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![كتاب Polyvinyl Fluoride - Technology and Applications of PVF Empty](https://2img.net/i/fa/empty.gif) | موضوع: كتاب Polyvinyl Fluoride - Technology and Applications of PVF السبت 20 مايو 2023, 2:17 am | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Polyvinyl Fluoride - Technology and Applications of PVF Sina Ebnesajjad, PhD President Fluoro Consultants Group, LLC
![كتاب Polyvinyl Fluoride - Technology and Applications of PVF P_f_t_10](https://i.servimg.com/u/f61/15/36/74/14/p_f_t_10.jpg) و المحتوى كما يلي :
Table of Contents Preface 1. Introduction and History 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Fluorine: A Unique Element 1.3 Polyvinyl Fluoride References 2. Production and Market Statistics 2.1 Applications of PVF 2.2 Capacity Expansion 2.3 Film Types References 3. Preparation and Properties of Vinyl Fluoride 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Synthesis of Vinyl Fluoride 3.3 Commercial Manufacturing of Vinyl Fluoride 3.4 Properties of Vinyl Fluoride 3.5 Applications of Vinyl Fluoride References 4. Polymerization and Finishing Polyvinyl Fluoride 4.1 Background 4.2 Suspension Polymerization 4.3 Bulk Polymerization 4.4 Emulsion Polymerization 4.5 Radiation-Induced Polymerization 4.6 Graft Polymerization 4.7 Vinyl Fluoride Polymerization Development 4.8 Continuous Polymerization 4.9 Effect of Polymerization Variables References Further Reading 5. Manufacturing of Oriented Polyvinyl Fluoride Film 5.1 Introduction 5.2 PVF Dispersion in Latent Solvent 5.3 Film Extrusion 5.4 Extrusion and Orientation of Polyvinyl Fluoride Films 5.5 Commercial Processes References 6. Manufacturing of Unoriented Polyvinyl Fluoride Films and Coatings 6.1 Cast Film Technology 6.2 Unoriented PVF Films 6.3 Preparation of Unoriented PVF Films 6.4 Manufacturing Process References 7. Properties of Commercial Polyvinyl Fluoride Films 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Polymer Properties 7.3 Characteristics of Commercial PVF Films 7.4 Chemical Properties 7.5 Optical Properties 7.6 Thermal Properties 7.7 Electrical Properties 7.8 Weathering Performance 7.9 Description of Available Product and Properties of Unoriented PVF Films 7.10 Effect of Radiation 7.11 NMR Spectrum of Polyvinyl Fluoride References 8. Surface Treatment of Polyvinyl Fluoride Films and Coatings 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Chemical Treatment Method 8.3 Corona Treatment 8.4 Plasma Treatment 8.5 Atmospheric Plasma Treatment 8.6 Flame Treatment References 9. Adhesive Coating and Lamination of Polyvinyl Fluoride Films 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Priming the PVF Film Surface 9.3 Polyvinyl Fluoride Adhesives 9.4 Liquid Adhesive Characteristics 9.5 Commercial Liquid Adhesives 9.6 Lamination of PVF Films 9.7 Film and Shrinkage 9.8 Continuous Lamination of Fiberglass Panels 9.9 Painting and Repair of PVF Film Surfaced FRP 9.10 Lamination of Tedlar SP Polyvinyl Fluoride Films References 10. Thermoforming of Polyvinyl Fluoride Films and Laminates 10.1 Description of Thermoforming Process 10.2 Formability of Oriented Polyvinyl Fluoride Films 10.3 Thermoforming Unoriented (SP) Polyvinyl Fluoride Films References 11. Release Film Applications 11.1 Release Film Types and Applications 11.2 Manufacturing Printed Circuit Boards References 12. Aerospace Applications 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Insulation Bags 12.3 Interior Panels 12.4 Improvements of the Flammability Resistance of Aircraft Interiors 12.5 Ohio State University Heat Release Test References 13. Construction Applications 13.1 Comparative Architectural Study 13.2 Vinyl Wall Covering Clad with Tedlar SP PVF Film 13.3 Flexible Signs and Awning 13.4 PVF Clad Plastic Films and Sheets References 14. Polyvinyl Fluoride Films for Photovoltaic Modules 14.1 History of Tedlar PVF before Photovoltaic Modules 14.2 Conversion of Solar Energy into Electricity 14.3 Introduction to Solar Cells 14.4 Tedlar Usage in PV Modules in the 1980s 14.5 Three Most Common PV Backsheets Made with Tedlar Film 14.6 Allocation of Tedlar Film and the Development of Alternate Backsheets 14.7 Status of Tedlar PVF Film References 15. Other Applications 15.1 Transit Vehicle Interiors 15.2 Passenger Train Interiors 15.3 Gas Sampling Bags 15.4 Transfer Print References 16. Safety, Disposal, and Recycling of Vinyl Fluoride and Polyvinyl Fluoride 16.1 Vinyl Fluoride Health and Exposure 16.2 Flammability of Vinyl Fluoride 16.3 Environmental Fate of Vinyl Fluoride 16.4 Polyvinyl Fluoride Products References Appendix I Appendix II Index Index Note: Page numbers followed by “f ” and “t” refer to figures and tables, respectively. A Abrasion resistance, of PVF films, 189 Accelerated weathering, 180 test methodology, 298 test results, 299300 color change, 300 gloss change, 300 thickness change, 299300 Acetylene, 37 Acrylic topcoat, 296297 Acrylics, 216217, 216t, 235 Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), 254 Adhesion bond strength oxygen plasmajet on, 200t and surface composition of PVF, 196t, 205t Adhesive coating, of PVF films adhesives, for bonding surface-treated PVF films, 215, 216t commercial liquid adhesives, 218220 storage and handling, 220 liquid adhesive characteristics, 216217 priming, PVF film surface, 214215 Adhesive types, 306 Aerospace applications, of PVF aircraft interiors flammability resistance, 284292 aircraft cabin materials, 285288 materials fire safety needs for future aircraft, 289292 insulation bags, 277279 interior panels, 280283 decorative laminates, 282283 Ohio State University heat release test, 292 Agricola, Georgius, 7 Aircraft interiors cabin fires, 285 inflight fires, 285 post-crash fire accidents, 285 ramp fires, 285 cabin materials, 285288, 286t fire hazards of, 288289 flammability resistance, improvements of, 284292 laminate, 254f materials fire safety needs for future aircraft, 289292 schematic diagram of, 277f wall construction of, 280f, 281f Airplane passenger cabin interior materials, smoke test for, 362f Aldines, 204206 Alodines, 204206 Aluminum, 254 lamination of PVF films to, 226227 adhesive mixing and application, 226 lamination, 226 quality control procedure, 227 Aluminum-alloy epoxy joints performance, on surface pretreatment effect, 223f Aluminum fluoride nona-hydrate, 34 Aluminum honeycomb, 280281 American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), 341 Applications, of PVF, 2021 in construction, 21 for outdoor vinyl fabrics, 21 in photovoltaics, 20 release film, 21 in transportation, 2021 Aprotic reaction medium, 35 Aramid honeycombs, 280281 A-Si (amorphous silicon), 102 Atmospheric plasma treatment (APT), 199202 Azo initiators, 5455 2,2’-Azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), decomposition of, 5556, 56f B Backsheet construction, of PVF TPE, 325 TP with primer, 325 Basic attributes of PVF, 9t Beilstein Registry Number, 25 Belt film casting process, 142f Benzoyl peroxide, 238 decomposition of, 5556, 55f Biaxial laboratory stretcher, 66f Biaxial orientation, of PVF films, 124125, 131f commercial processes, 138139 drying of, 134t properties of, 135t Boeing 727, with PVF interiors, 275 Boiling test, for PVF film to aluminum, 227 379Boiling test, for PVF film (Continued) to galvanized steel, 231 Bulk laminate manufacturing, 267 Bulk polymerization, 50 C Cabin escape time, 275276 Cabin fires, in aircraft, 285 inflight fires, 285 post-crash fire accidents, 285 ramp fires, 285 Capacity expansion, of PVF, 22 Cast film technology, 141144 Casting die, of PVF film, 122 Cellulosic substrates, lamination of PVF films to, 227229 adhesive mixing and application, 227228 approximate adhesive requirements, 229 board preparation, 227 heating adhesive, 228 lamination, 228229 quality control procedure, 229 Centaris, 241245 Chamber cleaning, for airplane cabin material smoke test, 373f chamber walls, 373f optical system windows, 373f specimen holders, 373f viewing window, 373f Char, 278279 Characteristics, of commercial PVF films, 157160 Chemical properties, of commercial PVF films, 160 Chemical resistance, of PVF, 167t Chemical treatment method, 195197 Chlorinated polyvinyl fluoride (cPVF), 215 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), 56 Chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE), 91, 99102 Christoph, F. J., 38 CIGS (copper-indium-gallium-selenide), 102 Cleanability, of vinyl-based wall covering material, 302 Clear release film, 318 Coater, 149 Coefficients of friction, of commercial olefinic fluoropolymers, 12t Color matches, for PVF films, 245t Commercial oriented PVF films, 138139 Commercial PVF films characteristics of, 157160 chemical properties of, 153t, 160 chemical resistance of, 167t electrical properties of, 153t, 173179 piezoelectric and pyroelectric properties, 173179 formulations of, 343 general properties of, 153t hydrolytic stability of, 170f microstructure in, 48f NMR spectrum of, 191 optical properties of, 160171 physical properties of, 153t polymer properties of, 152157 conformations and transitions, 152157 spectral transmission of, 171f stain resistance of, 170t thermal properties of, 153t, 171172 unoriented PVF films, properties of, 185189 abrasion resistance, 189 adhesion, 189 chemical properties, 185 cleaning, ease of electrical properties, 186 formability, 188 optical and spectral properties, 186187 physical/thermal properties, 185 radiation, effect of, 189190 surface aesthetics, 188189 weather resistance, 188 weathering performance, 180185 Commercial Tedlars film, electrical properties of, 178t Comparative architectural study, of PVF, 296302 accelerated weathering test results, 299300 color change, 300 gloss change, 300 thickness change, 299300 natural weathering test results, 300 test methodologies, 298299 accelerated weathering, 298 materials tested and measurements recorded, 298299 natural weathering, 298 top finishes, for vinyl-coated fabric, 296297 Construction applications, 21 comparative architectural study, 296302 accelerated weathering test results, 299300 natural weathering test results, 300 test methodologies, 298299 top finishes, for vinylcoated fabric, 296297 flexible signs and awning, 307315 application of, 309311 cleaning laminates surfaced with PVF film, 314315 construction of vinyl fabrics, 307315 design criteria, 311314 PVF clad plastic films and sheets, 315316 vinyl wall covering clad with Tedlars SP PVF film, 302307 adhesive types, 306 cleanability, 302 compliance, 304305 380 INDEXflammability, 304 laminating, 306 laminating Tedlars SP PVF film to, 305 mold, mildew, and bacteria, 305 quality control, 306307 specification guidelines for, 305 stain removal, 302303 vinyl wall covering, 306 Consumption, of HFC-152a, 20t Continuous lamination, of fiberglass panels, 236241 evaluation, 240241 materials, 238240 Conversion efficiency, 320321 Core, 272, 280281, 281f Corlars, 241245 Corona treatment, 197199 configurations of, 198f schematic diagram of, 197f “Critical solvent content” 132133 Cross, 120 Cross-linking, of polymer chains, 199 Cryolith, 35 CTS (cadmium-tellurium-sulfide), 102 Cumene hydroperoxide (CHP), 238 Current, in solar cell, 321 Curtain coating, for PVF film lamination, 225, 225f Cymels, 99 D Decorative PVF laminates in air planes, 282283 Development, of PVF, 1015 Dielectric constant versus frequency at various temperatures, 176f, 177f Diethylaminosulphur trifluoride (DAST), 5 Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), 84 Diisopropyl peroxydicarbonate, 4950 2,2’-diguanyl-2,2’-azopropane (DGA), 5658 Dimethyl acetamide, 342343 N,N-Dimethylacetamide, 336337 N,N-Dimethyl formamide, 74 Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 6466, 106108 Direct reaction, of acetylene and hydrofluoric acid, 32t Dispersion viscosities, 84 Disposal and recycling of PVF, 344345 of vinyl fluoride, 344345 Doctor blade (knife on) roller coating process, 144f Downstack lamination, 248f Drilling, 270 Dry coating, in unoriented PVF films, 145 DuPont, 810, 19, 22, 39, 149, 226, 318, 321322, 325327, 337 liquid acrylic adhesives, characteristics of, 218t unoriented PVF films, 144145 DuPont Prep-Sols, 241 DuPont Tedlars PVF film, E EconoGrabt, 335f, 336f Einstein, Albert, 318 Electrical applications, PVF films for, 268 Electrical properties, of PVF, 173179 Electrolytic fluorine-generating cell, 8f Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), 85, 8788, 194195 Emulsion polymerization, 5051 Epons, 136, 227 Epoxy, 216t, 235 Etching, 195 Extrudate, 121 Extruded PVF films, 330 Extruder, 121122 Extrusion, 121 of continuous PVF film, 127f of PVF films, 126138, 129t F Federal Railroad Administration (FRA), 334 Fiberglass panels, continuous lamination of, 236241 evaluation, 240241 materials, 238240 Fiber glass reinforced polyester (FRP), 2021, 254 continuous lamination of PVF film to, 242t panel evaluation, 240241 panel temperature profile, 237f process, 237f PVF film surfaced painting and repair of, 241245 Fibrillation, 131132 Film and shrinkage, 236 Film extrusion, 120125 biaxial orientation, 124125, 131f casting die, 122 commercial processes, 138139 extruder, 121122 quench, 122124 Film integrity test for PVF film to vinyl wall covering, 234 of vinyl-based wall covering, 307 Film surface tension, 84 Film types, of PVF, 2223 Final Kleant, 241 Fineness of grind, 119 Flame treatment, 202210 INDEX 381Flame treatment (Continued) and adhesion testing, of PVF films, 208t, 209t, 210t Flashover time, 275276 Flat die see Casting die, of PVF film Flexible signs and awning, 307315 application of, 309311 cleaning laminates surfaced with PVF film, 314315 construction of vinyl fabrics, 307315 design criteria, 311314 PVF clad plastic films and sheets, 315316 Flexible web, 142143 Fluoride, 35 Fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), 171, 335336 Fluorine, 5 basic facts of, 6t characteristics of, 35 content, of polymers, 3t fluorination, 56 preparation of, 7 reactivity, 67 unique element, 17 Fluorine-to-carbon ratio (F/C), of PVF, 204 Fluoroethene, 25 Fluoropolymer-coated films, 102 Fluoropolymers, 339 Fluorspar, 35 Fremy, Edmond, 7 Freons12, 26 Fuel equivalence ratio, 204 G Galvanized steel, lamination of PVF films to, 229231 adhesive mixing and application, 230 lamination, 230231 materials, 230 quality control procedure, 231 slitting of laminate, 231 Gas-phase polymerization, 51 Gas sampling bags, 335337 heat-sealing PVF film, 337 Glossy pigmented film, 318 Glow discharge see Atmospheric plasma treatment (APT) Glycidyl acrylate, 218f Glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), 7478, 218f Graft polymerization, 5152 Gravure coating, 225226, 225f H Half-life, definition of, 5455, 55t Halogen, 12 Halons, 291 Hastaloys, 8891 Haze measurements, 84 Heat flux, 289, 348f Heat of fusion, of polymer, 84 Heat release, 348f Heat release rate test, for cabin materials, 292, 348f air distribution system, 351f calibration, 356f burner, 356f gas, 356f gas manifold, 356f procedure, 356f wet test meter, 356f conditioning, 355f exhaust stack, 351f heat flux sensor, 352f pilot burners, 354f lower pilot burner, 354f upper pilot burner, 354f radiant heat source, 348f release rate apparatus, 348f, 349f, 350f report, 358f requirements, 358f specimen holders, 352f drip pan, 352f specimen mounting, 355f specimen number, 355f specimen orientation, 355f specimen size, 355f test procedure, 357f thermopile, 348f, 351f Heat-sealing PVF film, 337 Hexafluoropropylene (HFP), 7478, 81, 91 High dielectric strength, of PVF films, 173 History, of PVF, 10 “Hopper” 127128 Hydrofluoric acid, 27, 32t Hydrogen chloride, 37 Hydrolytic stability, of PVF, 170f I Imrons, 241245 Inflight fires, 285 Inherent viscosity, 74, 127 Initial peel test, for PVF film to cellulosic substrates, 229 Insulation bags in air planes, 277279 Interior panels in air planes, 280283 decorative laminates, 282283 International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 340341 Invention, of PVF, 10 382 INDEXK Kaptons, 11, 143 Kraft paper, 271 Kydexs, 334335 L Lamination of PVF films, 220235, 270 to aluminum, 226227 adhesive mixing and application, 226 lamination, 226 quality control procedure, 227 to cellulosic substrates, 227229 adhesive mixing and application, 227228 approximate adhesive requirements, 229 board preparation, 227 heating adhesive, 228 lamination, 228229 quality control procedure, 229 coating techniques, 222226 curtain coating, 225 gravure coating, 225226 reverse roll coating, 223 wire-wound rod, 223224 to galvanized steel, 229231 adhesive mixing and application, 230 lamination, 230231 materials, 230 quality control procedure, 231 slitting of laminate, 231 to PVC for outdoor applications, 231232 adhesive application, 232 lamination, 232 materials, 231232 solar collector assembly with PVF film, 235 adhesives and mounting, 235 surface preparation of metals, 221222 to thermoplastic sheet, 232233 adhesive application, 232233 lamination, 233 materials, 232 quality control procedure, 233 to vinyl wall covering, 233234 film types, 234 laminating, 234 quality control procedure, 234 vinyl wall covering, 234 Lamination of Tedlars SP PVF films, 246248 in-process shrinkage of Tedlars SP PVF film, 247248 web tears and web condition, 247 web tension settings, 246247 Latent solvents, of PVF, 119120 drying of, 133f Lexans, 315, 315t Limiting oxygen index, of PVF film, 278 d-Limonene, chemical structure of, 40f Low-gloss pigmented film, 318 M Machine direction, 120 Manufacturing, of oriented PVF film commercial processes, 138139 extrusion and orientation of PVF films, 126138, 129t film extrusion, 120125 biaxial orientation, 124125, 131f casting die, 122 extruder, 121122 quench, 122124 latent solvents, of PVF, 119120 Matched die thermoforming, 252f Material safety data sheet (MSDS), 339 Melting points, measurement of, 84 Melt viscosity, 84 Metal substrate surface preparation effect, in adhesive bonded joints, 221t Methacrylate copolymer, 217f Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), 219220 Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) peroxide, 238 Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) peroxide, 238 Meyer rod coating process, 145f Modified acrylic, 216t Moissan, Henri, 7 reactions, for fluorine synthesis, 8f Molded parts, PVF films for, 268 Monocrystalline silicon solar panel, 320, 321f Monomer characteristics of commercial olefinic fluoropolymers, 4t Multilayer unoriented PVF film structure of, 146f Mylars, 11 N National Bureau of Standards (NBS), 282283 Natural weathering, 298 materials tested and measurements recorded, 298299 test results, 300 Neoprene (chloroprene) foam, 288 N-methyl pyrrolidone, 99, 147 NMR spectrum, of PVF, 191 Nomexs, 188, 218219, 281f, 282f Nucleation and polymerization time, 64t and vinyl fluoride polymerization trials, 65t Nylon, 279 O Ohio State University heat release test, 292 Olefinic fluoropolymers, 3 On line formability test, for PVF film to aluminum, 227 Optical and electrical characteristics, of solar cells, 320321 INDEX 383Optical properties, of commercial PVF films, 160171 Opulents, 265267 Oriented PVF films, 142t Outdoor vinyl fabrics, of PVF, 21 Outdoor weathering effect, on PVF film, 190t Overlaminating film, properties of PVF films, 330t Oxygen ratio, 204 P Pacothanes, 265267 Passenger train interior, 334 Patterning/etching, 269270 Peel test, for PVF Film to Thermoplastic Sheet, 233 Perfluoroalkoxy (PFA), 335336 Perfluorobutyl ethylene (PFBE), 81 Perfluoroethyl vinyl ether (PEVE), 81 Perfluoroplastic gas sampling bags, 335336 Periodic calibration procedure, for airplane cabin material smoke test, 372f chamber leak test, 372f furnace, 372f photometric system, 372f total system, 372f Phenolic, 216t Photoengraving, 270 Photometric system, for airplane cabin material smoke test, 368f alignment fixture, 370f light source, 368f microphotometer, 370f optical filters, 370f photomultiplier tube, 370f recorder, 371f Photovoltaic modules, PVF films for history of Tedlars PVF before photovoltaic modules, 317318 PVF backsheet construction TPE, 325 TP with primer, 325 solar cells, 319321 material, 320321 solar panels, construction of, 321 solar energy into electricity, conversion of, 318319 Tedlars backsheet construction, TPTTM, 324325 film and development of alternate backsheets, 325327 PVF film, status of, 327328 usage in PV modules in 1980s, 321323 Photovoltaics, of PVF, 20 Piezoelectric materials applications of, 177178 Piezoelectric properties, of PVF films, 173179 Pinholing, 307 Plasma treatment, 199 Plas-Stickt, 241 Plastisol, 117118 Plate scumming, 268 Plunkett, Roy, 10 Polar solvent see Latent solvents, of PVF Poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK), 290291 Polycarbonate, 254 Polycrystalline silicon solar cells, 320 Polyester, 279 Polyester aluminum (PAE), 336 Polyester film, 324 Polyester/isocyanate, 216t Polyetherether ketone (PEKK), 257 Polyethylene (PE), chemical structure of, 1, 2f Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol (PETG), 257 Polymer composition of, 98t properties of, 98t Polymer blends, surface analysis of, 89t Polymer characteristics of commercial olefinic fluoropolymers, 4t Polymer composition, 84 Polymerization and finishing PVF bulk polymerization, 50 continuous polymerization, 102104 emulsion polymerization, 5051 graft polymerization, 5152 polymerization variables, effect of, 104109 reactivity ratio, 108109 ZieglerNatta and other catalysts, 106108 radiation-induced polymerization, 51 suspension polymerization, 4950 vinyl fluoride polymerization development, 52102 Polymerization variables catalysts and initiators, 105 impurities, 105 medium, 104 pressure, 104 telogen, 105 temperature, 104 Polymethylacrylate (PMA), chemical structures of, 217f Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), 216217 chemical structures of, 217f Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), 143, 175, 335336 discovery of, 10 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 11, 175, 257 for outdoor applications, lamination of PVF films to, 231232 adhesive application, 232 lamination, 232 384 INDEXmaterials, 231232 Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), 176 Post-crash fire accidents, 285 Prep-Sols, 241 Pressure sensitive, 216t Pressure thermoforming, 252f Prime-N-Sealt, 245 Priming, of PVF film surface, 214215 Printed circuit board (PCB), 14 manufacturing, 269273 drilling, 270 lamination, 270 mass lamination/rigid multilayers, 273 multilayer, fabrication of, 271273 patterning/etching, 269270 photoengraving, 270 silk screening, 270 solder plating/solder resist, 270 testing, 270271 PVF films for, 265268 Process flow diagram, of PVF, 103f Production and market statistics, of PVF, 19 Products, of PVF, 342345 Propylene, 6162 and vinyl fluoride, 62t Pure vinyl fluoride, chemical and physical properties of, 340t PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride), 297 Pyroelectric materials, applications of, 178180 Pyroelectric properties, of PVF films, 173179 Q Quality control, 306307 of vinyl-based wall covering, 306 Quench cast film process, 122124 QUVs Weathering Tester, 180181 R Radiant heat furnace, for airplane cabin material smoke test, 363f furnace construction, 363f furnace control system, 363f heat flux density gauge, 364f heating element, 363f Radiation-induced polymerization, 51 Ramp fires, 285 Rayons, 11 Reactivity ratio, 108109 Recycling and disposal, 344345 of PVF, 344345 of vinyl fluoride, 344345 Region-irregularity, 4748 Regiosequence, 4748 Regnault, Henri Victor, 26 Regulation of PVF, 344 of vinyl fluoride, 344 Relative viscosity, 127 Release film, of PVF, 21, 272 physical properties of, 266t printed circuit board, manufacturing, 269273 mass lamination/rigid multilayers, 273 multilayer, fabrication of, 271273 types and applications, 265269 for electrical applications, 268 molded parts, 268 precautions, 269 printed circuit boards, 265268 in rubber industry, 268 Replacements, for PVF film, 326t Reverse gravure roll coating, 142143 Reverse roll coating, 144f, 223, 224f Roll coating technique, for unoriented PVF films, 144145 Rubber industry, PVF films uses in, 268 S Safety of PVF, 342345 of vinyl fluoride, 340341 Selectfluor, 5 Separator plate, 271 Shrinkage test for PVF film to vinyl wall covering, 234 of vinyl-based wall covering, 307 Silica, 136 Silicone adhesives, 235 pressure sensitive, 216t RTV, 216t Silk screening, 270 Single-screw extruder, 121f Smoke and flame characteristics of PVF film, 333t Smoke test, for airplane passenger cabin interior materials definitions, 362f report, 374f requirements, 374f scope, 362f specimen conditioning, 372f supplement, 375f test apparatus, 362f conditioning chamber, 371f electric power, 365f exhaust hood, 371f manometer, 363f photometric system, 368f pilot burner, 365f pilot burner fuel, 365f pressure regulator, 363f radiant heat furnace, 363f INDEX 385Smoke test, for airplane passenger cabin interior materials (Continued) radiant heat furnace and specimen holder, support for, 367f recommended equipment, 375f specimen holder, 366f test chamber, 362f test chamber wall thermocouple, 363f test chamber calibration, 372f chamber cleaning, 373f furnace protection, 372f periodic calibration procedure, 372f test procedure, 373f test specimen selection and preparation, 371f specimen number, 371f specimen orientation, 371f specimen preparation, 371f specimen selection, 371f specimen size, 371f Solar cells, 319321 material, 320321 monocrystalline and polycrystalline silicon solar cells, 320 optical and electrical characteristics, 320321 solar panels, construction of, 321 Solar collector assembly with PVF film, 235 adhesives and mounting, 235 Solar energy into electricity, conversion of, 318319 Solder plating/solder resist, 270 Solution film casting, 141 Specific optical density, 362f, 374f Specimen holder, for airplane cabin material smoke test, 366f aluminum foil, 367f retaining spring, 367f specimen backing, 367f specimen holder frame, 366f Spectral transmission, of PVF, 171f Stain removal, 302303 easy procedures (cloth only, wet or dry), 302 mild procedures (soaps, household detergents), 302 moderate procedures (solvents), 303 for unoriented PVF-coated vinyl wall covering, 303t Stain resistance, of PVF films, 170t Stoichiometric combustion reaction, 204 Surface aesthetics, 188189 unoriented PVF films for, 185189 Surface composition, 85 Surface energy of PVF films, 1112 Surface treatment of PVF films and coatings atmospheric plasma treatment, 199202 chemical treatment method, 195197 corona treatment, 197199 flame treatment, 202210 plasma treatment, 199 Surlyns, 218219 Suspension polymerization, 4950 Swarts, Fre´de´ric, 26 Swissair MD-11 jumbo jet, 279280 Syloids, 87 T Tedlars, 89, 14, 19, 22, 103, 144145, 149, 157159, 185, 234, 267 backsheet construction, TPTTM, 324325 ceiling and stow bins, in air planes, 284f film and development of alternate backsheets, 325327 formulations of, 343 history, of PVF before photovoltaic modules, 317318 laminating Tedlars SP PVF film to vinyl wall covering, 305 mold, mildew, and bacteria, 305 oriented grades of, 161t PVF film films with FDA compliance film, 344t formable films, properties of, 256t release films, 273t status of, 327328 SP, 330 SP film, ABS sheet clad with, 261t SP formable PVF films film, properties of, 257t SP PVF films, lamination of, 246248 in-process shrinkage of, 247248 web tears and web condition, 247 web tension settings, 246247 transparent grades of, 183 unoriented grades of, 164t usage in PV modules in 1980s, 321323 Teflons, 297 Temperature effect on mechanical properties of PVF films, 175f Tensile properties, of PVF film, 67t Tenter frame, 124 clips, 126f process for biaxially oriented film, 125f Tenterhooks, 124 Tentering, 124 Terpolymer Blends, composition of, 87t Teslars, 11, 317318 Testing, of printed circuit board, 270271 Tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), 7881, 91, 99102 Thermal aging effect, on mechanical properties of PVF films, 174f Thermal degradation, of PVF film, 269 Thermal stability of PVF, 343344 Thermoforming, of PVF films and laminates ABS sheet clad with Tedlars SP film, 261t 386 INDEXdescription of, 251253 formability of oriented, PVF films unoriented (SP) PVF films, 257263 processing thermoformed parts, 259263 troubleshooting, 263 Thermoforming ABS sheet clad with Tedlars SP film, 263 Thermoplastic sheet, lamination of PVF films to, 232233 adhesive application, 232233 lamination, 233 materials, 232 quality control procedure, 233 Titanium acetylacetonate, 99 Titanium halides, 106108 Toluene, 219220 Tooling plate, 271 Top finishes, for vinylcoated fabric, 296297 thickness of, 297 Tourmaline, 173175 TPE (Tedlars/Polyester/Ethylene Vinyl Acetate) PVF backsheet construction, 325 TPTTM (Tedlars/Polyester/Tedlars) manufacturers, 324325 Tedlars backsheet construction, 324325 TP with primer PVF backsheet construction, 325 Transfer print, PVF films in, 337 Transit vehicle interior, 329334 cleanability, 331 fire and smoke, 331334 Transportation, PVF in, 2021 Transverse, 120 Trialkylaluminum (triethylaluminum), 106108 Trichloroethane, 222 Trifluoroethylene (TrFE), 72, 91, 99102 Trifluoromethyltrimethylsilane (CF3SiMe3), 5 Type 5 PVF films, 254 Typical properties, of PVF film(s), 9t Tyzors, 99 U United States post-crash accidents, 285 PVF consumption in, 19 weatherability of PVF films, 181 University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (Umist), 5 Unoriented (SP) PVF films, thermoforming of, 257263 processing thermoformed parts, 259263 troubleshooting, 263 Unoriented PVF-coated vinyl wall covering stain removal for, 303t Unoriented PVF films, 144146, 185189, 330 abrasion resistance, 189 for adhesion, 189 break elongation of clear, 186f break elongation of pigmented, 186f chemical properties, 185 cleaning, ease of, 189 electrical properties, 186 formability, 188 manufacturing process for, 148149 optical and spectral properties, 186187 physical/thermal properties, 185 preparation of, 146148 radiation, effect of, 189190 shrinkage of, 186f stain removal test on thermoplastic sheet, 332t surface aesthetics, 188189 tensile strength of clear, 187f ultraviolet light absorbance of clear, 188f weather resistance, 188 Upstack lamination, 248f Urethane, 216t U.S. Food and Drug Administration compliance, 344 U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 342343 V Vacuum thermoforming, 252f for automobile armrests, 253f continuous, 253f Vinyl chloride (VC), 3537 Vinyl fluoride (VF), 1011, 25 applications of, 4243 commercial manufacturing of, 39 continuous emulsion polymerization of, 70t, 71t continuous polymerization of process conditions and results, 59t, 60t copolymers of, 102 to aluminum, 100t, 101t copolymerization, vinyl fluoride, 72, 108109 reactivity ratios in, 107t, 108t decomposition temperature of, 72 degradation temperatures, 73f environmental fate of, 342 flammability of, 342 flammability properties of, 42t health and exposure, 340341 interpolymers of, 90t properties of, 92t levels in workplace, guidance of, 341t melting point, 73f physical properties of, 40t polymerization development, 52102 preparation of, 32t, 34t, 36t properties of, 3941 INDEX 387Vinyl fluoride (VF) (Continued) and propylene, 62t pure substance, chemical and physical properties of, 340t safety of, 340341 solubility in organic solvents, 41t in water, 41t synthesis of, 2639 terpolymers composition of, 85t properties of, 86t and tetrafluoroethylene, 94t thermal conductivity and viscosity of, 42t thermodynamic properties of, 41t toxic effects of, 339, 341 using benzoyl peroxide initiator free radical reaction scheme for, 48f volatilization of, 342 yield using aluminum sulfate catalyst, 33t Vinylidene copolymers degradation temperatures, 73f melting point, 73f Vinylidene fluoride (VDF), 72, 91 Vinyl wall covering, 306 lamination of PVF films to, 233234 film types, 234 laminating, 234 quality control procedure, 234 vinyl wall covering, 234 with Tedlars SP PVF film, 302307 adhesive types, 306 cleanability, 302 compliance, 304305 easy procedures (cloth only, wet or dry), 302 flammability, 304 laminating, 306 laminating Tedlars SP PVF film to, 305 mild procedures (soaps, household detergents), 302 moderate procedures (solvents), 303 mold, mildew, and bacteria, 305 quality control, 306307 specification guidelines for, 305 stain removal, 302303 for unoriented PVF-coated vinyl wall covering, 303t Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 145 emissions, 251 Voltage, 321 Von Liebig, Justus, 26 W Water soak test for PVF film to cellulosic substrates, 229 to vinyl wall covering, 234 of vinyl-based wall covering, 306 Weathering performance, of PVF films, 180185 Weather-O-Meters, 180181 Web coating, 142143 Wilson II, J.D.C., 321322 Wire-wound metering rod, 224 Wire-wound rod, 223224, 224f X X-Actos, 245 Xenotests, 180181 Z ZieglerNatta-type catalysts, 106108, 107
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