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عدد المساهمات : 2041 التقييم : 3379 تاريخ التسجيل : 21/01/2012 العمر : 47 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير الصيانة بشركة تصنيع ورق الجامعة : حلوان
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اخوانى واحبتى فى الله معى اليوم كتاب Mechanical Alloying and Milling
Table of Contents Foreword iii Preface v Acknowledgements vii 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Motivation 1 1.2. Advanced Materials 2 1.3. Thermodynamic Stability 2 1.4. Basis of Nonequilibrium Processing5 1.5. Some Nonequilibrium ProcessingMethods 7 1.5.1. Rapid Solidification Processing7 1.5.2. MechanicalAlloying7 1.5.3. Plasma Processing8 1.5.4. Vapor Deposition 8 1.5.5. Spray Forming8 1.6. Outline of the Book 8 References 9 2. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 11 2.1. Introduction 11 2.2. Historical Background 11 2.3. Development of High-Energy Ball Milling 12 2.4. Potential of MechanicalAlloying14 2.5. Potential Resources of Mechanical AlloyingLiter ature 14 References 173. NOMENCLATURE 21 3.1. Introduction 21 3.2. MechanicalAlloying2 1 3.3. Mechanical Milling/Disordering 22 3.4. ReactionMilling2 2 3.5. Cryomilling2 3 3.6. Rod Milling2 3 3.7. Mechanically Activated Annealing2 4 3.8. Double Mechanical Alloying2 4 3.9. Mechanically Activated Self-propagating High-temperature Synthesis 24 3.10. Oxidation–Attrition Milling–Reduction 25 3.11. Mechanochemical Processing2 6 3.12. Other Methods 26 3.12.1. Repeated ColdRolling2 7 3.12.2. Multilayer Amorphization 28 3.12.3. Severe Plastic Deformation 29 3.12.4. Accumulative Roll Bonding3 0 3.13. Acronyms Used in the Literature 32 References 33 4. EQUIPMENT FOR MECHANICAL ALLOYING 35 4.1. Introduction 35 4.2. Raw Materials 36 4.3. Types of Mills 37 4.3.1. Spex Shaker Mills 37 4.3.2. Planetary Ball Mills 39 4.3.3. Attritor Mills 41 4.3.4. Commercial Mills 44 4.3.5. New Designs 47 4.4. Selection of GrindingMed ium 55 References 57 5. PROCESS VARIABLES IN MILLING 59 5.1. Introduction 59 5.2. Type of Mill 60 5.3. MillingContainer 60 5.4. MillingEnerg y/Speed 61 5.5. MillingTime 64 5.6. GrindingMed ium 64 5.7. Ball-to-Powder Weight Ratio 66 5.8. Extent of Fillingthe Vial 68 5.9. MillingAtmosphere 69 5.10. Process Control Agents 70 5.10.1. Nature of PCAs 70 5.10.2. Quantity of 5.10.3. Constitution of the Milled Powder 74 5.10.4. Choice of PCA 75 5.11. Temperature ofMilling76 References 78 6. MECHANISM OF ALLOYING 83 6.1. Introduction 83 6.2. Ball-Powder-Ball Collisions 83 6.3. Different Stages of Processing 84 6.3.1. Early Stage of Processing 85 6.3.2. Intermediate Stage of Processing 85 6.3.3. Final Stage of Processing 87 6.4. Evolution of Particle Size 87 6.5. Ductile-Ductile Components 89 6.6. Ductile-Brittle Components 91 6.7. Brittle-Brittle Components 92 References 94 7. CHARACTERIZATION OF POWDERS 95 7.1. Introduction 95 7.2. Size and Shape 96 7.3. Surface Area 99 7.4. Phase Constitution 102 7.4.1. Crystalline Phases 102 7.4.2. Quasi-crystalline Phases 104 7.4.3. Amorphous Phases 105 7.5. Microstructural Features 107 7.6. Crystallite Size and Lattice Strain 110 7.7. Transformation Behavior 113 7.8. Grain Growth Studies 117 References 118 8. TEMPERATURE RISE DURING MILLING 121 8.1. Introduction 121 8.2. Types of Temperature Effects 122 8.3. Methods to Evaluate Temperature Rise 123 8.3.1. Methodology Behind the Theoretical Models 123 8.3.2. Theoretical Models 124 8.3.3. Observations Based on Microstructural/Phase Transformations 127 8.3.4. Experimental Observations 128 8.4. Temperature of the Balls 133 8.5. Methods to Minimize Temperature Rise 135 References 1369. SOLID SOLUBILITY EXTENSIONS 139 9.1. Introduction 139 9.2. Hume-Rothery Rules for Solid Solution Formation 139 9.3. Formation of Supersaturated Solid Solutions 140 9.4. Measurement of Solid Solubility Limits 142 9.5. Difficulties in Solid Solubility Determination 145 9.6. Effect of Process Variables 156 9.6.1. MillingTemperat ure 156 9.6.2. Process Control Agent 158 9.6.3. StartingCom position of the Powder Blend 159 9.7. Mechanisms of Solid Solubility Extension 160 9.8. Solid Solubility Plots 164 9.9. Comparison between Mechanical Alloyingand Rapid Solidification Processing16 9 References 173 10. SYNTHESIS OF INTERMETALLICS 183 10.1. Introduction 183 10.2. Quasi-crystalline Phases 185 10.2.1. General Features 187 10.2.2. Effect of Process Variables 189 10.3. Crystalline Intermediate Phases 190 10.3.1. Metastable Crystalline Intermediate Phases 191 10.3.2. High-Pressure Phases 193 10.3.3. Equilibrium Crystalline Phases 203 10.4. Role of Hydrogen as a Temporary Alloying Element 207 10.5. Combustion Reactions duringMA 209 10.6. Cyclic Phase Transformations 212 10.7. Formation of Ordered Intermetallics 216 10.8. Transformation Behavior of Metastable Intermetallic Phases 217 10.9. Refractory Compounds 220 References 227 11. DISORDERING OF INTERMETALLICS 243 11.1. Introduction 243 11.2. Methodology 244 11.3. Types of Defects Generated duringDisorderi ngand Thermodynamic Stability 245 11.3.1. Antisite Disorder 246 11.3.2. Triple-Defect Disorder 247 11.3.3. Quadruple-Defect Disorder 248 11.3.4. Redistribution of Interstitials 249 11.4. Theoretical Background 251 11.5. Phase Selection 25911.6. ReorderingKinet ics 263 References 264 12. SOLID-STATE AMORPHIZATION 269 12.1. Introduction 269 12.2. Amorphous Phases by MA/MM 270 12.3. Difference between Amorphous Phase Formation by MA and MM 271 12.4. Effect of Process Variables 291 12.4.1. MillingEnerg y 292 12.4.2. MillingTemperat ure 293 12.4.3. Powder Contamination 294 12.5. Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Amorphous Phase Formation 295 12.6. Mechanisms and Models for Amorphization 298 12.7. Crystallization Behavior of Amorphous Alloys 304 12.8. Mechanical Crystallization 306 12.9. Bulk Amorphous Alloys 307 12.10. Theoretical Predictions of Amorphous-Phase-Forming Range 312 12.11. Comparison between MA and RSP 315 References 320 13. NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS 333 13.1. Introduction 333 13.2. Classification and Characteristics of Nanostructured Materials 333 13.3. Synthesis of Nanostructured Materials 335 13.4. Mechanism of Formation of Nanostructures 337 13.5. Minimal Grain Size 338 13.5.1. Correlation with Material Properties 340 13.5.2. Process Variables 342 13.5.3. Theoretical Estimates 346 13.6. Nanocomposites 346 13.7. Properties of Nanocrystalline Materials 349 13.7.1. Hardness and Strength 349 13.7.2. Ductility 352 13.7.3. Enhanced Sinterability 353 13.7.4. Thermal Stability 353 References 354 14. MECHANOCHEMICAL PROCESSING 359 14.1. Introduction 359 14.2. Thermodynamic Aspects 36014.3. Process Parameters 369 14.3.1. MillingTemp erature 369 14.3.2. Ball-to-Powder Weight Ratio 370 14.3.3. Process Control Agent 371 14.3.4. Relative Proportion of the Reactants 371 14.3.5. GrindingBall Diameter 372 14.4. Phase Formation 372 14.5. Combustion Reaction 374 14.6. Reaction Mechanisms 375 14.6.1. Thermal Theories 375 14.6.2. Reactions Induced by Shear 376 14.6.3. Theory of Surface Active States 376 14.7. Mechanosynthesis of Ceramics and Nanocomposites 377 References 379 15. POWDER CONTAMINATION 385 15.1. Introduction 385 15.2. Sources of Contamination 386 15.2.1. StartingPowd ers 387 15.2.2. MillingAtmo sphere 392 15.2.3. MillingEqui pment 393 15.3. Elimination/Minimization of Contamination 395 15.3.1. MillingEqui pment 396 15.3.2. MillingAtmo sphere 398 15.3.3. Process Control Agent 400 References 402 16. MODELING STUDIES AND MILLING MAPS 405 16.1. Introduction 405 16.2. Process Variables 405 16.3. Early ModelingAttemp ts 406 16.4. Types of Modeling40 7 16.4.1. Local Modeling40 7 16.4.2. GlobalModeling41 1 16.5. MillingMaps 413 References 416 17. APPLICATIONS 419 17.1. Introduction 419 17.2. Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Materials 420 17.2.1. ODS Nickel-Based Alloys 421 17.2.2. ODS Iron-Based Alloys 424 17.2.3. ODS Aluminum-Based Alloys 42517.3. Magnesium-Based Alloys 429 17.3.1. SupercorrodingAll oys 429 17.3.2. Hydrogen Storage Materials 429 17.4. Other Applications 434 17.4.1. Spray Coatings 434 17.4.2. Thermoelectric Power Generator Materials 435 17.4.3. Waste Utilization 436 17.4.4. Metal Extraction 438 17.4.5. Processingof Polymers 439 17.4.6. Room Temperature Solders 441 17.4.7. Biomaterials 441 17.4.8. Bearings 442 17.4.9. Miscellaneous Applications 443 17.5. ConcludingRem arks 443 References 444 18. SAFETY HAZARDS 447 18.1. Introduction 447 18.2. Hazards Related to Mechanical AlloyingPro cesses 448 18.2.1. Heat Evolution 448 18.2.2. Gas Evolution 449 18.2.3. Explosions 449 18.3. Handlingof Mechanically Alloyed Powders 449 18.4. Accident Avoidance 450 References 451 19. CONCLUDING REMARKS 453 رابط تنزيل كتاب Mechanical Alloying and Milling ![](https://i.servimg.com/u/f61/15/36/74/14/sign_110.gif)
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عدد المساهمات : 2041 التقييم : 3379 تاريخ التسجيل : 21/01/2012 العمر : 47 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير الصيانة بشركة تصنيع ورق الجامعة : حلوان
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