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 |  موضوع: كتاب Physics for Scientists and Engineers - a Strategic Approach 4th Edition الجمعة 27 أبريل 2018, 12:43 am | |
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Physics for Scientists and Engineers - a Strategic Approach 4th Edition
with Modern Physics
Randall d. Knight
California Polytechnic State University
San Luis Obispo
ويتناول الموضوعات الأتية :
Detailed Contents
Chapter 4 Kinematics in Two Dimensions 80
4.1 Motion in Two Dimensions 81
4.2 Projectile Motion 85
4.3 Relative Motion 90
4.4 Uniform Circular Motion 92
4.5 Centripetal Acceleration 96
4.6 Nonuniform Circular Motion 98
SUMMARY 103
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 104
Chapter 5 Force and Motion 110
5.1 Force 111
5.2 A Short Catalog of Forces 113
5.3 Identifying Forces 115
5.4 What Do Forces Do? 117
5.5 Newton’s Second Law 120
5.6 Newton’s First Law 121
5.7 Free-Body Diagrams 123
SUMMARY 126
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 127
Chapter 6 Dynamics I: Motion Along a
Line 131
6.1 The Equilibrium Model 132
6.2 Using Newton’s Second Law 134
6.3 Mass, Weight, and Gravity 137
6.4 Friction 141
6.5 Drag 145
6.6 More Examples of Newton’s Second
Law 148
SUMMARY 152
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 153
Chapter 7 Newton’s Third Law 159
7.1 Interacting Objects 160
7.2 Analyzing Interacting Objects 161
7.3 Newton’s Third Law 164
7.4 Ropes and Pulleys 169
7.5 Examples of Interacting-Object
Problems 172
SUMMARY 175
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 176
Part I Newton’s Laws
OVERVIEW Why Things Change 1
Chapter 1 Concepts of Motion 2
1.1 Motion Diagrams 3
1.2 Models and Modeling 4
1.3 Position, Time, and Displacement 5
1.4 Velocity 9
1.5 Linear Acceleration 11
1.6 Motion in One Dimension 15
1.7 Solving Problems in Physics 18
1.8 Unit and Significant Figures 22
SUMMARY 27
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 28
Chapter 2 Kinematics in One Dimension 32
2.1 Uniform Motion 33
2.2 Instantaneous Velocity 37
2.3 Finding Position from Velocity 40
2.4 Motion with Constant Acceleration 43
2.5 Free Fall 49
2.6 Motion on an Inclined Plane 51
2.7 ADVANCED TOPIC Instantaneous
Acceleration 54
SUMMARY 57
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 58
Chapter 3 Vectors and Coordinate Systems 65
3.1 Scalars and Vectors 66
3.2 Using Vectors 66
3.3 Coordinate Systems and Vector
Components 69
3.4 Unit Vectors and Vector Algebra 72
SUMMARY 76
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 77xvi Detailed Contents
Chapter 8 Dynamics II: Motion in a Plane 182
8.1 Dynamics in Two Dimensions 183
8.2 Uniform Circular Motion 184
8.3 Circular Orbits 189
8.4 Reasoning About Circular Motion 191
8.5 Nonuniform Circular Motion 194
SUMMARY 197
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 198
Part I Newton’s Laws 204
Part II Conservation Laws
OVERVIEW Why Some Things Don’t Change 205
Chapter 9 Work and Kinetic Energy 206
9.1 Energy Overview 207
9.2 Work and Kinetic Energy for a Single
Particle 209
9.3 Calculating the Work Done 213
9.4 Restoring Forces and the Work Done by
a Spring 219
9.5 Dissipative Forces and Thermal
Energy 221
9.6 Power 224
SUMMARY 226
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 227
Chapter 10 Interactions and Potential
Energy 231
10.1 Potential Energy 232
10.2 Gravitational Potential Energy 233
10.3 Elastic Potential Energy 239
10.4 Conservation of Energy 242
10.5 Energy Diagrams 244
10.6 Force and Potential Energy 247
10.7 Conservative and Nonconservative
Forces 249
10.8 The Energy Principle Revisited 251
SUMMARY 254
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 255
KNOWLEDGE
STRUCTURE
Chapter 11 Impulse and Momentum 261
11.1 Momentum and Impulse 262
11.2 Conservation of Momentum 266
11.3 Collisions 272
11.4 Explosions 277
11.5 Momentum in Two Dimensions 279
11.6 ADVANCED TOPIC Rocket Propulsion 281
SUMMARY 285
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 286
Part II Conservation Laws 292
Part III Applications of Newtonian
Mechanics
OVERVIEW Power Over Our Environment 293
KNOWLEDGE
STRUCTURE
Chapter 12 Rotation of a Rigid Body 294
12.1 Rotational Motion 295
12.2 Rotation About the Center of Mass 296
12.3 Rotational Energy 299
12.4 Calculating Moment of Inertia 301
12.5 Torque 303
12.6 Rotational Dynamics 307
12.7 Rotation About a Fixed Axis 309
12.8 Static Equilibrium 311
12.9 Rolling Motion 314
12.10 The Vector Description of Rotational
Motion 317
12.11 Angular Momentum 320
12.12 ADVANCED TOPIC Precession of a
Gyroscope 324
SUMMARY 328
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 339Detailed Contents xvii
Chapter 16 Traveling Waves 420
16.1 The Wave Model 421
16.2 One-Dimensional Waves 423
16.3 Sinusoidal Waves 426
16.4 ADVANCED TOPIC The Wave Equation
on a String 430
16.5 Sound and Light 434
16.6 ADVANCED TOPIC The Wave Equation
in a Fluid 438
16.7 Waves in Two and Three
Dimensions 441
16.8 Power, Intensity, and Decibels 443
16.9 The Doppler Effect 445
SUMMARY 449
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 450
Chapter 17 Superposition 455
17.1 The Principle of Superposition 456
17.2 Standing Waves 457
17.3 Standing Waves on a String 459
17.4 Standing Sound Waves and Musical
Acoustics 463
17.5 Interference in One Dimension 467
17.6 The Mathematics of Interference 471
17.7 Interference in Two and Three
Dimensions 474
17.8 Beats 477
SUMMARY 481
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 482
Part IV Oscillations and Waves 488
Part V Thermodynamics
OVERVIEW It’s All About Energy 489
Chapter 18 A Macroscopic Description of
Matter 490
18.1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases 491
18.2 Atoms and Moles 492
18.3 Temperature 494
18.4 Thermal Expansion 496
18.5 Phase Changes 497
18.6 Ideal Gases 499
18.7 Ideal-Gas Processes 503
SUMMARY 509
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 510
KNOWLEDGE
STRUCTURE
Chapter 13 Newton’s Theory of Gravity 336
13.1 A Little History 337
13.2 Isaac Newton 338
13.3 Newton’s Law of Gravity 339
13.4 Little g and Big G 341
13.5 Gravitational Potential Energy 343
13.6 Satellite Orbits and Energies 347
SUMMARY 352
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 353
Chapter 14 Fluids and Elasticity 357
14.1 Fluids 358
14.2 Pressure 359
14.3 Measuring and Using Pressure 365
14.4 Buoyancy 369
14.5 Fluid Dynamics 373
14.6 Elasticity 378
SUMMARY 382
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 383
Part III Applications of Newtonian
Mechanics 388
Part IV Oscillations and Waves
OVERVIEW The Wave Model 389
KNOWLEDGE
STRUCTURE
Chapter 15 Oscillations 390
15.1 Simple Harmonic Motion 391
15.2 SHM and Circular Motion 394
15.3 Energy in SHM 397
15.4 The Dynamics of SHM 399
15.5 Vertical Oscillations 402
15.6 The Pendulum 404
15.7 Damped Oscillations 408
15.8 Driven Oscillations and Resonance 411
SUMMARY 413
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 415xviii Detailed Contents
Chapter 19 Work, Heat, and the First Law
of Thermodynamics 515
19.1 It’s All About Energy 516
19.2 Work in Ideal-Gas Processes 517
19.3 Heat 521
19.4 The First Law of Thermodynamics 524
19.5 Thermal Properties of Matter 526
19.6 Calorimetry 529
19.7 The Specific Heats of Gases 531
19.8 Heat-Transfer Mechanisms 537
SUMMARY 541
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 542
Chapter 20 The Micro/Macro Connection 548
20.1 Molecular Speeds and Collisions 549
20.2 Pressure in a Gas 550
20.3 Temperature 553
20.4 Thermal Energy and Specific Heat 555
20.5 Thermal Interactions and Heat 558
20.6 Irreversible Processes and the Second
Law of Thermodynamics 561
SUMMARY 565
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 566
Chapter 21 Heat Engines and
Refrigerators 570
21.1 Turning Heat into Work 571
21.2 Heat Engines and Refrigerators 573
21.3 Ideal-Gas Heat Engines 578
21.4 Ideal-Gas Refrigerators 582
21.5 The Limits of Efficiency 584
21.6 The Carnot Cycle 587
SUMMARY 592
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 594
Part V Thermodynamics 600
Part VI Electricity and Magnetism
OVERVIEW Forces and Fields 601
Chapter 22 Electric Charges and Forces 602
22.1 The Charge Model 603
22.2 Charge 606
22.3 Insulators and Conductors 608
22.4 Coulomb’s Law 612
22.5 The Electric Field 616
SUMMARY 622
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 623
KNOWLEDGE
STRUCTURE
Chapter 23 The Electric Field 629
23.1 Electric Field Models 630
23.2 The Electric Field of Point Charges 630
23.3 The Electric Field of a Continuous
Charge Distribution 635
23.4 The Electric Fields of Rings, Disks,
Planes, and Spheres 639
23.5 The Parallel-Plate Capacitor 643
23.6 Motion of a Charged Particle in an
Electric Field 645
23.7 Motion of a Dipole in an Electric
Field 648
SUMMARY 651
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 652
Chapter 24 Gauss’s Law 658
24.1 Symmetry 659
24.2 The Concept of Flux 661
24.3 Calculating Electric Flux 663
24.4 Gauss’s Law 669
24.5 Using Gauss’s Law 672
24.6 Conductors in Electrostatic
Equilibrium 676
SUMMARY 680
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 681
Chapter 25 The Electric Potential 687
25.1 Electric Potential Energy 688
25.2 The Potential Energy of Point
Charges 691
25.3 The Potential Energy of a Dipole 694
25.4 The Electric Potential 695
25.5 The Electric Potential Inside a ParallelPlate Capacitor 698
25.6 The Electric Potential of a Point
Charge 702
25.7 The Electric Potential of Many
Charges 704
SUMMARY 707
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 708Detailed Contents xix
Chapter 26 Potential and Field 714
26.1 Connecting Potential and Field 715
26.2 Finding the Electric Field from the
Potential 717
26.3 A Conductor in Electrostatic
Equilibrium 720
26.4 Sources of Electric Potential 722
26.5 Capacitance and Capacitors 724
26.6 The Energy Stored in a Capacitor 729
26.7 Dielectrics 730
SUMMARY 735
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 736
Chapter 27 Current and Resistance 742
27.1 The Electron Current 743
27.2 Creating a Current 745
27.3 Current and Current Density 749
27.4 Conductivity and Resistivity 753
27.5 Resistance and Ohm’s Law 755
SUMMARY 760
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 761
Chapter 28 Fundamentals of Circuits 766
28.1 Circuit Elements and Diagrams 767
28.2 Kirchhoff’s Laws and the Basic Circuit 768
28.3 Energy and Power 771
28.4 Series Resistors 773
28.5 Real Batteries 775
28.6 Parallel Resistors 777
28.7 Resistor Circuits 780
28.8 Getting Grounded 782
28.9 RC Circuits 784
SUMMARY 788
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 789
Chapter 29 The Magnetic Field 796
29.1 Magnetism 797
29.2 The Discovery of the Magnetic Field 798
29.3 The Source of the Magnetic Field: Moving
Charges 800
29.4 The Magnetic Field of a Current 802
29.5 Magnetic Dipoles 806
29.6 Ampère’s Law and Solenoids 809
29.7 The Magnetic Force on a Moving
Charge 815
29.8 Magnetic Forces on Current-Carrying
Wires 820
29.9 Forces and Torques on Current Loops 823
29.10 Magnetic Properties of Matter 824
SUMMARY 828
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 829
Chapter 30 Electromagnetic Induction 836
30.1 Induced Currents 837
30.2 Motional emf 838
30.3 Magnetic Flux 842
30.4 Lenz’s Law 845
30.5 Faraday’s Law 848
30.6 Induced Fields 852
30.7 Induced Currents: Three
Applications 855
30.8 Inductors 857
30.9 LC Circuits 861
30.10 LR Circuits 863
SUMMARY 867
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 868
Chapter 31 Electromagnetic Fields and
Waves 876
31.1 E or B? It Depends on Your
Perspective 877
31.2 The Field Laws Thus Far 882
31.3 The Displacement Current 883
31.4 Maxwell’s Equations 886
31.5 ADVANCED TOPIC Electromagnetic
Waves 888
31.6 Properties of Electromagnetic
Waves 893
31.7 Polarization 896
SUMMARY 899
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 900
Chapter 32 AC Circuits 905
32.1 AC Sources and Phasors 906
32.2 Capacitor Circuits 908
32.3 RC Filter Circuits 910
32.4 Inductor Circuits 913
32.5 The Series RLC Circuit 914
32.6 Power in AC Circuits 918
SUMMARY 922
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 923
KNOWLEDGE Part VI Electricity and Magnetism 928
STRUCTURExx Detailed Contents
Part VII Optics
OVERVIEW The Story of Light 929
Part VIII Relativity and Quantum
Physics
OVERVIEW Contemporary Physics 1021
Chapter 36 Relativity 1022
36.1 Relativity: What’s It All About? 1023
36.2 Galilean Relativity 1023
36.3 Einstein’s Principle of Relativity 1026
36.4 Events and Measurements 1029
36.5 The Relativity of Simultaneity 1032
36.6 Time Dilation 1035
36.7 Length Contraction 1039
36.8 The Lorentz Transformations 1043
36.9 Relativistic Momentum 1048
36.10 Relativistic Energy 1051
SUMMARY 1057
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 1058
Chapter 37 The Foundations of Modern
Physics 1063
37.1 Matter and Light 1064
37.2 The Emission and Absorption of
Light 1064
37.3 Cathode Rays and X Rays 1067
37.4 The Discovery of the Electron 1069
37.5 The Fundamental Unit of Charge 1072
37.6 The Discovery of the Nucleus 1073
37.7 Into the Nucleus 1077
37.8 Classical Physics at the Limit 1079
SUMMARY 1080
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 1081
Chapter 38 Quantization 1085
38.1 The Photoelectric Effect 1086
38.2 Einstein’s Explanation 1089
38.3 Photons 1092
38.4 Matter Waves and Energy
Quantization 1096
38.5 Bohr’s Model of Atomic
Quantization 1099
38.6 The Bohr Hydrogen Atom 1103
38.7 The Hydrogen Spectrum 1108
SUMMARY 1112
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 1113
Chapter 33 Wave Optics 930
33.1 Models of Light 931
33.2 The Interference of Light 932
33.3 The Diffraction Grating 937
33.4 Single-Slit Diffraction 940
33.5 ADVANCED TOPIC A Closer Look at
Diffraction 944
33.6 Circular-Aperture Diffraction 947
33.7 The Wave Model of Light 948
33.8 Interferometers 950
SUMMARY 953
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 954
Chapter 34 Ray Optics 960
34.1 The Ray Model of Light 961
34.2 Reflection 963
34.3 Refraction 966
34.4 Image Formation by Refraction at a Plane
Surface 971
34.5 Thin Lenses: Ray Tracing 972
34.6 Thin Lenses: Refraction Theory 978
34.7 Image Formation with Spherical
Mirrors 983
SUMMARY 988
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 989
Chapter 35 Optical Instruments 995
35.1 Lenses in Combination 996
35.2 The Camera 997
35.3 Vision 1001
35.4 Optical Systems That Magnify 1004
35.5 Color and Dispersion 1008
35.6 The Resolution of Optical
Instruments 1010
SUMMARY 1015
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 1016
KNOWLEDGE Part VII Optics 1020
STRUCTUREDetailed Contents xxi
Chapter 39 Wave Functions and
Uncertainty 1118
39.1 Waves, Particles, and the Double-Slit
Experiment 1119
39.2 Connecting the Wave and Photon
Views 1122
39.3 The Wave Function 1124
39.4 Normalization 1126
39.5 Wave Packets 1128
39.6 The Heisenberg Uncertainty
Principle 1131
SUMMARY 1135
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 1136
Chapter 40 One-Dimensional Quantum
Mechanics 1141
40.1 The Schr?dinger Equation 1142
40.2 Solving the Schr?dinger Equation 1145
40.3 A Particle in a Rigid Box: Energies and
Wave Functions 1147
40.4 A Particle in a Rigid Box: Interpreting
the Solution 1150
40.5 The Correspondence Principle 1153
40.6 Finite Potential Wells 1155
40.7 Wave-Function Shapes 1160
40.8 The Quantum Harmonic
Oscillator 1162
40.9 More Quantum Models 1165
40.10 Quantum-Mechanical Tunneling 1168
SUMMARY 1173
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 1174
Chapter 41 Atomic Physics 1178
41.1 The Hydrogen Atom: Angular
Momentum and Energy 1179
41.2 The Hydrogen Atom: Wave Functions
and Probabilities 1182
41.3 The Electron’s Spin 1185
41.4 Multielectron Atoms 187
41.5 The Periodic Table of the Elements 1190
41.6 Excited States and Spectra 1193
41.7 Lifetimes of Excited States 1198
41.8 Stimulated Emission and Lasers 1200
SUMMARY 1205
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 1206
Chapter 42 Nuclear Physics 1210
42.1 Nuclear Structure 1211
42.2 Nuclear Stability 1214
42.3 The Strong Force 1217
42.4 The Shell Model 1218
42.5 Radiation and Radioactivity 1220
42.6 Nuclear Decay Mechanisms 1225
42.7 Biological Applications of Nuclear
Physics 1230
SUMMARY 1234
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 1235
Part VIII Relativity and Quantum
Physics 1240
Appendix A Mathematics Review A-1
Appendix B Periodic Table of Elements A-4
Appendix C Atomic and Nuclear Data A-5
Answers to Stop to Think Questions and
Odd-Numbered Problems A-9
Credits C-1
Index I-1
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