 380 Polycarbonate, 112e134, 121f manufacturers and trade names, 131 optical brightener, 131 phenolic antioxidant, 131 phosphite, 131 photo-Fries rearrangement in, 121f polycarbonate blends, 131e134 stabilization, 131 weathering properties, 121 Polycarbonate blends stabilization, 134 weathering properties, 131 Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE), 252e256, 257f, 258f manufacturers and trade names, 256 Polydispersity (PDI), 8e9 Polyesters chemical structure of, 107f crystalline polymer, 109f LCPs, 107e108, 109f PBT, 108e112, 110f PEN, 141f, 142 PET, 131f, 134e142 photolysis of, 108f polycarbonate, 112e134, 121f Polyetherimide, 146, 150f, 151f, 152f applications and uses, 146 manufacturers and trade names, 146 stabilization, 146 weathering properties, 146 Polyethersulfone (PES), 276e279, 280t, 281f, 282f manufacturers and trade names, 279 weathering properties, 277 Polyethylene, 193e207, 194f Polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), 141f, 142 applications and uses, 142 manufacturers and trade names, 142 weathering, 142 Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), 131f, 134e142 applications and uses, 141 chemical structure of, 131f stabilization, 141 weathering properties, 134e141 Polyethylene tetrafluoroethylene, 258 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), 372, 372f Polyimides, 155e156, 155f applications and uses, 156 chemical structure of, 155f manufacturers and trade names, 156 photochemical oxidation of, 155f polyamide-imide, 145e146 polyetherimide, 146, 150f, 151f, 152f weathering properties, 156 Poly(lactic acid) (PLA), 380, 380f applications and uses, 380 manufacturers and trade names, 380 Polymer classifications crystalline vs amorphous, 10 molecular weight, 8e9 thermosets vs thermoplastics, 9e10 inter- and intramolecular attractions in, 7e8 chain entanglement, 8 hydrogen bonding, 7 van der waals forces, 8 polarities, qualitative ranking of, 4f Polymer degradation cycle, 19e20, 20f Polymerization addition, 1e2, 2f condensation, 2, 2f Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), 220e231 Poly-4-methyl-1-pentene manufacturers and trade names, 214 weathering properties, 214 Polyolefins HDPE, 195 LDPE, 195 LLDPE, 195 monomers, chemical structures of, 193f poly-4-methyl-1-pentene, 208e214 polyethylene, 193e207, 194f polypropylene, 207e208 stabilization, 194 UHMWPE, 195e207 weathering, 194 Polyoxymethylene (POM), 282f, 283e285 Polyoxymethylene copolymer, 282f, 284e295 applications and uses, 295 manufacturers and trade names, 295 properties of, 292 stabilization, 293 weathering, 292 Polyphenylene oxide (PPO), 67, 291f, 292f, 293t, 295e296 Noryl resins, 296 stabilization, 296 weathering, 295 Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), 272e274, 273f, 275t manufacturers and trade names, 274 stabilization, 273 weathering, 273 Polyphenylsulfone (PPSU), 275e276, 279f applications and uses, 276 manufacturers and trade names, 276 properties of, 275e276 Polyphthalamide (PPA), 188f, 190 386 INDEXapplications and uses, 190 characteristics of, 190 manufacturers and trade names, 190 Polypropylene, 207e208 homopolymers, 207 impact copolymers, 208 random copolymers, 207 stabilization, 208 weathering, 208 Polystyrene manufacturers and trade names, 86 stabilization, 86 structure of, 86f weathering properties, 86 Polysulfide rubber, 361e364, 363f Polysulfone (PSU), 276f manufacturers and trade names, 274 weathering, 274 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), 13, 243e245, 244f, 246f Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 217e220, 219f, 220f applications and uses, 219e220 dehydrochlorination of, 219f manufacturing and trade names, 219 radical generation in, 220f stabilization, 219e220 weathering, 219 Polyvinyl fluoride (PVF), 250e252, 252f general description, 250 weathering properties, 250 Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), 256e258, 258f key attributes of, 258 manufacturers and trade names, 258 weathering properties, 258 Polyvinyls EVOH, 217e218, 217f, 218t ionomers, 233e238, 237f polyacrylics, 220e233, 231f polyvinyl chloride, 218e220, 219f, 220f POM. See Polyoxymethylene (POM) PPO. See Polyphenylene oxide (PPO) PPS. See Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) PPSU. See Polyphenylsulfone (PPSU) PSU. See Polysulfone (PSU) PTFE. See Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Punch-type shear tool, 51 Puncture properties, 54e58 drop dart impact test, 57e58 high-speed puncture test, 54e57, 58f PVC. See Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) PVDF. See Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) PVF. See Polyvinyl fluoride (PVF) R Random copolymer, 2e3 Rubbers, 299 butyl rubber, 314e318, 318f, 319f, 320f chlorobutyl rubber, 320e322, 320f, 322f, 323f epichlorohydrin rubber, 325e337, 342f, 343f ethylene-propylene rubbers, 324e325, 324t, 325t, 340f, 341f, 342f ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, 357e361, 360f natural rubber, 346, 348f NBR, 346e352, 351f polysulfide rubber, 361e364, 363f SBR, 352e357, 357f S Sabic Innovative Polymers Ultem, 154f, 155, 155f Salt solution, 31, 31f Semicrystalline polyamides, properties of, 176e177 SEPAP, 39e40 Shear modulus, 49 Shear properties, 49e51 Solar, and artificial light exposure, 33, 35t Spray, conventional aging with, 31 Standard elastomer tests, 47, 50t Standard electrical tests, 47, 51t Standard hardness tests, 47, 50t Standard impact tests, 47, 50t Standard mechanical tests, 47, 49t Standard thermal tests, 47, 51t Statistical copolymer. See Random copolymer Stress, vs. strain behaviors, 54f Styrene acrylonitrile (SAN) copolymer, 93f, 103e105 applications and uses, 104 manufacturers and trade names, 104 stabilization, 105 weathering properties, 104e105 Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), 352e357, 357f applications and uses, 352 manufacturers and trade names, 352 Styrenic plastics ABS copolymer, 71e72 acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylate, 105 polystyrene, 72e103 SAN copolymer, 103e105 Styrosun, 93e94 Sustainable polymers cellulose-based materials, 372e378, 375f, 376f Cellophane, 372e375, 377f cellulose acetate, 376e377, 377f, 378f cellulose acetate butyrate, 377e378, 378f ethyl cellulose, 378, 380f nitrocellulose, 375e376, 377f PLA, 380, 380f polycaprolactone, 378e380, 380f Syndiotactic polystyrene (SPS), 95e103 T Tear properties Elmendorf tear strength, 61, 61f toughness, 62 trouser tear resistance, 61 Tedlar, 252 Teflon, 245 Tensile properties, 47e48 Testing accelerated outdoor tests, 31e32 artificial accelerated tests, 32e40 conventional aging, 29e31 indoor and interior exposures, 28e29 outdoor testing, 29 ozone testing, 40 spray, conventional aging with, 31 Thermal mechanical analysis (TMA), 67, 68f Thermal property testing heat deflection temperature, 63 melt flow index, 63 vicat softening temperature, 63 Thermoplastic copolyester elastomers, 313e314, 313f manufacturers and trade names, 314 INDEX 387weathering properties, 314 Thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers (TPU), 299e301, 300f, 301t aliphatic, 300 aromatics, 300 characteristic features, 300 polycaprolactone, 300 polyester, 299 polyether, 300 UV radiation resistance, 301 Thermoplastics, 9e10 Thermosets, 9e10 Ticona Celanex, 111t Ticona Vectra artificial weathering for, 110t chemical structure of, 109f xenon arc accelerated weathering for, 110t TIPU. See Thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers (TPU) Titanium dioxide, 15, 219 Tortuous path effect, 12 Tristimulus coefficients, 46, 46t U Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), 193 Ultra low-density polyethylene, 193 Ultraviolet (UV) light, 1 absorber, 22, 163 Ultraviolet (UV) stabilization acid scavenger, 26 hindered amine stabilizers, 22e23 inorganic screeners, 24 mechanisms of, 19e21 absorption/reflection and refraction, 20e21 phenolic antioxidants, 23 phosphites and phosphonites, 24 quencher, 28 synergistic mixtures of, 28 thiosynergists, 26 UV absorbers, 22 Ultraviolet (UV) stabilizers, 21e28. See also Ultraviolet (UV) stabilization Unsaturation, 4e5 V Very low-density polyethylene, 193 Vicat softening temperature, 63 W Weather-Ometer, 146, 149f X Xenon arc, 33, 35f, 146, 153f Y Yellowness index, 46e47, 89f, 146, 154f
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