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 |  موضوع: كتاب Fundamentals of Occupational Safety and Health - Eighth Edition الإثنين 17 يونيو 2024, 12:51 pm | |
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أخواني في الله
أحضرت لكم كتاب
Fundamentals of Occupational Safety and Health - Eighth Edition
Mark A. Friend and James P. Kohn
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Brief Contentsviii Brief Contents
13 Workplace Violence 293
J. Brett Carruthers
14 Terrorism Preparedness 317
J. Brett Carruthers
15 Handling Hazardous Materials and Wastes 331
Tracy L. Zontek
16 Construction Safety and the Multiemployer Worksite Doctrine 357
William F. Walker and Dan Nelson
17 Transportation Safety 379
Scotty Dunlap
18 Introduction to Extreme Weather 395
Randell J. Barry
19 Required and Recommended Written Programs 421
20 Resources on Safety and Health 435
Appendix A: 29 CFR 1910—OSHA General Industry Standards
Summary and Checklist 455
Appendix B: 29 CFR 1926—OSHA Construction Standards
Summary and Checklist 475
Appendix C: Anthropometric Data 501
Index 507
About the Authors 537ix
List of Figures and Tables xxiii
Preface xxvii
Acknowledgments xxix
1 Introduction to Occupational Safety and Health 1
Chapter Objectives 1
Case Study 1
Occupational Safety and Health 2
Importance of Occupational Safety and Health 3
Early Historical Examination of Occupational Safety and Health 4
Ancient Greek and Roman Physicians 4
The European Renaissance and the Industrial Revolution 4
Terms and Concepts in the Safety Profession 7
Job Titles of Individuals Performing Occupational Safety and
Health Activities 10
The Safety and Health Professional’s Role and Responsibility 10
Safety and Ethics: Do You? Don’t You? 18
Background 18
Business Ethics 19
Conclusion 23
Questions 23
References 23
Bibliography 24
2 Safety Legislation 25
Chapter Objectives 25
Case Study 25
Legislative History 25
Contentsx Contents
Occupational Safety and Health Act 28
Who Is Covered? 29
OSHA Standards 30
Origin of OSHA Standards 30
Horizontal and Vertical Standards 31
Finding the OSHA Act 31
Specific Requirements of the Act 32
Employer Responsibilities and Rights 33
Inspections 34
Inspection Process 34
Citations and Penalties 35
Appeals Process 38
OSHA-Approved State Programs 38
Standards Development 39
Other Considerations 39
NIOSH and OSHRC 39
Other OSHA Programs 40
Future Trends 41
Conclusion 41
Questions 42
References 42
Bibliography 43
3 Workers’ Compensation and Recordkeeping 45
Chapter Objectives 45
Case Study 45
Early Workers’ Compensation Laws 45
Modern Workers’ Compensation 47
Exemptions 48
Premium Calculation 49
Experience Modification 49
Retrospective Rating 50
Self-Insured 50
Recordkeeping 50
Case Study 50
Background 51
Who Must Keep Records 51
Forms 52
OSHA 300, 300A, and 301 Forms 52
Recordable Occupational Injuries and Illnesses 56
First-Aid Cases 56
Fatalities 57
Privacy Concern Cases 57
Posting Annual Summary Requirements 58Contents xi
Case Study 58
Conclusion 59
Questions 59
References 59
4 Safety-Related Business Laws 61
Chapter Objectives 61
Case Study 61
Important Terminology 62
Role of the Safety Professional 65
Product Liability 66
Product Safety Act 66
Theories of Product Liability 67
Lawsuits 68
Contracts 70
Costs of Lawsuits 71
Insurance 72
Conclusion 72
Questions 72
References 73
5 Accident Causation and Investigation: Theory and Application 75
Chapter Objectives 75
Introduction 75
The Concepts of Risk, Incidents, and Accidents 77
Accident Causation Theories 82
Single Factor Theory 82
Domino Theories 82
Heinrich’s Domino Theory 82
Bird and Loftus’s Domino Theory 84
Marcum’s Domino Theory 85
Multiple Causation Accident Theories 86
Multiple Factors Theory 86
Systems Theory of Causation 87
Psychological/Behavioral Accident Causation Theories 87
Goals Freedom Alertness Theory 87
Motivation Reward Satisfaction Model 87
Human Factors Theory 88
Energy-Related Accident Causation Theories 88
Energy Release Theory 88
Swiss Cheese 89
Incident Investigation 90
Conclusion 95
Questions 95xii Contents
References 96
Bibliography 96
6 Introduction to Industrial Hygiene 97
Tracy L. Zontek and Burton R. Ogle
Chapter Objectives 97
Case Study 98
What Is Industrial Hygiene? 99
What Is Meant by the “Art” of Industrial Hygiene? 100
The Science of Industrial Hygiene 100
Health Hazards 100
History of Industrial Hygiene 101
Toxicology 102
Routes of Entry 103
Acute and Chronic Exposures 103
Chemical Interactions 104
Classification of Toxic Materials 105
Physical Classification 105
Chemical Classification 105
Physiological Classification 105
Nephrotoxins 106
Neurotoxins 106
Hepatotoxins 106
Respiratory Toxins 106
Reproductive Toxins 106
Hematopoietic Agents 107
Cutaneous Hazards 107
Eye Hazards 107
Carcinogens 107
Mutagens 107
Teratogens 107
Toxicity versus Risk 107
Precautionary Principle 108
Industrial Hygiene Practice 108
Recognition 108
Evaluation 110
Control 113
Industrial Hygiene Ethics 116
Industrial Hygiene Planning for the Future 117
Artificial Intelligence 117
Work as a Social Determinant of Health 118
Modeling Exposures and Controls 118
Total Worker Health NIOSH 120Contents xiii
Pandemic Planning from an Industrial Hygiene Perspective 120
Pandemics 120
Toxicology 122
Routes of Entry 123
Industrial Hygiene Process 123
Anticipation and Recognition 124
Evaluation 125
Controls 125
Conclusion 127
Questions 127
References 128
7 Ergonomics and Safety Management 131
Andrew R. Dattel, Hui Wang, and Andrey K. Babin
Chapter Objectives 131
Case Study 131
Introduction to Ergonomics 133
Definition of the Term “Ergonomics” 133
Differences in Ergonomics and Human Factors 133
Ergonomics Is Multidisciplinary 134
Ergonomics Objective 134
Applying Ergonomics: An Overview 135
Opponent Process Theory 135
Participatory Ergonomics 136
Evaluation of Hazards and Risk Assessment 136
Hazard and Risk Control 138
Applying Ergonomics: In Detail 138
Operator-Machine Systems 138
Humans 139
Anthropometry 139
Biomechanics 141
Classification of Body Movement, Postures, and Positions 142
Physiological Categories of Movement 142
Operational Categories of Movement 144
Additional Characteristics of the Human Variable 145
Cumulative Trauma Disorders 146
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome 146
Cubital Tunnel Syndrome 147
Tendonitis 147
Tenosynovitis 147
CTD Symptoms 147
Rest Period 149
Machine Variables 149xiv Contents
Environmental Variables 151
Workplace Layout and Design 152
Interventions—Workstations 153
Sit-Stand Workstations 154
Interventions—Manual Material Handling 155
Interventions—Video Display Terminal Workstation Design 156
Workplace Automation 159
Considerations for Remote Work 160
Conclusion 161
Questions 162
References 162
Bibliography 166
8 Fire Prevention and Protection 169
Chapter Objectives 169
Case Study 169
Fire Tetrahedron 171
Categories of Fires and Extinguishers 173
National Fire Protection Association 175
Standards and Codes 175
NFPA 70 175
NFPA 101 176
NFPA 30 176
NFPA 13 176
NFPA 58 176
NFPA 99 177
NFPA 704 177
Educational Materials 178
DOT Marking System 179
OSHA Regulations 181
Fire Case History 184
Managing the Fire Program 185
Written Program 186
Conclusion 187
Questions 187
References 187
Bibliography 188
9 System Safety 189
Celeste A. Winterberger and A. Michael Shekari
Chapter Objectives 189
System Safety 189
Case Study 189
Definitions 191Contents xv
History of System Safety 192
Importance of System Safety Today 193
System Life Cycle 194
Tools and Techniques for Safety Risk Management 195
Preliminary Hazard Analysis 195
Subsystem Hazard Analysis 197
Hazard Analysis Techniques 197
Technic of Operations Review 198
Technique for Human Error Rate Prediction 200
Failure Mode and Effects Analysis 200
Fault Hazard Analysis 201
Fault Tree Analysis 201
Job Safety Analysis (JSA) 203
Reasons for Conducting a JSA 203
Who Should Conduct JSAs? 203
Procedures and Various Methods Used to Perform JSAs 204
Various Methods for Performing JSAs 204
Selecting the Job 205
Completing the JSA 206
Effectively Using a JSA in Loss Prevention 206
An Example 209
Accident Investigation 209
Accident Types 209
Conclusion 210
Safety Management Systems 210
Asiana Flight 214 210
Arkema Crosby Organic Peroxide Fire 211
Hernando DeSoto Bridge I-40 Bridge Fracture 212
Systems-based Thinking and Safety Management Systems 213
What Are Safety Management Systems? 214
The Deming Cycle—The Theoretical Basis of SMS 215
Objectives of a SMS 216
Why Should an Organization Use SMS? 216
The Structure of SMS 217
Aviation 217
Safety Policy 218
Safety Risk Management 219
Safety Assurance 220
Safety Risk Management and Safety Assurance Relationship 221
Safety Promotion 221
General Industry 222
Questions 223
References / Additional Readings 223xvi Contents
10 Managing the Safety Function 225
Chapter Objectives 225
Case Study 225
Overview 226
Planning 227
Organizing 228
Controlling 231
Directing 236
Staffing 236
Communications 237
Evaluation of the System 238
Guidance for Safety Management 239
OSHA Guidelines 239
Safety Management: An ANSI/AIHA/ASSP Z10 Perspective 241
Safety Management: An International Standards
Organization (ISO) Perspective: 45001 242
Conclusion 243
Questions 244
References 244
11 Psychology and Safety: The Human Element in Loss
Prevention 245
Chapter Objectives 245
Case Studies 245
Introduction 246
Basic Terminology 246
Motivation 247
Goal-Directed School 247
Maslow’s Needs-Hierarchy Theory 247
McClelland’s Need-Achievement Theory 249
Herzberg’s Motivation Hygiene Theory 250
Behavioral School 251
Pavlov 251
Skinner 252
The Rational Employee: Applying Motivation Theories 253
Organizational Environment and the Safety Culture 254
Incentives versus Inherent Reinforcement 257
Employee Empowerment and Job Enrichment 258
Conclusion 259
Questions 259
References 259
Bibliography 260Contents xvii
12 Improving Safety Performance with Behavior-Based Safety 261
Earl Blair
Chapter Objectives 261
Introduction 261
Misconceptions about Behavioral Safety 262
Basic Definitions and Terminology 264
At-Risk Behavior 264
Attitudes 264
Behavior-Based Safety 264
Principles and Strategies of Behavioral Safety 265
Common Problems with Safety Efforts 265
A Process Focusing on Improving Safety Behavior 267
From Dan Petersen 267
From Dominic Cooper 267
From Thomas Krause 267
Behavior Sampling for Proactive Measures 268
Employee-Driven Processes and Partial Empowerment 269
Implementing Behavioral Approaches 269
How to Implement Behavioral Safety—Common Steps 269
How to Conduct a Safety Assessment 270
Developing an Inventory of Critical Safety-Related Behaviors 271
What Are Critical Behaviors and Why Develop an Inventory
of Critical Behaviors? 272
How Can We Identify Critical Behaviors? 272
Steps of the Observation Process 273
Steps for Continuous Improvement 274
Safety Coaching 275
Steps in the Coaching Process 275
How to Provide Meaningful Feedback 277
The Role of Incentives in Behavioral Safety 277
What Are Incentives? 278
What are Some Basic Ways to Incentivize Behavior? 278
What Incentives Are Not 279
Why do Organizations Implement Safety Incentive Programs? 280
Common Concerns with Incentive Programs 280
OSHA Classification of Incentive Programs 281
Guidelines for Designing Safety Incentive Programs 282
Common Performance Metrics for Behavioral Safety 283
Potential Barriers to Successful Implementation of Behavioral Safety 284
Success Factors for Behavioral Safety 286
Management Commitment and Visible Support of Behavioral Safety 286
Employee Knowledge, Clarity of Roles, and Engagement in
the Process 287xviii Contents
The Quality of the Implementation Team 287
Data Collection, Analysis, and Utilization 287
Thorough Planning of the Behavioral Safety Process in Advance 288
Customization 288
Safety Culture and Readiness for a Behavioral Safety Process 288
Long-Term Success and Continual Improvement 289
Recognition and Feedback 289
Conclusion 289
Questions 290
References 290
13 Workplace Violence 293
J. Brett Carruthers
Chapter Objectives 293
Case Study 293
Introduction 294
Workplace Epidemic of Violence 294
Background 294
Victimization of the American Workforce 295
Profile of Victims 295
Cost to Business 295
OSHA Perspective 296
High-Risk Workplaces 296
Nighttime Retailing 296
Health Care and Social Service 299
Domestic Violence in the Workplace 300
Proper Security Measures 300
Problem Employees: Formula for Failure 301
The Ingredients List 302
Other Ingredients 303
Recognizing the Potential Aggressor 303
Disgruntled Employee Red Flags 303
Employee Disenchantment 304
Revenge 305
Violence 305
Defusing a Time Bomb: The Violent Employee 306
Non-Harassment Policy 306
Pre-Employment Screening 306
Drug Testing 307
Employee and Management Training 307
Crisis Management Planning 308
Security Emergencies 309
Developing the Plan 311
Communicating the Plan 311Contents xix
Practicing the Plan 311
Liaison with Local Law Enforcement 312
Conclusion 312
Questions 312
References 313
Bibliography 313
14 Terrorism Preparedness 317
J. Brett Carruthers
Chapter Objectives 317
Case Study 317
Historic Information 318
Overview 319
Responsibilities 320
Planning 320
Activities 321
Production 321
Bottlenecks 322
Location of Your Property 322
Fences and Entrances 323
Clear Area around the Premises 323
Doors, Windows, and Other Openings 324
Ventilation and HVAC Systems 324
Lighting Systems 324
Communications Systems 324
Continuity of Operations 325
Security Systems 325
Surveillance Systems 326
Guards and Sentries 327
Entry and Movement of Vehicles and Visitors 327
Entry and Movement of Employees 327
Computers and Networks 327
Threats 328
Mail and Packages 328
Safety Professional’s Role 329
Insurance 329
Conclusion 330
Questions 330
References 330
15 Handling Hazardous Materials and Wastes 331
Tracy L. Zontek
Chapter Objectives 331
Case Study 331
The Role of the Environmental Protection Agency 332xx Contents
Hazardous Materials 333
Legislative Overview 334
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 335
Hazardous Waste 335
Determining Generator Status 337
Managing Hazardous Waste On-Site 339
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation,
and Liability Act (CERCLA) 340
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) 341
Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response 345
Hazardous Waste Manifest System 347
Hazard Communication Standard 348
Global Harmonization 349
Safety Data Sheets 350
Emerging Issues in Hazardous Materials and Waste 352
Conclusion 354
Questions for Deeper Understanding 354
References 355
16 Construction Safety and the Multiemployer Worksite Doctrine 357
William F. Walker and Dan Nelson
Chapter Objectives 357
Case Study 357
Introduction 358
Construction Safety Recommendations 359
Falls from Elevations 360
Struck-by and Caught In-between 363
Case Study 364
Electrical Shock 365
Other Hazards 367
Multiemployer Worksite Policy 367
Doctrine History 370
Contractor Qualifications and Programs 372
Conclusion 377
Questions 377
References 377
17 Transportation Safety 379
Scotty Dunlap
Chapter Objectives 379
Case Study 379
Hazardous Materials Transportation 380
What Is a Hazardous Material? 380
Hazardous Material Table 381
Shipping Papers 381Contents xxi
Emergency Response Information 382
Placarding 382
Driver Training 383
Emergency Response Planning 383
Emergency Response Equipment 384
Spill Prevention and Response 384
Security Plan 385
Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations 385
Commercial Driver’s License 385
Driver Qualifications 386
Emergency Equipment 387
Maintenance of Accident Registers and Reports 387
Drug and Alcohol Testing Programs 387
Background Checks 387
Testing Programs 388
Rehabilitation 389
Fleet Safety 389
Driver Authorization 390
Preventive Maintenance 390
Vehicle Operation 391
Risk Management 392
Summary 393
Questions 393
Bibliography 394
18 Introduction to Extreme Weather 395
Randell J. Barry
Chapter Objectives 395
Case Studies 395
Introduction 396
Basic Meteorology 398
Extreme Weather 403
Tropical Storms/Hurricanes 403
Severe Thunderstorms 407
Winter Storms 410
Flood Events 412
Heat Waves 413
Cold Waves 413
Fire Weather 414
Resources to Monitor and Forecast Extreme Weather 414
National Weather Service 415
Terminology 415
Weather Radio 416
Internet Resources 417xxii Contents
Conclusions 419
Questions 419
References 420
19 Required and Recommended Written Programs 421
Chapter Objectives 421
Case Study 421
Safety and Health Program 422
Hazard Communication Program 424
Emergency Action Plan 425
Fire Prevention Plan 425
Emergency Response Plan 426
Permit-Required Confined Space Plan 427
Lockout Tagout 428
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 428
Respiratory Protection 429
Process Safety Management 430
Requirements 431
Written Procedures 431
Incident Investigation 432
Emergency Action Plan 433
Compliance Audits 433
Conclusion 433
Questions 433
References 434
20 Resources on Safety and Health 435
Agencies and Associations 435
Manufacturers and Suppliers 446
Federal Regional Offices 449
State Compliance Offices 450
References 454
Appendix A: 29 CFR 1910—OSHA General Industry Standards
Summary and Checklist 455
Appendix B: 29 CFR 1926—OSHA Construction Standards
Summary and Checklist 475
Appendix C: Anthropometric Data 501
Index 507
About the Authors 537xxiii
Figures and Tables
FIGURES
Figure 1.1 ASSE Scope and Functions of the Professional Safety
Position 12
Figure 3.1 OSHA Form 300 53
Figure 3.3 OSHA Form 301 54
Figure 3.2 OSHA Form 300A 55
Figure 5.1 The Balance between Risks and Hazards in the
Workplace and the Controls Necessary to Minimize
Their Effects 80
Figure 5.2 Heinrich’s Domino Theory of Accident Causation 83
Figure 5.3 Bird and Loftus’s Theory of Accident Causation 85
Figure 5.4 Marcum’s Theory of Accident Causation 85
Figure 6.1 NIOSH Hierarchy of Controls 114
Figure 6.2 Expanded Conceptual Work Health Model 119
Figure 6.3 Evaluating the Chain of Infection 126
Figure 7.1 Distribution of Average Human Height in the United
States (in Inches) 141
Figure 7.2 Recommendations for Ergonomically Correct
Workstation Design 159
Figure 8.1 Flammability Relative to the Oxygen/Fuel Mixture 172
Figure 8.2 Example of Fire Extinguishers Found in the
Occupational Environment 174
Figure 8.3 Flammable Liquid Storage Cabinets with Examples of
Different Types of Safety Containers 177xxiv Figures and Tables
Figure 8.4 Example of Flammable Liquid Safety Can with
Illustrated Safety Features 178
Figure 8.5 Sample of NFPA 704 Label for Storage Containers of
Hazardous Materials 179
Figure 8.6 Shipping Papers and Example of Placard and Panel
with ID Number 180
Figure 8.7 Placards and Initial Response Guidelines 181
Figure 8.8 Example of Oily Waste Safety Can 183
Figure 9.1 Minnesota Bridge Collapse 190
Figure 9.2 Block Diagram Showing the Different Parts of a Car
Engine (System) 191
Figure 9.3 System Safety Functions 194
Figure 9.4 Hazard Assessment Matrix 196
Figure 9.5 Basic FTA Symbology 201
Figure 9.6 A Simple FTA 202
Figure 9.7 Job Safety Analysis Worksheet 207
Figure 9.8 JSA for a Hydraulic Line Replacement 208
Figure 10.1 Typical Organizational Chart 230
Figure 10.2 Core Elements of the Safety and Health Program
Recommended Practices 240
Figure 11.1 Goal-Directed Model of Motivation Based on the
Research of Deci 247
Figure 11.2 Maslow’s Needs-Hierarchy Model of Motivation 248
Figure 11.3 Operant Conditioning Model of Environmental
Processes and Their Effect on Behavior 252
Figure 15.1 An Overview of the EPA’s Cradle-to-Grave Hazardous
Waste Management System 338
Figure 15.2 Example of a Hazardous Material Accumulation/
Dispensing Center with Spill Containment 342
Figure 15.3 Example of a Single-Drum Hazardous Material
Collection Station 343
Figure 15.4 Example of a Four-Drum Hazardous Material Pallet
with Spill Containment 344
Figure 15.5 (A) Example of Hazardous Material Perforated
Absorption Mat, (B) Example of Spill Containment
Sock 345
Figure 15.6 Examples of Required Labels Under the Globally
Harmonized System of Classifying and Labeling
Chemicals 351
Figure 16.1 Lax Safety Practices in Residential Construction 361
Figure 16.2 Ladder Hazard 362
Figure 16.3 Confined Space Hazard 368Figures and Tables xxv
Figure 16.5 Saw without Guard 369
Figure 16.4 Potential for Collapse 369
Figure 18.1 Billion-Dollar Weather Disasters, 1980–2008 397
Figure 18.2 Surface Weather Map, June 6, 2008 400
Figure 18.3 Satellite Image of Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane
Illustration 404
Figure 18.4 Analysis of Surface Winds Associated with
Hurricane Katrina 405
Figure 18.5 Storm Surge Illustration 406
Figure 18.6 Climatology of Hail with Diameters of Two Inches
or Greater 409
Figure 18.7 Downburst Climatology 409
Figure 18.8 Tornado Climatology 410
Figure 18.9 National Weather Service Website 416
Figure 18.10 Storm Prediction Center Website 417
Figure 18.11 Sample Hurricane Forecast Map 418
TABLES
Table 7.1 Physiological Categories of Movement 143
Table 9.1 Typical Job Titles Appropriate to Level of Training 193
Table 9.2 SMS Structures 222
Table 11.1 Operant Conditioning Model of Environmental
Processes and Their Effect on Behavior 253
Table 17.1 Divisions for Different Groups of Vehicles 386
Table 18.1 Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Intensity Scale 403
Table 18.2 Enhanced Fujita (EF) Scale 408
Index
The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People
(Covey), 255
29 CFR 1910. See Title 29 CFR 1910
ABIH. See American Board of
Industrial Hygiene
absolute liability, 68
absorption mats, 345
absorption route of entry, for toxic
substances, 103, 348
ABT. See American Board of
Toxicology
ACC. See American Chemistry Council
acceptance, of contracts, 70
accidents: case study on helicopter, 77;
caught-in/between, 209, 363–64;
causation theories of, 82–90; causes
of, 76; definition of, 9; domino
theories of, 82–84, 83; energy
release theory of, 88–89; goals
freedom alertness theory of, 87;
highway, 41; human factors theory,
88, 199; incident investigation
and, 90–92; incidents compared
to, 77, 90; investigation of, 10, 77,
209; investigation protocol for,
92–95; management responsibilities
with, 75–77; motivation reward
satisfaction model of, 87–88;
multiple factors theory of, 86–87;
psychological/ behavioral causation
theories of, 87–88; single factor
theory of, 82; Swiss cheese theory
of, 89–90; systems theory of, 87;
types of, 209
accountable executive (AE), 218
accountability, 86, 199, 214, 238, 243,
348
ACGIH. See American Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygienists
achievement, definition of, 249
Acme Engineering ethics case study,
18–19
activity, definition of, 250
acute exposure, to toxic substances,
103–4
acute toxicity, 102
ADA. See Americans with Disabilities
Act
additive effects, from chemical
interactions, 104
adjustability, ergonomics and, 141
administrative controls, 77, 80, 115, 126
advisory role, of safety professionals, 2
aerosols, 111
affiliation, need for, 249
affirmative action, 237
agencies/associations, 435–54
aggressors, recognizing potential, 303–5
Agricola, Georgius, 102508 Index
AIHA. See American Industrial Hygiene
Association
airborne chemical measurement, 110
Air Force system safety, 193
air masses, 401, 413, 414
ALARA (“as low as reasonably
achievable”), 9
alarm systems: fire, 183, 186; personal,
297
ALARP (“as low as reasonably
practicable”), 9
Alaska State Plan Office, 450
“Alberta Clippers,” 411
Albrecht, Steve, 308
alcohol testing, 387–89
American Board of Industrial Hygiene
(ABIH), 65, 435
American Board of Toxicology (ABT),
435
American Chemistry Council (ACC),
436
American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH),
112–13, 436
American Industrial Hygiene
Association (AIHA), 116, 241, 436
American National Standards Institute
(ANSI), 31, 222, 241, 242, 436, 481
American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM), 298, 437
American Society of Mechanical
Engineers (ASME), 437
American Society of Safety Engineers
(ASSE), 12–16, 11
American Society of Safety
Professionals (ASSP), 11, 27, 222,
437
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA),
236
American Welding Society (AWS), 438
anhydrous ammonia, 379, 380, 460
annual summary requirements and,
posting of, 58
Annual Survey of Occupational Injuries
and Illnesses, 51
ANSI. See American National Standards
Institute
ANSUL Incorporated, 446
antagonism, from chemical interactions,
104
anthropometric data, 141, 156, 158,
501–6; body circumference and
surface dimensions, 505; body depth
and breadth dimensions, 504; hand
and foot dimensions, 506; seated
body dimensions, 503; standing body
dimensions, 502
anthropometry, 139–41
anticyclones, 399, 401, 412–14
anticyclonic motion, 399
APPA. See Association of Physical
Plant Administrators
appeals process, for OSHAct citations, 38
applied behavior analysis, 264, 265
Arcadian Corporation, OSHAct citation
case study, 37
Arizona State Plan Office, 450
arm movements, 158
artificial intelligence (AI), 117
asbestos exposure, 5
“as low as reasonably achievable”
(ALARA), 9
“as low as reasonably practicable”
(ALARP), 9
ASME. See American Society of
Mechanical Engineers
asphyxiants, 105–6
assault, 46, 63, 299, 305
ASSE. See American Society of Safety
Engineers
Association of Physical Plant
Administrators (APPA), 437
ASSP. See American Society of Safety
Professionals
assumption of risk defense, 46, 65
ASTM. See American Society for
Testing and Materials
atmosphere, 105, 106, 110, 112, 172,
264, 308, 398, 399, 402, 403, 407,
411, 427, 487, 498Index 509
atmospheric pressure, 398–99
at-risk behavior, 262, 264, 272, 285
attitudes, definition of, 246, 264
audits: behavioral, 285; definition of, 11,
232; example, 232–34; inspections
compared to, 235; steps in, 235;
written requirements for, 433
authority, definition of, 250
automobile interiors, anthropometry
and, 140
“average” employees, design
specifications for, 140
avoidance, in conditioning, 253
AWS. See American Welding Society
background checks, employee, 327,
387–89
back injuries, 47, 131, 133, 136, 155,
156
backup alarms, on heavy trucks, 364
battery, 64
Bauer, Georg, 102
BBS. See behavioral safety
BCPE. See Board of Certification in
Professional Ergonomics
BCSP. See Board of Certified Safety
Professionals
behavioral safety: barriers to, 270,
284–86; behavior modification
for, 363; coaching, 275–77;
continuous improvement for,
274, 289; critical behaviors and,
271–73; customization of, 288;
data processing for, 274, 287–88;
definition of, 261; employee-driven
processes for, 269; employee
knowledge, clarity of roles, and
engagement in, 287; feedback for,
274–77, 279, 281–82, 286, 289;
implementation team for, 287;
implementing approaches to, 269–75;
incentives for, 277–83; leadership
and, 286; leading measures for,
strategies for applying, 286–87; long
term success for, 289; management
commitment and visible support of,
286–87; misconceptions of, 262–63;
observation process for, 273–74;
percent safe and, 283; performance
metrics for, 283–84; planning of,
288; principles and strategies of, 265;
problems hindering, 265–66; process
for, 267–68; safety assessments for,
270–71; safety culture and, 288–89;
sampling for, 268; successful factors
for, 286; terminology for, 264–65;
theories of, 261; vehicle operation
and, 392
behavioral theories of motivation, 247,
251–53, 252
The Behavior-Based Safety Process
(Krause), 272
bias, definition of, 246
bioaerosols, 125
biological stressors, 109
biometric identification points, 327
Bird and Loftus’s domino theory,
84–85, 85
birth defects, 106, 107
Bismarck, Otto von, 46
blame, assignment of, 76, 262
blasting, Title 29 CFR 1926 on, 491,
499
blizzards, 410, 411
BLS. See Bureau of Labor Statistics
Board of Certification in Professional
Ergonomics (BCPE), 438
Board of Certified Safety Professionals
(BCSP), 10, 65, 438
body. See human body
Borealis Corporate Ethics Statement, 22
BOSTI. See Buffalo Organization for
Social and Technological Innovation
Boston Marathon bombing, 322
bottlenecks, terrorism and, 322
bottom-up approach to safety, 269
Brauer, R. L., 69
brazing, Title 29 CFR 1910 on, 463,
470–71
breach of express warranty, 67–68510 Index
breach of implied warranty, 68
breaks from work, 157
bridge collapse case study, 192, 197,
189, 190
Broner Glove and Safety, 446
budgets, 80, 227, 236, 238, 243, 255
Buffalo Organization for Social and
Technological Innovation (BOSTI),
439
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), 40,
51, 438
Bureau of Mines, U.S., 31
caissons, Title 29 CFR 1926 on, 489–
90, 498
California State Plan Office, 450
CalOSHA, 152
capacity to enter contracts, 70
carcinogens, 107
car engine system, 191
caring, in coaching, 276
carpal tunnel syndrome, 146–47
CASELLA CEL Inc., 446
case studies: on civil law, 62; on
construction safety, 1–2, 357,
364–65; on ergonomics, 131–33;
on ethics, 18–19; on extreme
weather, 395–96; on fire prevention/
protection, 169–71; on hazardous
materials, 331–32; on helicopter
accident, 77; on industrial hygiene,
98–99; on legislation, 25; on
management of safety function, 225–
26, 230–34; on OSHAct citations,
37–38; on product liability, 61–62;
on psychology and safety, 245–46;
on recordkeeping, 45, 50–51, 58;
on retaliatory actions, 25; on safetyrelated business laws, 61–62; on
system safety, 189–91; on terrorism,
317; on transportation safety,
379–80; on violence in workplace,
293–94; on workers’ compensation,
49; on written requirements, 421–22
cash management devices, 297
cat-eye shift, 148
caught-between accidents, 209, 364
caught-in accidents, 209, 363–65
caught-on accidents, 209
cause-and-effect relationships, 201
CDC. See Centers for Disease Control
CDL. See Commercial Driver’s License
cell phone usage, drivers and, 492
Center for Health, Environment, and
Justice (CHEJ), 439
Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 39,
439
CERCLA. See Comprehensive
Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability Act
certifications: BCPE, 438; BCSP, 10,
21, 65, 438; CIH, 7; CSP, 7, 10
Certified Industrial Hygienist (CIH), 7
Certified Professional Ergonomist
(CPE), 132
Certified Safety Professional (CSP), 7,
10
CESQG. See conditionally exempt,
small quantity generator
CFRs. See Code of Federal Regulations
CGA. See Compressed Gas Association
Chadwick, Edwin, 6
chairs, 134, 150, 157
characteristic wastes, 336
CHEJ. See Center for Health,
Environment, and Justice
chemical asphyxiants, 106
chemicals: ACC and, 436; classification
method with, 105; forms of, 111;
interactions of, 104; measurements
of, 112
chemical stressors, 109
Cheyenne State Plan Office, Wyoming,
454
Chicago State Plan Office, Illinois, 450
child labor, in Industrial Revolution, 6,
26
Chimney Sweep Acts, 5
chromosomal damage, 106, 107
chronic exposure, to toxic substances,
103–4
chronic toxicity, 102Index 511
cigarette smoke, passive/secondhand,
103
CIH. See Certified Industrial Hygienist
circadian rhythms, 148
circuit breakers, 357, 366
citations: OSHAct and, 35–37;
recordkeeping and, 58
civil law, 62–63
Civil Rights Act, 236
claims, insurance, 81
clarifying, in coaching, 276–77
Class A, B, C, D, K fires, 173–74
classification rates for workers’
compensation, 49
closing conference, 35
clouds, 398, 401, 402, 404, 406, 412
coaching, safety, 275–77
Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of
1969, 27
coal mining, 27–28, 148, 257
Code of Federal Regulations (CFRs),
17, 31–32, 332, 336, 345, 456, 476.
See also Title 29 CFR 1910; Title 29
CFR 1926
Code of Hammurabi, 4, 26, 45
cofferdams, Title 29 CFR 1926 on,
489–90, 498
cold waves, 413–14
collaborating, in coaching, 276
collection stations, 343
“Colorado Lows,” 411
Columbia State Plan Office, South
Carolina, 453
combination workstations, 154, 157
combustible subcategory, 172
combustion, components of, 171
Commercial Driver’s License (CDL),
385–86
commercial driving operations, Title 29
CFR 1910 on, 464, 472–73
common law, 46
communication: FCC and, 440;
HAZCOM and, 347–50, 421, 424;
in management of safety function,
237–38; systems, for terrorist attacks,
324
comparative negligence award, 65
competent person designation, 358, 360,
372, 375
compliance, 11; audits, written
requirements for, 433; penalties and,
35–37; state offices of, 450–54
compliance officers (COs), 33–35, 50,
51, 58, 332, 333, 358
compliance safety and health officer
(CSHO), 34, 370
Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and
Liability Act (CERCLA), 340–41,
349
Compressed Gas Association (CGA),
36, 439
compressed-gas/compressed-air
equipment, 31; Title 29 CFR 1910
on, 461, 469; Title 29 CFR 1926 on,
489, 498
computers: glare from, 151; protection
of, from terrorism, 328; workstations,
156, 158
concept phase, in system life cycle, 194
conciliating, in coaching, 276
concrete and masonry construction,
Title 29 CFR 1926 on, 487–88, 498
conditioned stimulus, 251, 252
confined spaces: in construction safety,
367, 368; entry fatalities, 80; permitrequired plans for, 427–28
Connecticut Occupational Safety and
Health Division, 450
consensus standards, 30–31
consideration, 70
Consolidated Coal Company Mine
explosion of 1968, 27
construction safety: case studies
on, 1–2, 357, 364–65; caught-in/
between accidents and, 363–64;
confined spaces in, 367, 368;
electrical shock and, 365–67; falls
from elevations and, 360–63, 361,
362; ladder hazards and, 361, 362;
multiemployer worksite policies for,
367, 368, 370–76; OSHAct and, 39;512 Index
OSHA on, 358, 368, 370–76; PPE
for, 363; qualification programs for
contractors, 372–76; reminders for,
359; scaffolding guidelines for, 361–
63; struck by accidents and, 363–64;
training for, 359, 364; trenching and,
365, 367. See also Title 29 CFR
1926
Construction Safety Act. See Contract
Work Hours and Safety Standards
Act
Construction Standards. See Title 29
CFR 1926
Consumer Product Safety Commission,
66
contact-by accidents, 209
contact phase, in domino theories, 82
contact-with accidents, 209
container codes (NFPA 704), 177–78,
178
containers, storage, 177–79, 339–40,
342–44
contaminants: forms of, 111;
measurement of, 112
continuity of operations (COOP) plans,
325
continuous improvement, for behavioral
safety, 274, 289
continuous movement, 144
contractors, qualification programs for,
372–76
contractor safety orientation, 375–76
contracts, 70–71
contracts of adhesion, 71
Contract Work Hours and Safety
Standards Act (Construction Safety
Act), 31, 477
contributory negligence, 46, 65
contributory negligence defense, 65
control banding, 116, 119
controlling, management of safety
function, 231–36
controlling employer, 375
convection clouds, 402, 412
conveyors, Title 29 CFR 1926 on, 484–
85, 497–98
Cooper, Dominic, 267, 269
COOP plans. See continuity of
operations (COOP) plans
correcting employer, 376
correcting feedback, in coaching, 276
corrosive wastes, 336
COs. See compliance officers
costs of losses, 3; of extreme weather,
396; of terrorism, 329; violence in
workplace and, 296
Covey, Stephen, 255, 277
COVID-19, 118–21, 123, 124, 126, 127,
146, 151, 160, 297
CPE. See Certified Professional
Ergonomist
cradle-to-grave regulation, 335
cranes, Title 29 CFR 1926 on, 484,
497–98
creating employer, 371, 375, 376
creativity, definition of, 250
criminal cases, 36, 61, 63, 64
criminal law, 62
crisis management planning, 308–9
critical safety behavior inventory,
271–72
CSHO. See compliance safety and
health officer
CSP. See Certified Safety Professional
CTDs. See cumulative trauma disorders
cubital tunnel syndrome, 147
culture, definition of, 264
culture, organizational, 254–56, 268,
288–89
cumulative trauma disorders (CTDs),
146–49
customization, of behavioral safety,
288
cutaneous hazards, 107
cutting: Title 29 CFR 1910 on, 463,
470–71; Title 29 CFR 1926 on,
481–82, 497
cyclones: anticyclones, 399, 401,
412–14; extra-tropical, 402, 410–13;
mid-latitude, 402, 411; tropical, 402,
403, 413, 415, 419
cyclonic motion, 424Index 513
Daniels, Aubrey, 272, 282
DART. See Days Away, Restricted, or
Transferred
data processing, for behavioral safety,
274, 287–88
Days Away, Restricted, or Transferred
(DART), 374
decision making, training drills and, 92
deep pockets theory, 63
Deepwater Horizon oil spill, 7
defamation, 64
defendants, 63
definition phase, in system life cycle,
194, 197
deluge sprinkler system, 183
Deming, W. Edwards, 215, 216
demolition, Title 29 CFR 1926 on,
490–91, 499
Department of Defense (DoD), 193
Department of Transportation (DOT),
173; contact information for, 440;
Emergency Response Guidebook,
179, 181, 382; fleet safety programs
of, 389–93; Globally Harmonized
System, 179; Hazardous Materials
Regulations system of, 179, 180,
181, 334, 340, 347; Hazardous
Materials Table, 381, 383; hazardous
waste manifest and, 366; HMTA
and, 334
deployment phase, in system life cycle,
195, 209
depositions, 63
de Quervain’s disease, 147
derricks, Title 29 CFR 1926 on, 484–85,
497–98
Des Moines State Plan Office, Iowa,
451
directing, in management of safety
function, 236
direct observation method of JSAs, 204
disc damage, 155
discussion method of JSAs, 204
The Diseases of Workers (Ramazzini),
5, 102
disgruntled employee red flags, 303–4
disposition phase, in system life cycle,
195
DocuSign, 160
DoD. See Department of Defense
DO IT process, 274
domestic violence, 300
domino theories of accident causation,
82–84, 83
doors, terrorism and, 324
dose-response relationship, 102, 103
DOT. See Department of Transportation
downbursts, 407, 408, 409
Drager, Inc., 447
drills, 92
drivers: alcohol testing of, 387–89;
authorization of, 390; CDL for,
385–86; cell phone usage and, 392;
drug testing of, 387–89; employee
background checks for, 387–89;
hours of service requirements for,
387; qualifications for, 386–87;
rehabilitation of, 389; road tests for,
386; seatbelts for, 392; Title 29 CFR
1910 on commercial, 464, 472–73;
training, 383
drop safe, 297
drug testing, 307, 388
dry sprinkler system, 183
dry standpipes, 184
Durso, F.T., 137
dusts, 111, 112
D wastes, 336
dynamic anthropometry, 139–40
dynamics, as biomechanical
measurement, 141
EF Scale. See Enhanced Fujita (EF)
Scale
“egregious” violations, of OSHAct, 37
electrical hazards: electrocutions and,
365; GFCIs and, 366; National
Electrical Code and, 175, 366;
shocks, 365–66
electrical safety: Title 29 CFR 1910
on, 464, 472; Title 29 CFR 1926 on,
482–83, 497514 Index
electronic badges, 327
electron microscopy, 112
elevations, falls from, 360–63, 361, 362
elevators, Title 29 CFR 1926 on, 484–
85, 497–98
Ellenborg, Ulrich, 5
Elvex Corporation, 447
emergency action plans: for hazardous
materials, 347; written requirements
for, 425, 433
Emergency Planning & Community
Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA), 343
emergency response equipment, for
transportation safety, 384, 387
Emergency Response Guidebook, DOT,
179, 181, 382
emergency response information,
transportation safety and, 382
emergency response planning:
transportation safety and, 383–85;
written requirements for, 426
emergency response teams, 11
Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs),
295, 300, 307, 308
employee-driven processes, for
behavioral safety, 269
employees: “average,” design
specifications for, 140; background
checks for, 327, 387–89; behavioral
safety knowledge, clarity of roles,
and engagement of, 287; buy-in, 259,
270, 285, 286, 423; complaints from,
34; disciplining, 239; discrimination
against, 34; disenchantment of, 304;
disgruntled, red flags of, 303–4;
empowerment of, 258–59, 269, 287;
entry and movement monitoring
of, 327; medical records of, 33,
109; OSHAct citations and, 35–37;
participation of, 284; problem, 301–
3; rationality of, 253–54; revenge
and, 305; shift work and schedules
of, 148
termination of, 309; uniforms for, 298;
violent, defusing, 306–9
employer responsibilities/rights,
OSHAct and, 33–34
empowerment, employee, 258–59, 269,
287
EMRs. See experience modification
rates
energy release theory of accident
causation, 88–89
engineering controls, 80, 114–16, 114,
126, 156, 346
“Engineering for Safety” technical
paper, 192
Enhanced Fujita (EF) Scale, 408
entitlements, 253
entrances, terrorism and, 343
environmental control: Title 29 CFR
1910 on, 460–61, 468–69; Title 29
CFR 1926 on, 478–79, 495
environmental protection, 11
Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA): contact information for, 440;
identification numbers assigned by,
339; incident reporting requirements
of, 384; RCRA and, 334–35; roles
of, 332–33; TSCA and, 334
environmental stimuli and conditioning,
252
environmental stressors, 109
environmental variables, in ergonomics,
151–52
EPA. See Environmental Protection
Agency
ergonomics, 11; adjustability and,
140–41; anthropometry and, 139–41,
141; BCPE and, 438; biomechanics
and, 141–42; case study on, 131–33;
CTDs and, 146–49; definition of,
133; environmental variables in,
151–52; hazard and risk control,
138; hazard recognition, evaluation,
and control for, 135–38; hazards
evaluation, 136–38; HFES and, 441;
human factors compared to, 133; job
analysis, 137; machine variables in,
149–50; as multidisciplinary, 134;Index 515
nontraditional hours, 148; objective
of, 134; of offices, 150; operational
classification of body movements
and, 142, 144–45; operator-machine
system analysis and, 138–39;
Opponent Process Theory, 135–36;
participatory ergonomics, 136;
physiological classification of body
movements and, 142, 144, 143–44;
PPE for, 151; psychosocial factors
in, 145–46; rest period, 149; risk
assessment, 136–38; sit-stand
workstations, 154–55; stressors, 109;
task analysis, 137; of tools, 150;
training and, 158; video recordings,
138; workplace automation, 159–61;
workplace layout and design in,
152–58, 159
Erickson, J., 268
ethics: application of, for decisions,
20–21; case study on, 18–19;
definition of, 19; dilemmas of, 20;
policies for, 22
European Renaissance hazards, 4–7
evacuations, terrorism and, 329
evidence collection and preservation, 93
excavations, Title 29 CFR 1926 on,
486–87, 498
excessive illumination, 151
exculpatory clauses, 72
Expected Loss Method, 228
experience modification rates (EMRs),
372
experience modifier, 49
experience-rating systems, for
insurance, 373
explosives, 67, 92, 318, 320, 321, 333;
Title 29 CFR 1926 on, 491, 499
exposing employer, 376
exposure accidents, 209
exposures to risk: acute and chronic,
103–4; contaminant measurements
and, 112; controlling, 80;
prioritizing, 79, 90; pure loss, 78;
record accessibility for, 33; reducing,
81; speculative loss, 78
express contracts, 70
express warranty, breach of, 67–68
extinction, in conditioning, 253,
257
extra-tropical cyclones, 402, 410–13
extreme weather: anticyclones, 399,
401, 412–14; case study on, 395–
96; cold waves, 413–14; costs of,
396; definition of, 403; disasters
(1980–2008), 397; extra-tropical
cyclones, 402, 410–13; fire weather,
414; flooding, 406, 412–13; heat
waves, 413; hurricanes, 212, 395,
396, 402–7, 404–6; meteorology
terms and concepts, 398–403; midlatitude cyclones, 402, 411; NCDC
study on, 396, 397; NHC and, 395,
414–18; NOAA and, 416; NWS
and, 415–17, 417; resources for
monitoring and forecasting, 414–18,
417–19; SPC and, 396, 415, 418;
surface weather maps of, 399, 400;
thunderstorms, 407–8; tornadoes,
402, 406–8; tropical cyclones, 402,
403, 413, 415419; tropical storms,
403–7, 404–6; winter storms, 408,
412–14
eye/eyewall, of storm, 403, 405
eye-for-an-eye principle, 26
eye hazards, 107
FAA. See Federal Aviation
Administration
FAA Advisory Circular 120–92, 217
facial recognition software, 326
facilitate, coaching process, 276
Failure Mode and Effects Analysis
(FMEA), 201
Fairfax, Richard E., 239
falls from elevations, 360–63, 361, 362
fall-to-below accidents, 209
false imprisonment, 64
fatalities, 6, 57; confined-space entry,
80; from falls, 361; fat/cats, 255;
from flooding, 412–13; homicides
and, 41, 294–96; recordkeeping for,516 Index
57; reporting, 34, 57; suffocation,
170
fat/cats, 255
Fault Hazard Analysis (FHA), 197, 201
Fault Tree Analysis (FTA), 197, 201–3,
202
FBI. See Federal Bureau of
Investigation
FCC. See Federal Communications
Commission
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA),
41, 210, 214, 217–22, 241–42
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI),
440
Federal Communications Commission
(FCC), 440
Federal Emergency Management
Agency (FEMA), 325, 441
Federal Motor Carrier Safety
Regulations, 385–86, 389
federal regional offices, OSHA, 449–50
Federal Register, 39
Federal Supply Contracts Act. See
Walsh-Healey Public Contracts Act
of 1936
feedback, for behavioral safety, 274–77,
279, 281–82, 286, 289
feedback, coaching process, 275
fellow-servant rule defense, 46
FEMA. See Federal Emergency
Management Agency
fences, terrorism and, 323
FHA. See Fault Hazard Analysis
fiber density measurement, 112
Field Inspection Reference Manual
(FIRM), 370
Field Operations Manual (FOM), 371
fire alarm systems, 183, 185
fire brigades, 174, 182, 184, 461
fire extinguishers, 8; classes of, 173–74,
174; training for, 8, 187
Firenzie, R. J., 87
fire prevention/protection: alarm
systems for, 183, 185; audit
example for, 233; case history on,
184–85; case study on, 169–71; DOT
Hazardous Materials Regulations
and, 179, 180, 181; fire categories
and, 173–74; fire tetrahedron and,
171–73; good housekeeping and,
182; insurance and, 184; loss control
and prevention in, 11; means of
egress and, 170; NFPA education
materials for, 178–79; NFPA
standards and codes for, 175–78;
OSHA regulations for, 181–84;
safety management and, 8, 10,
185–86; sprinkler systems for, 176,
183; standards for, 31; suppression
systems for, 11, 182, 183; Title 29
CFR 1910 on, 461, 469; Title 29
CFR 1926 on, 479–80, 496; training,
8, 170, 179, 184, 186–87; written
requirements for, 186–87, 425–26
Fire Protection Handbook, NFPA, 175
fires, classes of, 173
firewalls, 327
fire weather, 414
FIRM. See Field Inspection Reference
Manual
first aid, Title 29 CFR 1910 on, 461,
469
first aid cases, recordkeeping and, 56–57
first-line supervisors, 203, 228
flammability, 171–72, 172
Flammable and Combustible Liquids
Code (NFPA 30), 175
flammable subcategory, 173
flash floods, 412–13
flash point, 172, 336
fleet safety, 389–93
F-list of hazardous materials, 336
flooding, 212, 403, 406, 412, 413
floor and wall openings, Title 29 CFR
1926 on, 483–84, 497
FMEA. See Failure Mode and Effects
Analysis
focus, coaching process, 275
focused inspections, 358
follow-up inspections, 34, 333
FOM. See Field Operations Manual
foot-level-fall accidents, 209Index 517
force, categories of, 142
forecasts, 227
Forecasting Tomorrow: The Future of
Safety Excellence (Galloway and
Mathis), 275
forms (OSHA): annual summary
requirements and, posting of, 58;
Injury and Illness Incident Report
(Form 301), 52, 54; Log of WorkRelated Injuries and Illnesses (Form
300), 52, 53, 56–58, 109, 136, 257,
373, 374; obtaining, 58; Summary of
Work-Related Injuries and Illnesses
(Form 300A), 52, 55, 58, 374; uses
of, 51
four-drum pallet with spill containment,
344
Frankfort State Plan Office, Kentucky,
451
Friedman, Milton, 226
fronts, 401
frostbite, 411, 414
FTA. See Fault Tree Analysis
fumes, 111
functional anthropometry, 139–40
functional authority, 229
Galen, 4
Galloway, Shawn, 275, 289
Gangwar, M., 280
gases, 31, 106, 111, 212, 336, 349, 354,
398, 439, 459, 492, 497, 499
gasoline, 172
GC. See general contractor
GCVR. See gross combination vehicle
weight rating
Geller, E. S., 265, 269, 275
general contractor (GC), 358, 371, 372,
376
general duty clause of OSHA (Section
5(a)(1)), 32, 33, 36, 37, 162, 296,
427
General Industry Standards. See Title 29
CFR 1910
generator status of facilities, 337, 339
George Washington National Satellite
Network, 303
GFCIs. See ground-fault circuit
interrupters
Globally Harmonized System of
Classification and Labeling of
Chemicals (GHS), 179, 335, 340,
348–50
gloves, 98, 99, 359, 492, 499
goal-directed theories of motivation,
247–53, 247, 248
goals freedom alertness theory of
accident causation, 87
good housekeeping, fire prevention and,
182
Goodrum, P. M., 280
Government Publishing Office (GPO),
441
Grainger, 447
Grandjean, Etienne, 154
Great Lakes region, 396, 412
Greek physicians, ancient, 4, 101
gross combination vehicle weight rating
(GCVR), 386, 386
gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR),
386, 386
ground-fault circuit interrupters
(GFCIs), 366, 367
guards, terrorism and, 327
GVWR. See gross vehicle weight rating
hail, 407, 409
Hamilton, Alice, 102
hand and portable tools: Title 29 CFR
1910 on, 463, 470; Title 29 CFR
1926 on, 481, 496
hard hats, 236, 253, 359, 364, 479
Hawaii State Plan Office, 450
Hazard Assessment Matrix, 196, 196
Hazard Communication Standard
(HAZCOM), 347–50, 421, 424
hazardous materials: case study on,
331–32; CERCLA and, 340–41, 349;
classification of, 105–7; containers
for, 177–79, 339–40, 342–44;518 Index
definition of, 335–36, 380–81;
disposal of, 339; emergency action
plans for, 347; emerging issues in,
352–54; generator status of facilities
and, 337, 339; HAZCOM and,
347–50, 421, 424; HAZWOPER,
345–47; labels for, 177–79, 178,
350, 351; legislation for, 334–35,
340–47; management of, 11, 339;
manifest system, 347–48; on-site
management of, 339–40; operations
and emergency response, 345–47;
placards for, 382–83; “proper
description” of, 381–82; SARA
and, 341–44; spill prevention and
response for, 384–85; standards
for, 348–50; Title 29 CFR 1910 on,
459, 467–68; toxicity compared to
risk in, 107–8; training for, 352;
transportation safety and, 380–85
Hazardous Materials Regulations, DOT,
179, 180, 181, 334, 340, 347
Hazardous Materials Table, DOT, 381,
383
Hazardous Materials Transportation Act
(HMTA), 334
hazardous substances, Title 29 CFR
1910 on, 464–65, 473
Hazardous Waste Operations
and Emergency Response
(HAZWOPER), 345–47
hazardous weather outlooks, 415
Hazard Ranking System, 342
hazards: analysis of, 194, 195–98;
balancing risks and, 80, 80;
categories of, 109, 196; in
construction, 359–67; control
banding and, 116; cutaneous,
107; definition of, 9, 107, 192;
discovering, 79; ergonomics
recognition, evaluation, and control
for, 135; eye, 107; health, 11, 109;
identification of, 9; of industrial
hygiene, 100–101; industrial hygiene
control of, 113–16, 114; industrial
hygiene evaluation of, 110–13;
industrial hygiene recognition of,
108–10; minimizing, 79; noise, 115;
recognition of, 11; recognized, 33.
See also specific hazards
HAZCOM. See Hazard Communication
Standard
HAZWOPER. See Hazardous Waste
Operations and Emergency Response
Headquarters State Plan Office,
California, 450
Health and Human Services (HHS), 39
health behavior gap, 100
health care and social service guidelines,
299–300
Health Care Facilities Code (NFPA
99), 175, 177
health hazards: categories of, 109;
controlling, 11; recognizing, 109
heat waves, 413
heights, falls from, 360–63, 361, 362
Heinrich’s domino theory, 82–84, 83
helicopter accident case study, 77
hematopoietic agents, 107
hepatotoxins, 106
Herzberg’s Motivation Hygiene Theory,
250–51
HFES. See Human Factors and
Ergonomics Society
HHS. See Health and Human Services
high pressure centers, 399
high-risk workplaces, 296
highway accidents, 41
Hippocrates, 4, 101
Hippocratic Oath, 101
historical perspectives: on early
occupational safety and health, 4–7;
extreme weather disasters (1980–
2008), 397; of industrial hygiene,
101–2; on legislation, 25–28; on
system safety, 192–93; on terrorism,
318–19; on workers’ compensation,
45–47
HMTA. See Hazardous Materials
Transportation Act
hoists, Title 29 CFR 1926 on, 484–85,
497–98Index 519
hold harmless clauses, 71
homicides, 41, 294–96
Hooker Chemical Company, 340
Hoover, Herbert, 102
Hoover, L. H., 102
horizontal pressure distribution, 399,
401
horizontal privity, 68
horizontal standards, 31
host employers, 368, 375, 376, 424
hours of service requirements, for
drivers, 387
human body: anthropometry and, 139–
41, 141; biomechanics and, 141–42;
CTDs and, 146–49; operational
classification of movement of, 142,
144–45; physiological classification
of movements of, 142, 144, 143–44;
psychosocial factors of, 145–46
human factors theory, 88, 199
human factors, ergonomics compared
to, 133
Human Factors and Ergonomics Society
(HFES), 441
human resources consultations, on fleet
safety, 390
humidity, 398, 401, 403, 413, 414
hurricanes: definition of, 403; eye/
eyewall of, 403, 405; flooding and,
406; Katrina, 395, 403–5, 404, 405,
419; “major,” 403; NHC and, 395,
414–18; Saffir-Simpson Hurricane
Intensity Scale, 403; storm surge
phenomenon and, 406, 406
HVAC systems, terrorism and, 324
hypothermia, 411, 414
ice storms, 402, 410, 411
ICRU. See International Commission on
Radiation Units and Measurements
identification badges. See photo
identification badges
IDLH. See Immediately Dangerous to
Life and Health
ignitable wastes, 336
ignition sources, 112, 171, 172, 182,
186, 426
Illinois State Plan Office, 450
illnesses: injuries compared to, 55–58;
recordkeeping for, 56; reporting, 34
illumination: excessive/insufficient, 151;
of stores/parking lots, 297
ILO. See International Labour
Organization
Immediately Dangerous to Life and
Health (IDLH), 317
imminent danger situations, 34
Imperial Food Products case study,
169–71
implementation team, for behavioral
safety, 287
implied-in-fact contracts, 70
implied warranty, breach of, 68, 69
inappropriate activities, human error
and, 88
inappropriate response, human error
and, 88
incentive programs, 79, 239, 241, 253,
257, 258, 266, 277, 280–83. See also
safety incentives
INCE-USA. See Institute of Noise
Control Engineering-USA
Incidence Rate (IR), 374
incidents: accidents compared to, 77,
90; EPA reporting requirements for,
384; investigation of, 90–92, 432–33
incipient fires, 184
Indiana State Plan Office, 451
industrial hygiene: ABIH and, 65,
435; ACGIH standards for, 112–13,
436; AIHA and, 116, 241, 436;
anticipation and recognition, 124;
art of, 100; artificial intelligence,
117; case study on, 98–99; control
banding and, 116; control of hazards
in, 113–16, 114; ethics, 116–17;
evaluation of hazards in, 110–13,
125; expanded conceptual work
health model, 119, 119; hazards of,
100–101; health hazard categories in,520 Index
109; hierarchy of controls, 125–27,
126; historical perspectives of, 101–
2; history of, 5; modeling exposures
and controls, 118–19; NIOSH
REL standards for, 112, 114, 114;
OSHA PEL standards for, 112–13;
OSHA Technical Manual or NIOSH
Manual of Analytical Methods, 106;
pandemics, 120–22; personal and
area monitoring, 111; practice of,
108–16; recognition of hazards in,
108–10; responsibilities of industrial
hygienists, 10, 99–101; science of,
100; tenets of, 99; toxicology and,
102–8, 122–23
industrial medicine, establishment of, 6
Industrial Revolution hazards, 6
ingestion route of entry, for toxic
substances, 103, 348
inhalation route of entry, for toxic
substances, 103, 348
injection route of entry, for toxic
substances, 103, 348
injuries: back, 47, 131, 133, 136,
155, 156; categories of, 47; illness
compared to, 55–58; maintenance
shutdown, 254–55; recordkeeping
for, 56–58; repetitive motion, 150;
reporting, 34, 265–66; skin, 107,
116; temperature, 411, 413, 414
Injury and Illness Incident Report (Form
301), 52, 54
inspections: audits compared to, 235;
definition of, 11; of fleet vehicles,
391; focused, 358; follow-up,
34, 333; OSHAct and, 34–35;
performance linked to, 235–36;
process of, 34–35; recordkeeping
and, 58; targeted, 34; walk-through,
109; warrants for, 35
Institute of Noise Control EngineeringUSA (INCE-USA), 442
insufficient illumination, 151
insurance: benefits, 81; claims, 81;
experience-rating systems for, 373;
fire safety requirements for, 184;
of fleet vehicles, 392; “no fault,”
workers’ compensation as, 46;
premiums, 81; risk transfer and, 81;
safety-related business laws and, 71;
for terrorism, 329
intentional torts, 63
interactions, chemical, 104
interest, in activities, 250
International Commission on Radiation
Units and Measurements (ICRU),
441
international considerations, for safety
and health professionals, 11, 17–18
International Labor Standards, 18
International Labour Organization
(ILO), 17
International Labour Organization’s
ILO-OSH 2001 guidelines, 223
International Society for Traumatic
Stress Studies (ISTSS), 442
International Standards Organization
(ISO), 242–43
International Stress Management
Association (ISMA), 442
Internet resources, for extreme weather,
417–19, 417, 418
interventions: definition of, 264; safety
incentives as, 280
intimidation, 305
intrinsic job factors, 250, 258
Iowa State Plan Office, 451
IR. See Incidence Rate
Iroquois Theater fire, Chicago, 26
irrational behavior, 254
irritants, 105
ISMA. See International Stress
Management Association
ISO. See International Standards
Organization
ISO 45001, 222
isobars, 399
ISTSS. See International Society for
Traumatic Stress Studies
JHA. See Job Hazard Analysis
J. J. Keller & Associates, Inc., 447Index 521
Job Hazard Analysis (JHA), 270, 273
jobs: analysis, 137; breakdown of, into
component steps, 205; demands
of, evaluating, 139; enrichment of,
258–59; intrinsic factors of, 250,
251, 258; rotation of, 115; safety
and health professionals titles of, 10;
satisfaction in, 246, 247, 250, 251
Job Safety Analysis (JSA), 280;
accident types and, 209; benefits
of, 204, 206–7; completion of,
206–7; definition of, 202; example
of, 208, 209; in loss prevention,
206–7; methods for performing, 204;
responsibility for, 203; selecting
jobs for, 205–6, 207; steps of, 207;
worksheet for, 207
Johnson, Dennis, 294
Johnson, William, 88
JSA. See Job Safety Analysis
Juneau State Plan Office, Alaska, 450
Justrite Manufacturing Co., 448
Kentucky State Plan Office, 451
Kerr, Willard, 87
kidney damage, 106
K-list of hazardous materials, 336
knee clearance, in workstations, 158
knuckle height standing, 140–41
Kohn, Alfie, 277, 280
Krause, Thomas, 262, 265, 267–69, 271,
272, 286
label requirements, for hazardous
materials, 177–78, 179, 349–50, 351
ladders: hazards with, construction
safety and, 361, 362; Title 29 CFR
1926 on, 493–94, 499–500
lake effect snow, 410, 412
Lansing State Plan Office, Michigan,
451
large-quantity generator (LQG), 337
law enforcement, liaison with, 312
lawsuits: costs of, 71–72; McDonald’s,
193; product liability, 69; purpose of,
63; torts causing, 63, 64
LD50. See lethal dose-50
leadership, behavioral safety and, 286
lead hazards, 5, 6, 102, 104, 106, 107
Lean Behavior-Based Safety: BBS for
Today’s Realities (Galloway and
Mathis), 290
learned stimulus, 251
legislation: ADA, 236; case study
on, 25; CERCLA, 340–41, 349;
Chimney Sweep Acts, 5; Coal Mine
Health and Safety Act, 27; Contract
Work Hours and Safety Standards
Act, 31, 477; for hazardous
materials, 334–35, 340–47; historical
perspective on, 25–28; HMTA, 334;
machine-guarding, 6; RCRA, 334–
37, 339, 340, 349; SARA, 341–44;
TSCA, 334; Walsh-Healey Public
Contracts Act, 27, 31; Whistleblower
Protection Act, 29; Williams-Steiger
Occupational Safety and Health
Act, 28, 370. See also Occupational
Safety and Health Act of 1970
lethal dose-50 (LD50), 103
LFL. See lower flammable limit
liability, 63, 184, 296; absolute, 68;
strict, 67, 69; transfer of, 81. See also
product liability
liaison with law enforcement, 312
libel, 64
life expectancy, 5, 6
Life Safety Code (NFPA 101), 27, 175,
176, 181, 182
lifesaving equipment, Title 29 CFR
1926 on, 479, 496
lifting techniques, 156
lighting, workplace, 151
lighting systems, terrorism and, 324
light microscopy, 112
lightning, 402, 407
limited empowerment, 269
line positions, 228–29, 243. See also
management of safety function
liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) fire
codes, 175
Lischeid, W. E., 286522 Index
listed waste, 336
liver damage, 106
load force, 140
local effects, to toxic substances, 104
Local Emergency Planning Commission
(LEPC), 343
location of property, terrorism and,
322–23
lockdowns, 309, 311
locked doors, 170. See also means of
egress
lockouts, 310
lockout/tagout standard, 428
Loftus’s domino theory, 84–85, 85
Log of Work-Related Injuries and
Illnesses (Form 300), 52, 53, 56–58,
109, 136, 257, 373, 374
London fire (1666), 5
losses: controlling, 7–8, 79–81;
costs of, 3, 295, 329, 396; fire
prevention/protection and, 8; JSA
in prevention of, 206; preventing,
7–8, 206–7; probability of, 78,
228; pure exposure to, 78; risk
control reducing, 9; severity of, 78;
speculative exposure to, 78
Lost Time Rate (LTR), 374
Love Canal, NY, 340
lower flammable limit (LFL), 171–72,
172
low pressure centers, 399, 401, 402
LPG fire codes. See liquefied petroleum
gas (LPG) fire codes
LQG. See large-quantity generator
LTR. See Lost Time Rate
lung disease, 5
machine, as accident causation factor,
86
machine-guarding laws, 6; Title 29 CFR
1910 on, 462–63, 470
machinery, Title 29 CFR 1910 on,
462–63, 470
machine variables, in ergonomics,
149–50
mail, terrorism and, 328–29
Maine State Plan Office, 451
maintenance, of fleet vehicles, 390–91
maintenance shutdown injuries, 254–55
“major” hurricanes, 403
man, as accident causation factor, 86
management of safety function: as
accident causation factor, 86;
accident responsibilities of, 75,
76; case studies on, 225–26,
230–34; commitment for, 40,
186, 242, 263, 286–87, 299, 301,
422; communications in, 237–38;
controlling, 231–36; directing
in, 236; evaluation of system in,
238–39; fire prevention/ protection
and, 11, 185–86; guidance
for, 239; ISO and, 242–43;
organizational charts and, 230;
organizing in, 228–31; OSHA
guidelines for, 239–41; overview
of, 226; performance reports in,
235; planning
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