كتاب Work Systems -The Methods, Measurement & Management of Work (Groover)

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Work Systems: The Methods, Measurement & Management of Work

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Work Systems - The Methods, Measurement & Management of Work
Mikell P. Groover
Contents
Preface
About the Author
1 Introduction
1.1 The Nature of Work
1.2 Defining Work Systems
1.3 Types of Occupations
.1.4 Productivity
1.5 Organization of the Book
Part I Work Systems and How They Work
2 Manual Work and Worker-Machine Systems
2.1 Manual Work Systems
2.2 Worker-Machine Systems
2.3 Automated Work Systems
2.4 Determining Worker and Machine Requirements
2.5 Machine Clusters
3 Work Flow and Batch Processing
3.1 Sequential Operations and Work Flow
3.2 Batch Processing
3.3 Defects in Sequential Operations and Batch Processing
3.4 Work Cells and Worker Teams
4 Manual Assembly Lines
4.1 Fundamentals of Manual Assembly Lines
4.2 Analysis of Single Model Assembly Lines
4.3 Line Balancing Algorithms
4.4 Other Considerations in Assembly Line Design
4.5 Alternative Assembly Systems
5 Logistics Operations 113
5.1 Introduction to Logistics 114
5.2 Transportation Operations 120
5.3 Material Handling 126
5.4 Quantitative Analysis of Material-Handling
Operations 140
6 Service Operations and Office Work 153
6.1 Service Operations 153
6.2 Office Work 162
7 Projects and Project Management 133
7.1 Projects 174
7.2 Project Management 177
7.3 Project SchedulingTechniques 179
7.4 Project Crashing 192
7.5 Software for Projects 195
Part II Methods Engineering and Layout Planning 205
8 Introduction to Methods Engineering
and Operations Analysis 207
8.1 Evolution and Scope of Methods Engineering 209
8.2 How to Apply Methods Engineering 210
8.3 Basic Data Collection and Analysis Techniques 216
8.4 Methods Engineering and Automation 225
9 Charting and Diagramming Techniques
for Operations Analysis 232
9.1 Overview of Charting and Diagramming Techniques 233
9.2 Network Diagrams 234
9.3 Traditional Industrial Engineering Charting
and Diagramming Techniques 235
9.4 Block Diagrams and Process Maps 246
10 Motion Study and Work Design 259
10.1 Basic Motion Elements and Work Analysis 260
10.2 Principles of Motion Economy
and Work Design 263
11 Facility Layout Planning and Design 270
11.1 Types of Production Plant Layouts 279
11.2 Other Types of Layouts 286
11.3 Systematic Layout Planning 289
Contents vii
Part III Time Study and Work Measurement
12 Introduction to Work Measurement
12.1 Time Standards and How They Are Determined
12.2 Prerequisites for Valid Time Standards
12.3 Allowances in Time Standards
12.4 Accuracy, Precision, and Application Speed Ratio
in Work Measurement
13 Direct Time Study
13.1 Direct Time Study Procedure
13.2 Number of Work Cycles to be Timed
13.3 Performance Rating
13.4 Time Study Equipment
14 Predetermined Motion Time Systems
14.1 Overview of Predetermined Motion Time Systems
14.2 Methods-Time Measurement (MTM)
14.3 Maynard Operation Sequence Technique (MOST)
15 Standard Data Systems
15.1 Using a Standard Data System
15.2 Developing a Standard Data System
15.3 Work Element Classification in Standard Data Systems
15.4 Analysis of Machine-Controlled Element Times
15.5 SDS Advantages and Disadvantages
16 Work Sampling
16.1 How Work Sampling Works
16.2 Statistical Basis of Work Sampling
16.3 Application Issues in Work Sampling
17 Computerized Work Measurement and Standards Maintenance
17.1 Computer Systems for Direct Time Study and Work Sampling
17.2 Computerized Systems Based on Predetermined Motion Times
and Standard Data
17.3 Work Measurement Based on Expert Systems
17.4 Maintenance of Time Standards
18 The Economics and Applications of Time Standards
18.1 Economic Justification of Work Measurement
18.2 Applications of Time Standards and Time Study
19 Learning Curves
19.1 Learning Curve Theory
19.2 Why the Learning Curve Occurs
viii Contents
19.3 Determining the Learning Rate 495
19.4 Factors Affecting the Learning Curve 497
19.5 Learning Curve Applications 504
19.6 Time Standards Versus the Learning Curve 504
Part IY New Approaches in Process Improvement
and Work Management 511
20 Learn Production 513
20.1 Elimination of Waste 516
20.2 Just-in-Time Production 518
20.3 Autonomation 526
20.4 Worker Involvement 531
21 Six Sigma and Other Quality Programs 540
21.1 Overview and Statistical Basis of Six Sigma 541
21.2 The Six Sigma DMAIC Procedure 545
21.3 Other Quality Programs 554
Appendix 21A: Sigma Levels, Defects per Million,
Fraction Defect Rate, and Yield in Six Sigma 556
Part Y Ergonomics and Human Factors in the Workplace 563
22 Introduction to Ergonomics and Human Factors 565
22.1 Overview of Ergonomics ' 568
22.2 Human-Machine Systems 571
22.3 Topic Areas in Ergonomics 575
23 Physical Ergonomics:Work Physiology and Anthropometry 580
23.1 Human Physiology 581
23.2 Muscular Effort and Work Physiology 587
23.3 Anthropometry 598
24 Cognitive Ergonomics:The Human Sensory System
and Information Processing 609
24.1 The Human Sensory System 610
24.2 Perception 621
24.3 Attention Resources 623
24.4 Memory 626
24.5 Response Selection and Execution 629
24.6 Common Cognitive Tasks 633
24.7 Design Guidelines for Cognitive Work 639
Contents ix
25 The Physical Work Environment 645
25.1 The Visual Environment and Lighting 645
25.2 The Auditory Environment and Noise 654
25.3 Climate Control in the Work Environment 660
26 Occupational Safety and Health 668
26.1 Industrial Accidents and Injuries 669
26.2 Occupational Disorders and Diseases 676
26.3 Occupational Safety Health Laws and Agencies 676
26.4 Safety and Health Performance Metrics 680
Part VI Traditional Topics in Work Management 685
27 Work Organization 687
27.1 Organization Principles 688
27.2 Organization Structures 695
28 Worker Motivation and the Social Organization at Work 707
28.1 Motivation and Job Satisfaction 707
28.2 The Social Organization at Work 714
29 Job Evaluation and Performance Appraisal 719
29.1 Job Evaluation 720
29.2 Performance Appraisal 732
30 Compensation Systems 735
30.1 Overview of Compensation Systems ' 736
30.2 Time-Based Pay Systems 738
30.3 Direct Wage Incentive Systems 741
30.4 Gain Sharing 754
30.5 Profit Sharing 758
Appendix: Statistical Tables 765
A1 Standard Normal Distribution 765
A2 Student t Distribution 766
Index

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