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عدد المساهمات : 18928 التقييم : 35294 تاريخ التسجيل : 01/07/2009 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى
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أخوانى فى الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Advances in Product Family and Product Platform Design - Methods & Applications Timothy W. Simpson Jianxin (Roger) Jiao Zahed Siddique Katja Hölttä-Otto Editors
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Contents 1 A Review of Recent Literature in Product Family Design and Platform-Based Product Development . 1 Zhila Pirmoradi, G. Gary Wang, and Timothy W. Simpson Part I Platform Planning and Strategy 2 Crafting Platform Strategy Based on Anticipated Benefits and Costs 49 Bruce G. Cameron and Edward F. Crawley 3 Multidisciplinary Domains Association in Product Family Design . 71 Hoda ElMaraghy and Tarek AlGeddawy 4 Modular Function Deployment: Using Module Drivers to Impart Strategies to a Product Architecture . 91 Mark W. Lange and Andrea Imsdahl 5 Emphasizing Reuse of Generic Assets Through Integrated Product and Production System Development Platforms 119 Hans Johannesson 6 Quantifying the Relevance of Product Feature Classification in Product Family Design . 147 Conrad S. Tucker 7 Platform Valuation for Product Family Design . 179 Seung Ki Moon and Timothy W. Simpson xiPart II Platform Architecting and Design 8 A Proactive Scaling Platform Design Method Using Modularity for Product Variations 201 Keith Hirshburg and Zahed Siddique 9 Architectural Decomposition: The Role of Granularity and Decomposition Viewpoint 221 Katja Ho¨ltta¨-Otto, Noemi Chiriac, Dusan Lysy, and Eun Suk Suh 10 Integrated Development of Modular Product Families: A Methods Toolkit . 245 Dieter Krause, Gregor Beckmann, Sandra Eilmus, Nicolas Gebhardt, Henry Jonas, and Robin Rettberg 11 Solving the Joint Product Platform Selection and Product Family Design Problem: An Efficient Decomposed Multiobjective Genetic Algorithm with Generalized Commonality . 271 Aida Khajavirad, Jeremy J. Michalek, and Timothy W. Simpson 12 One-Step Continuous Product Platform Planning: Methods and Applications . 295 Achille Messac, Souma Chowdhury, and Ritesh Khire 13 Defining Modules for Platforms: An Overview of the Architecting Process . 323 Katja Ho¨ltta¨-Otto, Kevin N. Otto, and Timothy W. Simpson 14 A QFD-Based Optimization Method for Scalable Product Platform 343 Xinggang Luo, Jiafu Tang, and C.K. Kwong 15 Cascading Platforms for Product Family Design 367 Jiju A. Ninan and Zahed Siddique Part III Product Family Development and Implementation 16 Global Product Family Design: Simultaneous Optimal Design of Module Commonalization and Supply Chain Configuration . 393 Kikuo Fujita 17 Architecture-Centric Design Approach for Multidisciplinary Product Development 419 A.A. Alvarez Cabrera, H. Komoto, T.J. van Beek, and T. Tomiyama xii Contents18 Product Family Commonality Selection Using Optimization and Interactive Visualization . 449 Ritesh Khire, Jiachuan Wang, Trevor Bailey, Yao Lin, and Timothy W. Simpson 19 Developing and Assessing Commonality Metrics for Product Families 473 Michael D. Johnson and Randolph E. Kirchain 20 Managing Design Processes of Product Families by Modularization and Simulation . 503 Qianli Xu and Roger J. Jiao 21 Design Principles for Reusable Software Product Platforms . 533 Carlos O. Morales 22 Considering Human Variability When Implementing Product Platforms . 559 Christopher J. Garneau, Gopal Nadadur, and Matthew B. Parkinson Part IV Applications and Case Studies 23 Building, Supplying, and Designing Product Families 589 David M. Anderson 24 Modular Function Deployment Applied to a Cordless Handheld Vacuum . 605 Fredrik Bo¨rjesson 25 Optimal Commonality Decisions in Multiple Ship Classes . 625 Michael J. Corl, Michael G. Parsons, and Michael Kokkolaras 26 A Heuristic Approach to Architectural Design of Software-Intensive Product Platforms 647 Carlos O. Morales 27 Customer Needs Based Product Family Sizing Design: The Viper Case Study . 683 Cassandra Sotos, Gu¨l E. Okudan Kremer, and Gu¨ls¸en Akman 28 Product Family Design and Recovery for Lifecycle 707 Minjung Kwak and Harrison Kim 29 Application of the Generational Variety Index: A Retrospective Study of iPhone Evolution 737 Gopal Nadadur, Matthew B. Parkinson, and Timothy W. Simpson Contents xiii30 Designing a Lawn and Landscape Blower Family Using Proactive Platform Design Approach 753 Keith Hirshburg and Zahed Siddique Epilogue . 777 Timothy W. Simpson, Roger J. Jiao, Zahed Siddique, and Katja Ho¨ltta¨-Otto References . 789 Index . Index A ABC. See Activity-based costing (ABC) Accommodation equal variability scheme, 567, 572–573 performance, 560 target user population, 560 Activity-based costing (ABC), 24, 480–481 Adaptive systems, 297, 307 Adjustability preferred seat locations, 1,000-member virtual population, 569 sizing and the allocation, 582 specification, 564–565 Aerodynamic particle separators data mining-driven product family design, 167–168 engineering design optimization (see Engineering design) market segments, 167, 168 methods, 167 particulate matter (PM)/particle pollution, 167 temporal market-driven preferences, 168–169 AHP. See Analytical hierarchy process (AHP) AM. See Architecture model (AM) Analytical hierarchy process (AHP), 694 Analytical network process (ANP) consistency verification, 694 and QFD consistency test, 703 construction, clusters and nodes, 702, 703 element, 703 matrix limitation, 703–704 weighted super matrix, 703, 704 Analytical target cascading (ATC), 275 ANP. See Analytical network process (ANP) APFD model. See Associated product family design (APFD) model Apple , 100 Apple iOS, 748–749 Apple iPhone compution, GVI values, 746 construction, QFD matrices customer needs, 742 engineering metric target values, 742, 744 GVI process, 742, 743 design process and measures, 741 estimation, engineering metric target values, 744, 745 evolutionary and revolutionary changes, 741 generational variety index, 742 GVI analysis, 747 matrix creation, 746 market life assessment, 742 normalized target value matrix, 745 predicting changes, customer needs, 745 user feedback, 741–742 Application Programming Interface (API), 653 Applied Research Laboratory’s Trade Space Visualizer (ATSV), 458, 459, 469 Architecting activity clustering methods, 425 embodiments/building blocks, 426 function modeling, 425 knowledge base, computer tools, 427 software design, 426 system architects, 425 system-level specifications, 424–425 V-model, 424–425 T.W. Simpson et al. (eds.), Advances in Product Family and Product Platform Design: Methods & Applications, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-7937-6, # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014 793Architecting (cont.) design, software-intensive product platforms (see Software-intensive product platforms) process, product platforms assets and modular platforms, 323 commonality assignment, 337–338 component-based approach, 332–333 customer needs gathering, 328–329 development, 325 functional requirements, 331 generic system, 333–334 market segment (see Market segments) methods and techniques, 324–325 modules boundary (see Module) module sizing and down selection, 338–339 roadmap, 336–337 system requirements, 329–331 Architectural code generation, 661 Architectural decomposition. See Decomposition Architecture map knowledge, 659–660 objects to design patterns mapping, 660 Architecture-centric design approach AM, 422 architectural model, 422–423 complexity-related issues, 420 conceptual model, architectural description, 422, 423 connectivity information, 421 definition, 419–420 development activities, 423 domain-specific methods, 422 elements, product and system architecture, 421 FBS model, 421–422 model views, product (platform) development, 422 modularization and definition, interfaces, 431–437 platform designs, 423 platform development, 420 production context, 420 product platform development, 424–431 prototype tools, 445 stage of development, 445 structure of the product, 420 system architecture, 422 system architecture models, 437–446 Architecture model (AM) architectural descriptions, 439–440 development activities, 440–441 entities “E” and functions “F”, 438, 439 FBS model, 422 information reuse and model-based paradigm, 441–445 information spectrum and design questions, 439 modeling conventions, objects and relations, 440 standard, 422, 423 Assembly decomposition, 226 Associated product family design (APFD) model algorithm, 85–87 cladistic analysis, 82 customer requirements, 87 demonstration and application, 87 and DSMs, 76 IDEF0 representation, 75 liaison graphs, 83 market segments and process plans, 75 parsimony analysis, 81 primary product components, 76–77 ATC. See Analytical target cascading (ATC) Automotive and aerospace businesses, 127 industry, 135, 409 “small car platform,” enterprise, 122 Axiomatic design, 26, 132, 504 B BACS. See Building air conditioning system (BACS) Benefits, commonality aircraft manufacturer, 58 broad firm cost structures, 58, 59 categories, 53, 54 comprehensive list, 54–56 cost saving, 54 design phase, 57 development cost, 59 firm’s flexibility, 54 management literature, 53 manufacturing cost, 59–60 manufacturing phase, 57 operation phases, 57, 58 proactive, 54 reuse, 54 works cited, 53 Bicycle saddle height adjustability, 568–569 equal accommodation sizing, 572–573 equal variability sizing, 570–572 42-member sample, 568 794 Indexresidual variance, 568 sizing, 569–570 Bill of material (BOM), 25, 26, 77, 120, 226 Black-box reuse profile, 555, 677 Body size and shape, 279, 560–562, 581, 582 BOM. See Bill of material (BOM) Building air conditioning system (BACS) Customer Intimacy, 111, 113 initial distribution, 112 The Middle East and Africa, 111 Operational Excellence, 111 Bulk purchasing, 60, 65, 66, 630, 643 C CAP. See Carryover Assignment Plan (CAP) Carpal tunnel syndrome, 573 Carryover Assignment Plan (CAP), 257, 260 Carryover Chart (CoC), 258, 265 Case study platform valuation additional strategy cost, 190, 192 binomial lattice, 194 current and expected market segments, 192 design quality, 192–193 feature and component matrix, 190, 191 market analysis, 193 market segmentation, 190 mobile product family, 189 Nokia N70 series products, 189 option value, 194–196 platform design strategy, 189 tactile key marker, 190, 192 vision accessible, 189 Viper Case (see Viper Case study) CCM. See Configurable Component Modeler (CCM) CCs. See Configurable components (CCs) CERs. See Cost estimating relationships (CERs) CI. See Commonality index (CI) Cladistics APFD model, 81 application, 72–73 biology, 73, 74 cladogram, 81–82 classification tool, 73 hypotheses, 73 modules identification and process planning, 84 product modules, 82 Cladogram APFD model (see Associated product family design (APFD) model) components, 82 construction process, 82 definition, 81 interspecies co-speciation, 74 product family, 83, 84 tanglegrams, 73 CMC. See Comprehensive metric for commonality (CMC) CNC machine tools. See Computer numerically controlled (CNC) machine tools CNs. See Customer needs (CNs) CoC. See Carryover Chart (CoC) Code division multiple access (CDMA), 658, 741 Code reuse evaluation, 675–676 Code reuse, product platforms vs. traditional approach application dependent components, 675 independent components, 674–675 cost savings, 678–679 effects, 679–680 evaluation, 675–676 implementation, 673–674 methodology, 676–678 microelectromechanical system (MEMS) devices, 673 observations, 679 PATF black-box reuse, 677 compound reuse, 677, 678 product, 673 white-box reuse, 677, 678 Commonality assignment, architecting process, 337–338 benefits (see Benefits, commonality) challenges, 33–34 characteristics, 12–14 CMC, CDI and TCI indexs, 14–16 costs design premium, 60 drawbacks and risks, 60, 61 individual variants, 62–63 investment, platforms, 62 multiproduct strategy, 60 realistic projections, 60–61 upfront variant, 62 and diversity, 26 and DSMs, 87 Index 795Commonality (cont.) and metrics, 12 modularity, 11–12 PCI, 11 and PFD, 74 PFEG, 25 product platform, 72, 73 selection and modularity, 18–20 vs. variety, family/platform design, 11, 25 Commonality index (CI) characteristics, 12, 13 definition, 12, 348 and measures, 73 and metrics, 12 standard, 318 Commonality metrics blocks, 304, 306 diagnostic value, 498 early-stage measures, 496 fabrication weighting, 498 investment-weighted metric, 498 IP beam comparison (see Instrument panel (IP) beam product families) limitations, 498–500 modeling and assessment methods (see Modeling) platforming decisions, 474 and platform literature, 475–476 shared components and type, product, 497 small-n case study, 474 total vs. fixed cost, 497 and variables, 303 Commonality premium, 60, 62, 65 Commonality selection decision-making process, 466–467 design space exploration process, 469 engineering design practices, 469 interactive visualization methods (see Interactive visualization methods) method 2, 467, 468 optimization, product family, 450 platform optimization approaches, 469 product complexity and competitive pressure, 450 product family design (see Product family design) product optimization and visualization method, 469 product platform, 450 UTC product family, 467, 468 Commonality strategy canonical, 66 diffuse low-order, 66 realistic projections creation, costs, 60, 62 technical feasibility, 53 Complexity decomposition scheme, 288–290 encapsulation, 133, 134 robust optimization approaches, 34–35 Component sharing all-or-none restriction, 276 and commonality decisions, 26–27 end-of-life management, 714 optimization, 164 product family sharing level, 170 ranking, 497 ROI, 728 Comprehensive metric for commonality (CMC) CDI and TCI index, 15–16 commonality and variety, 25 commonality indices, 12–14 Comprehensive product platform planning (CP3) model application, electric motors family, 317–318 definition, generalized product platform, 305 design variables, 306 features, 300 formulation commonality matrix blocks, 304 commonality variables, 302–303 design variable, 300–301 general product family, 302 modular product families, 303–304 modular-scaling families, 304 PFD, 301 product architecture, 305 generalized MINLP problem, 307 one-step approaches (see One-step approaches) optimization process, 299 sample product family, 305 scale-based/module-based product families, 300 and SIO outcomes, 318–319 Computer numerically controlled (CNC) machine tools design, 599 fabrication and assembly tools, 598 machining setup elimination, 593–594 product/process design, 598 Concurrent engineering, 27, 96, 781 Configurable Component Modeler (CCM) description, 137 FR and C objects, 138 PMC system, 140 796 IndexConfigurable components (CCs) CCM, 137, 138, 140 composition, 136–137 definition, 120, 130 and design rational (DR), 135, 138 PDM system, 138 system family, 135 and TEC, 139, 140 Configuration 2D, commonality chromosome, 278 design, 202 family, 27 platform and optimaization (see Platform configuration and optimization) platform and product family, 10–11 Constraints and adaptability code division multiple access (CDMA), 658 design knowledge, family product platform, 657 dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) generator, 658 flow balance, product lifecycle components, 718–719 core availability, 720 cores, 716–717 demand satisfaction and avoidance, 720–721 environmental regulations, 720 intermediates, 717 refurbished cores, 719–720 refurbished intermediates, 719 variable condition, 721 working and nonworking cores, 716–717 network protocol, 658 social environment changes, 659 Construction equipment accessory modular function deployment, 114 module indication matrix, 114 practice, 115 “strategic suppliers”, 114 value disciplines, 114–115 Control devices, industrial trucks CoC, 265 modular product programs, 263 module variants, 265–266 VAM, 264, 265 Cordless handheld vacuum conceptual modules, 617, 620 CVR (see Customer value rating (CVR)) description, 610–611 DPM, 614, 616 exploded view, 12 V unit, 610, 612 market segments (see Market segments) MIM, 616–617 module generation, 617, 618 QFD, 614, 615 specifications, 611–612 Cost estimating relationships (CERs), 633 Cost modeling ABC, 480–481 cost savings metric calculation, 483 exclusive cost, 483 fixed costs, 403 PBCM, 481–482 process-based, 481 standalone cost, variant, 482–483 total cost and profit, 405 variable, 404 volume-weighted ratio, 483 CP3 model. See Comprehensive product platform planning (CP3) model Customer needs (CNs) architecting process, product platforms market segmentation, 328, 329 planned market strategy, UGVs, 328 requirements, 328 voice of the customer (VOC), 328–329 description, 504 and FRs, 504 GVS description, 525 PPM direct interview methods, 205 indirect feedback method, 206 market segment, 204–205 product family sizing design (see Product family sizing design) Customer preference clustering, 7 involvement, 8 and market conditions, 34 QFD, 149 Customer satisfaction competitive and dynamic marketplaces, 344 product profiles, 353–354, 359, 362 Customer value rating (CVR) modular product, 606 and QFD, 616 target market segments, 614 Customer values benefits, 608 QFD, 614 transformation, product properties, 606 Customization appearance, 10 family-based system, 781 mass, 2, 25, 148, 544, 600–601 Index 797Customization (cont.) and personalization, 785, 786 platform-based, 201–202 product families, mass, 601–602 CVR. See Customer value rating (CVR) D Data mining description, 154 iterative feature evaluation, 154–156 KDD process, 154 model generation and irrelevant feature classification, 156–158 nonstandard feature (NF), 159–160 obsolete feature (OF), 160–161 standard feature (SF), 158–159 DCDM. See Design of commonality and diversity method (DCDM) DCF. See Discounted cash flow (DCF) DCI. See Degree of commonality index (DCI) Decision-making collaborative, 182 commonality, 53, 452–453, 466, 467 complexity, 465 cultural, 53–54 customers’, 780 enterprise, 147, 174 market-based, 180 strategic, 394, 395 Decision support to design process planning construction, TCPN, 520 TCPN deployment, 520 Decomposition assembly, 226 ATC, 275 commonality, 221–222 description, 221 functional, 226 granularity (see Granularity) hierarchical decomposition, 224 and parallelization, MOGA chromosome representations, 280, 281 commonality value, 282 crossover and mutation, 282 description, 282–283 fitness calculation, 280, 282 initialization, 280 iteration and termination, 282 replacement, 282 products and systems, 224 representation DSM, 222–223 functional model, 222, 223 network, 222, 223 service-based, 227 top-down decomposition, 224 viewpoint, 225–226 work breakdown structure, 224 Degree of commonality index (DCI), 150 Dendrogram, 617, 618 Dependency matrix, 27 Design concept exploration, representative solutions cluster 1, 412, 413 cluster 2, 412, 413 cluster 3, 413, 414 cluster 4, 413, 414 cluster 5, 414, 415 cluster 6, 414, 416 cluster 7, 415, 416 cluster 8, 415, 416 Design decision-making, 33, 739 Design for Human Variability (DfHV) adjustability, 564–565 bicycle saddle height (see Bicycle saddle height) description, 559, 560 multiple sizes, 576–577 opportunities, platforming and modularity, 577 platforming and modularity, 577–582 principles, 560–561 quantifying, variability anthropometry synthesis, 562–564 databases, 561–562 robust design methodologies, 559–560 sizing (see Sizing) tool handle carpal tunnel syndrome, 573 grip diameters, 575 optimal diameter, 574 regression, 574–575 RMSE, 575 single size, 575–576 user’s grip circumference, 574 Design for lifecycle, 54, 783 Design for manufacturability (DFM) and assembly, 99 guidelines, 600 platform, 211, 213 principle, 594, 599 Design for recovery cost and revenue parameters, 724–726 end-of-life recovery, 711–714 optimization problem, 714–715 product take-back, 710–711 Design for variety (DFV) definition, 72 product variety, 253 798 IndexTEV, 252–253 VAM, 254 Designing product families arbitrary decisions, 600 CNC, 599 DFM principles, 599 eliminate tool, 599 manufacturability, 600 products development, 598 standard parts and materials, 599–600 Design matrix DPM (see Design property matrix (DPM)) DSM (see Design structure matrix (DSM)) Design of commonality and diversity method (DCDM), 181 Design process actor and resource allocation, 527, 529 characteristics, 505 CNs, 504 configurations, TCPN, 528 customers’ requirements, 504 Gantt chart, 527, 528 generic structure, 506 GVS, PNs and TCPN model, 505 modular design projects, 506–507 modularization (see Modularization) performance, 527, 529 planning, 525–527 platform-based techniques, 528 PN (see Petri Nets (PN)) product variant (see Product variants) project module identification (see Project module identification) TCPN, design process simulation, 525, 526 Design process planning, 519–520, 525–527 Design project configurable component-based product platform model, 131 modular design, 506–507 Design property matrix (DPM) company-specific requirements, 610 description, 614, 616 hierarchical clustering, 617 MFD, 607 and MIM, 607 module generation, 617 and module indication matrix (MIM), 96, 606 physical embodiments of functions, 610 and PMM, 606, 607 product architecture, 607 technical solutions, 610 voice of engineering, 614 Design quality customers’ preference, 187 expected, 192 family product, 186 full quality, 187, 192 functions, 187, 188 marginal quality, 187, 192 market demands, 188 N71, 192–193 value of the preference U(Qp), 188 Design rationale (DR) CC models, 138–140 concepts, 131 configurable component, 135–136 and design histories, 120 system description, 130 Design structure matrix (DSM) analytical methods, 507 APFD model, 76, 77, 80 application, 87 architecture, 222–223 assembly decomposition, 226 automatic naming algorithm, 432, 433 based modularization, 434 clustering techniques, 434 component-based, 333 description, 248, 434, 511 DMM, 434 and DMMs, 511 FBS model, 436 “generic” architecture, 333–334 herbicide spraying systems, 249 heuristic swapping algorithm, 507 idealized matrices, granularity, 229–230 interactions, 164 kettles product family (see Kettles family) market segments, 80 market segments and kettles primary components, 77, 79 mathematical operations, 507 matrix operations, 511 off-diagonal entries, 434 paper trays, 235 primary and secondary components in kettles, 77, 80 project elements, 522 service-based decomposition, 235, 240, 241 symmetrical and asymmetrical, 223 and UGVs clustered, 335, 336 unclustered, 334–335 viewpoints, printing system, 235–237 Index 799Design valuation company’s profit, 184–185 design quality, 187–188 financial model, 185–187 product family architecture, 183 Design versatility, 599, 602 Development cost, 59 DfHV. See Design for Human Variability (DfHV) DFM. See Design for manufacturability (DFM) DFV. See Design for variety (DFV) Disassembly constraints, 716–719 description, 709 end-of-life recovery, 711–714 system decomposition, 226 yield rates, 723–724 Discounted cash flow (DCF), 784 Divergence commonality, 50 planning beneficial, 63 commonality levels, 63 firm’s ability, 65 program manager, 65–66 rail manufacturer, 65 realistic commonality benefits, 65 research data categorization, 63, 64 variants, 63 DMMs. See Domain mapping matrices (DMMs) Domain analysis architectural code generation, 661 architecture objects to design patterns, 660 constraints and adaptability, 657–659 detailed software design, 660–661 domain knowledge model, 656–657 high-level process, product family platform, 654 knowledge to architecture, 659–660 previous product projects, 655 relevant literature, 655 use cases, 654–655 Domain knowledge model, 656–657 Domain mapping matrices (DMMs) and MoAs, 510 modularization process, 434 project elements, 522 types, relationships, 511 DPM. See Design property matrix (DPM) DSM. See Design structure matrix (DSM) E Economies of scale advantages, 451 and customization, 119, 120 description, 57 product family design, 181 in recovery operations, 733 End-of-life management benefits, 710 definition, 709 hierarchical assembly structure, product family, 709 product take-back, 710–711 recovery (see End-of-life recovery) End-of-life recovery disassembly parts and decision making, 713, 714 disposal and recycling, 712 incoming feedstock, 711 options, 711–712 process, 712, 713 refurbishment/cannibalization, 713–714 Engineering characteristics (EC) platform and non-platform (see Optimization, platform and nonplatform ECs) scalable product platform, 345 sensitivity analysis, 351–352 value determination, 350–351 Engineering design aerodynamic design objectives, 170 mapping product, 174 mathematical representation, 170–171 particle separator design, 169 product family sharing level, 170 scale based and module based, 169–170 and PFD commonality, 162 component function identification, 162, 163 cosine similarity, 164 data mining predictive model, 161–162, 173–174 DSM, 164 large-scale data set, 162 latent semantic analysis, 162 product family optimization problem, 165 product feature-function comparison matrix, 162–164 product variant optimization level, 166–167 800 Indexsharing level, product family, 166 textual description, 162 60 Whr 6-Cell Lithium-Ion Battery, 164–165 Ergonomics, 560, 562 Evolutionary optimization optimization strategy, 634 three-objective discrete optimization process, 637–638 two-objective method, 634–637 F FBS modeling. See Function-behavior-state (FBS) modeling Financial model call option valuation, binomial tree, 187 demand, movements, 185–186 design strategies, 196 drift, 185 family product, 186 modular product families, 196 net benefit, 186 real options analysis, 180 time interval, 186 valuation, 182 Fit, 590 Flexible assembly, 595 Flexible building, product families assembly, 595 CNC, eliminate machining setup, 593–594 flow manufacturing, 594 one-piece flow quality, 594 setup and batch elimination, 593 source cells, 594 tooling setup elimination, 593 Flexible platform, 3, 5, 14, 25, 31, 748 F-M tree. See Function-means (F-M) tree FRs. See Functional requirement (FRs) Functional decomposition, 226–227 Functional efficiency, 213, 217 Functional requirement (FRs), 504 Function-behavior-state (FBS) modeling DSM, 434 product architecture, 421–422 shifting system, 434 system architect, 432 Function-means (F-M) tree, 132 Function strategy, 208 Function structure component design modeling, 214–215 elements, 763–764 function strategy, 208 handheld blower, 761, 764, 765 modularization, 686 modules, 335 Fuzzy clustering combined similarity measure, 514 D00, D1 and D2, 513 equivalence matrix, 514 hierarchical decomposition, 511 module identification, 511, 512 partitioning algorithm, 512 project elements, 512 Fuzzy optimality, 347, 628 G Gas inlet valves MIG, 261, 263 MPC, 255, 261, 262 product variants, 263 TEV, 261–262 vacuum applications, 261 VAM, 261, 262 GBOMs. See Generic bill of materials (GBOMs) Generalized commonality. See Joint product platform selection and family design Generational variety index (GVI) analysis, 747–748 Apple iPhone (see Apple iPhone) calculation, 740, 746 customer requirement list, 743, 746 development, 749 evolving designs consumer electronics segment, 738–739 impacts, 739 platformed and non-platformed products, 739 product features, 738 revolutionary/evolutionary changes, 738 iOS-based flexible platform strategy, 748–749 limitations, 749 low and high values, 337 Pareto optimal designs, 741 product platform design, 740–741 risk, 748–749 technological advancement, 738 Generic assets bandwidth, 124, 127 bill of material (BOM), 120 description, 144 development processes and concept platform, 125–126 industrial case study Index 801Generic assets (cont.) CCM software, 140 commercial software RD&T, 140, 142 design rationales (DRs), 139 design solution space, 142 fabricated structures, 139 functional requirement-related (FR) properties, 140 parameter values, 142 platform elements, 140 TEC family system (see Turbine exhaust cases (TEC)) industrial customers, 125 knowledge platform approach, 124, 125 life cycle phases, 143 maturity, 123–124 OEM company, 125 platform-based development and manufacturing, 119–120 platforms (see Platform) PLM (see Product life cycle management (PLM)) product and production system platforms (see Product, and production system platforms) reuse, 120–121 suppliers, 121 system development project, 126–127 technology platforms, 127–129 Generic bill of materials (GBOMs), 20, 506 Generic product plan, 208, 209 Generic variety structure (GVS) hierarchical structure, 509 leaf node activities, 509 process varieties, 509, 510 AND and XOR junction, 510 Genetic algorithm (GA) GP, 23 GVS, 514 MINLP, 316 parametric platforms, 4 Pareto optimal solutions, 394 product family design (PFD) method, 296 Genetic programming (GP), 23 Global product family design automotive industries, 409 availability, modules, 409, 410 clustering, Pareto solutions, 411 demand volume, products, 409, 410 design concept exploration (see Design concept exploration, representative solutions) global manufacturing, 394–395 mass customization, 393 mathematical model, 396–404 multi-objective and concept-level design, 395–396 formulation, 416 optimization, 410–411 neighborhood cultivation genetic algorithm, 416 optimal techniques, 407–408 PCA-based clustering technique, 416–417 price, products, 409, 410 production and sales capability, respective sites, 409, 410 site differences, 409, 410 Granularity assembly modules, 238 DADF and xerographics modules, 233–234 degree of modularity MG&G metric, 238–239 service-based decomposition, 239–241 description, 241–242 DSM (see design structure matrix (DSM)) effect, modularity idealized matrices, 230, 231 integral and modular variants, 230, 231 MDL, 230, 232 MG&G, 230, 232 product, 229 electrical components, 237–238 ITB module, 234, 235 metrics, 228–229 printing system, 235 service-based decomposition, 235 “smaller size”, 236 system decomposition, 233 Xerox DocuColor 250, 233, 234 GVI. See Generational variety index (GVI) GVS. See Generic variety structure (GVS) H Hierarchical clustering ECs, 351–352 MFD, 606, 617 modules, 334 multidisciplinary dependency, 74, 75 SPSS, 617 HoQs. See Houses of quality (HoQs) Houses of quality (HoQs), 357 Human factors, 560, 562, 780 Human variability. See Design for Human Variability (DfHV) 802 IndexI INCOSE guidelines, 329 Industrial machines, software platforms changing design family platform framework layer, 667–668 final product test, 669–671 product family infrastructure layer, 666–667 product-specific features layer, 668–669 description, 662 high-level organization activedevices, 663–664 PATF engine and component, 662–663 modularity, 667 review, 667 run-time system composition application sequences, PATF, 671–672 AppProductSequence object, 673 object composition, 671 SyncPoint objects, 673 system behavior, high-level automatic mode, 665–666 manual mode, 664–665 PATF system state, 664, 665 Instrument panel (IP) beam product families assembly cost allocation, 486 beam processing information, 484, 485 commonality metrics component and magnesium, 484, 487 correlations, 494, 495 and cost savings, 491, 493 investment-weighted commonality metric, 491–492 linear regression analysis, 494 magnesium design, 484, 485 mass-and piece-weighted metrics, 494 operational and financial assumptions, 484, 485 and PBCM, 484 product variants, 484, 486 projected cost category, 496 proposed commonality metrics, 486 regression statistics, 494–496 standalone variants assembly costs, 484, 491 development costs, 484, 491 fabrication costs, 484, 491 steel and magnesium IP beam variants, 486, 492 steel component and commonality information, 484, 488–490 volume-weighted commonality metric, 491 Interactive visualization methods exhaustive + visualization design space exploration, 464 product family design, 456, 457 individual opt + visualization ATSV, 458 commonality selection, 459–461 multidimensional data, 459 product family design space, 459 trade-off resolution, 464–465 Pareto Band concept, 466 product family opt + visualization CI, 462 commonality assessments, 463 computational cost, decomposition, 466 family-based optimization techniques, 461 product family optimization, 462 trade-off resolution, 465 UTC product family, 461 Interface definition DSM, 434 FBS model, shifting system, 434–437 and modularization, 431 workflow and function modeling, 431–434 Intermediate transfer belt (ITB) module, 234, 235 Inventory reduction, 55, 56, 58 iPad , 101, 749, 784–785 IP beam product families. See Instrument panel (IP) beam product families iPhone evolution. See Generational variety index (GVI) ITB module. See Intermediate transfer belt (ITB) module J Joint product platform selection and family design classification, product family optimization, 273–274 decomposition approaches, 275 issues, 272 MOGA (see Multi-objective genetic algorithms (MOGA)) optimization-based research, 272 pareto fronts electric motor family, 287 GAA family, 286 platform configuration, 287 posteriori optimization methods, 274 product platforms, 272 Index 803Joint product platform selection and family design (cont.) single-stage class III problems, 274 universal electric motor, 283–291 Joint Strike Fighter, 34, 49, 50, 63 K Kanban, 594–597 Kettles family liaison graph, 83 market segments, 76, 80, 86 primary components, 77, 79 process plan, 87 secondary component, 77, 80 unique feasible kettles variants, 80, 81 water boiling, 76, 77 K-means clustering, 351, 690, 692–693, 695 Knowledge discovery in databases (KDD) acquisition, 152–153 description, 151–152 mining/pattern discovery (see Data mining) selection and cleaning, 153 transformation, 154 Knowledge to architecture mapping, 659–660 L Latent semantic analysis (LSA), 162, 164 Lawn and landscape blower family, PPM business environment, 753 data, customer needs, 754 formation strategy, 753–754, 762 function structure engine control system, 761, 763 handheld blower market target, 761, 764, 765 main blower process system, 763 market research, PPM (see Market research, PPM) modularity construction (see Modularity construction, PPM) platform design CAD model components, 768–769 components list, platform finding algorithm, 765–766 feeding analysis, 769–771 fitting ratio, 771 handheld blower vacuum, 764, 765 input sheet, 764 manufacturing analysis, 771, 772 outcomes, 766–767 permanent components, 767 product family planning, 761, 762 product variations, 753, 754 resources, 754–755 road map, 753, 754 rules and regulations, 755 Learning curve bulk purchasing and construction, 643 manufacturing line, 57 typical ship construction labor, 630, 631 Liaison graph APFD model, 83 application, 83, 87 definition, 83 kettles, 83 Life phases modularization module drivers, 255–256 MPC, 255, 256 product life cycle, 254–255 LSA. See Latent semantic analysis (LSA) Lucas method, 211, 213, 215, 218 M Mann–Kendall (MK) trend test feature Fi, 157 feature F n, 159 feature F o, 160–161 feature F s, 158–159 mathematical representation, 157–158 null hypothesis, 158 Manufacturing cost, 59–60 Market-based design, 180–182 Market-driven product family design (MPED), 346 Market mechanisms, 28, 180 Market research competitors, 206–207 customer needs, 204–206 PPM competitor product analysis, 758–759 competitors market targets vs. customer requirements, 759–760 customer demands, 759, 760 customer fulfillment, 758–759 direct and non-direct polling, customer demands, 755–757 identification, market segment, 755, 756 market target, 757–759 rules and regulation bodies, 207 volume analysis, 207 Market segments and APFD model, 75 business application, 325 804 Indexcharacteristics, 325 current and expected, 192 customer population, 325 preferences, 187 requirements, 74 defense-related applications, 325 demand model, 182 description, 611 difference, 325 and DSM, 77, 80 family Felicia, 613 functional preference information, 187 identification, 180 kettle identification, 76, 86 and market attack plan, 326–327 mobile products, 190, 192 platform leveraging strategies, 327 preference value and demographics, 188 product market matrix, 327–328 scalable platforms, 328 Sophia student, 613–614 sources, 76 suction power, 613 UGVs, 326–327 Mass customization extending product families, 601 postponement, 600–601 setup “elimination”, 593 synergies, 601–602 Mass production cost-oriented design method, 246 product families, 591–592 Mathematical model conditions, problem formulation, 397–398 cost model, 403–405 delivery model, 405–406 integration, product family and supply chain, 396–397 mathematical formulation, 406–407 product family model, 399–402 quality model, 405 MDL. See Minimum description length (MDL) MDO. See Multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) MEMS. See Microelectromechanical system (MEMS) Method units, integrated PKT-approach description, 251 design for variety, 252–254 life phases modularization, 254–256 modular product programs, 257–258 product program planning, 256–257 visual tools, 252, 253 Metrics activity-based costing system (ABC), 24 assessment methodology, 483 axiomatic design, 26 commonality (see Commonality) correlations and dependencies, 26–27 cost considerations, 21, 24 cost model, 25 definition, 24–25 extended QFD, 25 Ford’s Model T, 26 fuzzy clustering techniques, 26 leveraging data mining techniques, 25 multi-criteria platform evaluation, 24 platform construction method, 25 platform exploration and identification, 26 product family evaluation graph approach (PFEG), 25 variation and uncertainty, 25, 26 MFD. See Modular function deployment (MFD) Microelectromechanical system (MEMS), 673 MIG. See Module Interface Graph (MIG) MIM. See Module indication matrix (MIM) Minimum description length (MDL), 228, 232, 239, 240 Mission effectiveness, 627, 629–630 Mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP), 300, 301, 307, 316, 454 Mixed integer programming, 714, 733 MK trend test. See Mann–Kendall (MK) trend test MoAs. See Module of activities (MoAs) Modeling cost methodology (see Cost modeling) metric assessment methodology, 483 product family, 9–10 proposed commonality metrics bill of materials, product family, 478 calculation, 478, 479 descriptions, 480 metric and cost savings, 477 piece-based, 478 production volume, 479 subassemblies, 478 trimming/drilling, holes, 477 Modular function deployment (MFD) and BACS (see Building air conditioning system (BACS)) business strategy, 117 Index 805Modular function deployment (MFD) (cont.) cell phone, 115–117 complexity cost reduction, 605 construction equipment accessory (see Construction equipment accessory) cordless handheld vacuum (see Cordless handheld vacuum) cross-functional, 94 design property matrix, 609–610 and DFX approaches, 96 documentation and analysis, 607 DPM and MIM, 607 functional requirements, 94–95 indication matrix, 610 industrial companies, 117 interfaces analysis, 96 launch planning (see Modular launch planning) matrix-based method, 605 and MIM, 96 module drivers (see Module drivers) NAICS, 106 and PMM, 94, 95, 606, 607 product family and development, 91, 92 product properties, 94 and QFD, 94, 95, 608–609 riding-machine platform (see Ridingmachine platform) strategy and tactics, 92–93 tactical vehicle, 93–94 unique application, 106 “Voices of X”, 94 Modularity cohesion and coupling, 541–542 commonality, 11–12 goals, 540–541 highly coupled structure, 541 PFD analysis APFD model algorithm, 85–87 cladistics, 81–82 product modules and platforms, 82–83 and platform long-lifetime products and secular trends, 580–582 long-tailed and skewed distributions, 577–579 segmented populations and disproportionate disaccommodation, 579–580 principle of separation, 540 SMI, 24–25 software production, 540 Modularity construction component design modeling, 214–216 component manufacturing tooling design, 215 Lucas method, 215, 217 market targets, 215 module design, components, 214 PPM CAD model, 771, 773–775 design, 771, 774 platform and non-platform components, 771 products, 774–775 production volume costing, 215, 217–218 types, 203 Modularization actor and resource, dashboard design, 523, 524 car dashboard design, 521 design activities, 522, 523 DSM representation, 522 fuzzy clustering algorithm and MoAs, 522 generic design process, 522, 523 generic routing, dashboard design process, 523, 524 input/output class, 523, 524 and interfaces (see Modularization and interfaces) Modularization and interfaces formula student case automatic naming algorithm, 436 generated interface graphs model, shifting system, 437, 438 interface graphs model, shifting system, 437, 438 MSI, 436 power system, 436–437 SAE shifting system, 434, 435 modularization and interfaces, 434 workflow and function modeling automatically generated interface, 432, 433 automatic naming algorithm, 432, 433 business process modeling, 432, 433 DSM, 434 flowchart-type description, 432 functional system decomposition, 432 simplified workflow model, 431, 432 Modular launch planning digital cameras, 621 module drivers, 620 product launch plan, 620–622 Sony Handycam range, 620, 621 806 IndexModular product families, integrated PKT-approach control devices, industrial trucks (see Control devices, industrial trucks) description, 250 gas inlet valves (see Gas inlet valves) herbicide spraying systems DSM, 248, 249 MANKAR-Roll, 247–248 method units (see Method units, integrated PKT-approach) MIG, 251–252 MIM, herbicide spraying systems, 248–250 modern market situations, 245–246 modular lightweight design, 266 reduction, internal variety DSM, 247 product modularization, 247 product platform, 247 product variants, 247 variety-oriented product design, 246–247 serial and parallel applications, 267 water measurement devices (see Water measurement devices) Modular product programs CoC, 258 market-driven factors, 257 product structure strategies and commonality, 257–258 Module battery cells, 619 boundary definition clustered DSM, UGV family, 335, 336 coupling and similarity, 334 definition, 334, 335 function deployment, 334 unclustered DSM, UGV platform, 334–335 generation, 617 interfaces, 548–549 liquid separator, 620 logic, architecture, 619, 620 MIM (see Module indication matrix (MIM)) PMM documents, 619, 620 technical solutions, 617 transparent/nontransparent versions, 620 Module commonalization and modular architecture, 686 optimal design (see Global product family design) Module Drivers application, 99–100 battery packs, 100 building air conditioning system, 113 cell phone, 117 common unit and carry over addresses, 99 complications, 104 construction equipment accessory, 114 customer intimacy companies, 102 different specification, 100 hard drives, 101 information objects, 99, 101 laptop and e-readers/tablets, 100 laptop microprocessors, 101 medical industry, 98–99 and MIM, 103–104 modular function deployment, 96 motherboards, 101 operational excellence companies, 102 PALMA database, 103 product leadership companies, 102, 104–105 product life cycle stream, 96, 97 profile, 103 project team, 104 recycling, 102 riding-machine platform, 108, 109 service and maintenance, 99 styling and different specification, 99 technical evolution and planned design change, 99 value disciplines, 102–103 vehicle industries, 99 “Voice of Customer”, 96–97 “Voice of Engineering”, 97 “Voice of Manufacturing”, 98 “Voice of Supply Chain”, 98 webcams, 101 Module indication matrix (MIM) battery voltage, 616 company-specific application, 616 DC motor, 616 description, 610 herbicide spraying systems, 248–250 iteration, 103, 111 module drivers (see Module drivers) PALMA application, 103, 104 and PMM, 606 product leadership, 610 replaceable battery, 617 riding-machine platform, 107 styling handle and escutcheon, 616–617 Module Interface Graph (MIG) 3D CAD data, 251–252 product variety, 253 and TEV, 256, 257 Index 807Module of activities (MoAs) definition, 523 identification, 514 types, modularity, 510 Module Process Chart (MPC), 255, 256, 262 Module Strength Indicator (MSI), 436 MOGA. See Multi-objective genetic algorithms (MOGA) MOPSO. See Multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) MPC. See Module Process Chart (MPC) MPED. See Market-driven product family design (MPED) MSI. See Module Strength Indicator (MSI) Multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO), 29, 395 Multidisciplinary product development. See Architecture-centric design approach Multidiscipline, PFD. See Product family design (PFD) Multi-domain, 9, 88 Multi-objective genetic algorithms (MOGA) chromosome representation, 276 commonality objective function, 279–280 consistency constraints, 277 crossover operators, 278 decomposition and parallelization chromosome representations, 280, 281 commonality value, 282 crossover and mutation, 282 description, 282–283 fitness calculation, 280, 282 initialization, 280 iteration and termination, 282 replacement, 282 mutation operators, 278–279 non-dominated sorting GA (NSGA-II) code, 275 Multi-objective optimization, 394, 407–408, 410–411, 739 Multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO), 370–371 Multi-platform design, 368, 370–377, 386 Mutation operators, 278–279 N National Security Cutter (NSC), 626, 627, 632, 634, 638, 640, 641 Naval architecture, 627, 628, 641 Nonstandard feature (NF), 159–160 The North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), 106 O Object-oriented design abstraction, 550 aggregation, 553–554 application frameworks, 556–557 associations, 552–553 composition, 554–555 encapsulation, 550 inheritance, 550–551 message-sending, 551–552 object model, 550 polymorphism, 551 Obsolete feature (OF), 160–161 OEM. See Original equipment manufacturer (OEM) OF. See Obsolete feature (OF) Offshore Patrol Cutter (OPC), 626, 629, 632, 638–641 One-piece flow, 594 One-step approaches CP3 model description, 311 optimization algorithm, 315–316 PSMF, 312–315 SIO, product family design conventional mapping, 308 description, 307–308 design variables selection, 308 implementation, VSMF, 310–311 VSMF, 308–309 OPC. See Offshore Patrol Cutter (OPC) Optimal commonality decisions characteristics, Pareto front designs, 641, 642 characteristics, US Coast Guard’s vessels, 626, 627 correlation inference, 628 design variables, 628 development and application, 626 discrete pareto front, 632–633 evolutionary optimization (see Evolutionary optimization) fuzzy utility, 628 integer vector, 639 mission effectiveness/cost objectives, 629, 630 multi-objective fuzzy optimization, 628 natural commonality, 639, 640 net fleet savings objective, 630–631 NSC15 and OPC15, 641 NSC mission requirements, 638–639 performance/cost, 640 product family design, 625 progression, evolutionary solution, 639 808 Indexship design synthesis model (see Ship design synthesis model) test application, 626 three-objective method analysis, 640 Pareto surface, 641, 642 two-objective method evolutionary algorithm, 640 optimization, 639 Optimal design multi-objective optimization, 407–408 PCA, clustering pareto solutions, 408 Optimization evolutionary (see Evolutionary optimization) idiosyncrasies, 450 interactive visualization methods (see Interactive visualization methods) multi-objective, 407–408 product family design, 450 and UTC product design space, 454–455 Optimization, platform and non-platform ECs calculated sensitivity indices, 357, 359 constraints, 354–355 degree of customer satisfaction, 362 industrial pincers calculated coefficients, 357, 359 engineering measures and benchmarking information, 356, 358 HoQ, 357 systemic image, 355–356 literature, 357 maximal OCS and OCS loss, 357, 360 objective function, 353–354 optimal values, product profiles, 357, 359 problem definition, 352–353 proposed approach, 360–361 Original equipment manufacturer (OEM) automotive business, 125 consumer market, 122 suppliers, 121 P PALMA. See Product architecture lifecycle management (PALMA) Parallelization, 246, 280–283, 291, 296 Pareto band approach, 466 design bandwidth, 466 family and individual product, 466 Pareto front, 285–287, 632–633 Pareto set, 286, 370 Particle separator. See Aerodynamic particle separators Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), 311, 314, 315, 317 Part sharing, 63, 477 PBCM. See Process-based cost modeling (PBCM) PCI. See Product line commonality index (PCI) PDM. See Product data management (PDM) Penalty function, 297, 298, 307, 310, 370, 518, 520, 527, 528, 635 Petri nets (PN). See also Timed colored petri net (TCPN) model description, 507 handling process varieties, 518 seven-tuple, 514 PFD. See Product family design (PFD) PFEG. See Product family evaluation graph approach (PFEG) Platform industrial contexts, 121–123 literature, 475–476 product development, 504, 530 requirement analysis stage, 504 Platform based product development commonality vs. variety, 11–14 configuration and optimization (see Platform configuration and optimization) description, 11 metrics (see Metrics) powerful tools, 27 support systems and techniques, 27, 28 terminology, 27 Platform configuration and optimization commonality, and modularity, 18–20 configuration and portfolio optimization problems, 14, 18 development, 14 families and platforms, classes, 18, 21 GBOM, 20 and non-platform parameters, 20 selection and design, 14, 17–18 Platform design identifying and isolating algorithm, 209–211 lawn and landscape blower family (see Lawn and landscape blower family, PPM) manufacturing improvement functional efficiency, 211, 213 Lucas method, 211, 213 manufacturing tooling design, 213–214 Index 809Platform design (cont.) modeling, 211 nonphysical component platform, 214 optimization, 211, 212 performance, product family, 208 Platform evaluation negative valued targets, 375 optimization, product instances, 374, 375 positive valued targets, 375 stages, 374, 375 threshold value, 376 universal electric motors optimization, 379, 382 performance, products, 382 products leveraged, 382, 383 Platform investment, 24, 60, 62 Platform leveraging, 8, 14, 327, 376, 384 Platform modeling and configuration (PMC) CCM software, 140 configurable components (CCs), 138 description, 137 and PDM systems, 138 Platform optimization, 211 Platform planning. See Product platform planning Platform relaxation multi-platform design evaluation stage, 374–376 mathematical model, 371 platform commonality variables, 371 relaxation stage, 376–377 single platform stage, 372–374 three-stage design process, 369, 371 stage, 376–377 universal electric motors combined results, platforms 1 and 2, 384, 388 family, 384, 385 optimum design variables and performances, 384, 386 product evaluation, platform 2, 384, 387 strategy, case study, 384, 389 Platform selection and design, 17, 22 joint product (see Joint product platform selection and family design) Platform strategy advantages, 49–50 automotive model, 49 Black and Decker’s electric hand tools, 49 commonality (see Commonality) divergence (see Divergence) examination, 50 Joint Strike Fighter program, 49 low and high forward planning, 66, 67 market segmentation, 190–192 MQB platform, 49 product cost, 184–185 trade-offs architectural parameters, 50 internal, 52–53 market, 51–52 water valve, 66 Platform valuation case study (see Case study, platform valuation) company’s profit model, 184–185 design quality, 187–188 financial model, 185–187 market-based design approaches, 180–182 modular product architecture, 196 and PFD, 181 product family architecture, 183 real options analysis, 180 sharing and reusing assets, 179–180 strategy cost, 184–185 PLM. See Product life cycle management (PLM) PMC. See Platform modeling and configuration (PMC) PMM. See Product management map (PMM) Postponement mass customization technique, 600–601 product architecture, 601 PPCEM. See Product Platform Concept Exploration Method (PPCEM) PPCTM. See Product platform constructal theory method (PPCTM) Primary components, 76–77, 79 Principal component analysis (PCA), 396 Proactive platform design method using modularity (PPM) companies, 201–202 design affordance, 204 function strategy, 208 lawn and landscape blower family (see Lawn and landscape blower family, PPM) Lucas method, 218 market research, 204–207 modular architecture, 203 modularity construction, 214–218 platform design (see Platform design) product engineering design process, 202 product family, 203 product family planning, 207–208 810 Indexproduct platform, 202, 203 product strategy, 202 top-down approach, 203 Process-based cost modeling (PBCM), 481–482 Process platform, 3, 504, 781, 783, 786 Process reuse, 786 Product and process qualities, 534 and production system platforms activities, 130 bandwidth, 129 configurable component, 134–137 decomposition, 133 definition, 129 designs, 131–132 different design projects, 131 elaborations and encapsulations, 133, 134 extensive properties, 130 functional and nonfunctional requirements, 132 function-means (F-M) tree, 132, 133 models, 131 platform, 129, 130 technical system characteristics, 131 theory of domains (ToD), 131 theory of technical systems (TTS), 131 Product architecture lifecycle management (PALMA), 103 Product data management (PDM), 137, 138, 140, 779 Product design. See Product family design (PFD) Product development cost, 62, 72, 181, 481 strategy and tactics, 92–93 Product evolution, 739 Product families building, low cost low-cost family variation, 592 mass production methodologies, 591, 592 commonality metrics (see Commonality metrics) designing (see Designing product families) design processes (see Design process) flexible building (see Flexible building, product families) and mass customization, 601–602 prerequisites standardization, 602–603 total cost quantification, 603 spontaneous supply chains (see Supply chains) structuring and selling CNC, 590 definition, 589 flexible operations, nonfamily products, 590 sales and marketing, 591 supply chain and operations, 589 variety building (see Variety) Product family APFD model algorithm, 85–87 bill of materials, 478 commonality metric calculation, 478 selection (see Commonality selection) common components, 87 process planning, 83–84 and product platform design capabilities, enterprises, 782 coordination demand and supply chains, 781 corporate-level product platform, 779–780 customer and marketing interaction, 778–779 development, 777 financial analysis, 782–784 internet, 781 manufacturing systems, 781 open architecture product and service, 784–787 trade-off, 782 Product family architecture, 183 Product family configuration, 10–11 Product family design (PFD) aerodynamic (see Aerodynamic particle separators) back-end issues description, 3 front-end and development issues, 4–6 reconfigurability, 27–29 redesign and design reuse strategies, 29–31 supply chain issues, 31–33 biological analogy APFD model (see Associated product family design (APFD) model) cladistics, 73 cladogram construction method, 83–84 coevolution, 73 commonality and modularity, 84 constituents, 73 Index 811Product family design (PFD) (cont.) designers and engineers, 73 design feasibility and variant generation, 80–81 functional analysis, 76–77, 79 interspecies co-speciation cladograms, 74 liaison graphs, 83 market analysis, 75–76, 78 modularity analysis (see Modularity, PFD analysis) physical assembly process, 84 structural analysis, 77, 80 “black box” simulations, 451–452 classification, 368 cluster and sensitivity analysis., 370 commonality selection, 451 common components and functions, 2 components/modules, 451 consideration, 34 data mining-driven product design, 148–149 demonstration and application, 87 description, 35–36 design and production complexity, 87 design space exploration, 451, 452 design strategies, 148 development enterprises, 367 and development issues (see Platform based product development) distinctiveness, 451 and DSMs, 87 engineering design optimization (see Engineering design) front-end issues description, 2 development and back-end issues, 2, 4–6 market-driven, 8–9 modeling product families and platforms, 9–10 platform and product family configuration, 10–11 product portfolio and product family positioning, 6–7 global platform development, 35 gradient-based optimization methods, 389 heterogeneity, 87 low-cost communication infrastructure, 147 management and engineering aspects, 33 manufacturing and resource constraint, 35 mass customization, 2 “master assembly process plan”, 88 minimal loss, performance, 386 MOPSO, 370–371 multi-platform design, 386 optimization approaches, 370 optimization methods, 368 Pareto-optimal solution, 370–371 performance, 452 performance and commonality, 368 platform divergence, 33–34 platform planning design variables, 296 efficiency, 296 genetic algorithms (GA), 296 method, 296 quantification, 296 platform relaxation, 371–377, 386 platform selection, 370 PPCEM, 370 product cost, 184 product features, 174–175 product lifecycle (see Product lifecycle) product platform and sharing decisions, 149–151 relaxation formulation, 369 robust optimization approaches, 34–35 scale-based product family design method, 390 sizing (see Product family sizing design) stages, 2 standardization, 34 temporal market-driven preferences (see Temporal market-driven preferences) top-down and bottom-up approaches, 3 translating customer, 149 universal electric motor, 377–386 UTC (see United Technologies Corporation (UTC)) valuation (see Platform valuation) variety management, 71–73 Product family evaluation graph approach (PFEG), 25 Product family model module production, 399 module transportation, 399–400 production, 400–401 product sales, 402 product transportation, 401–402 Product family planning, PPM generic product plan, 208, 209 life cycles, 207–208 optimal set, products, 207 Product family positioning, 6–7, 345 Product family sizing design cannibalization, 685 changing and demanding requirements, 684 812 Indexcost, flexibility, and market demands, 685–686 knowledge-based methodologies, 686 literature, 685 market, 684 modularization, 686–687 multi-objective genetic algorithm, 687 multiple scalable platforms, 687 objectives, 684 optimization, 687 perceptions and expectations, 684 product options, 684 purchasing power, 684 sizing (see Product family sizing design) successive quadratic programming (SQP), 687 variants, 685 Product family use cases. See Case study Product features. See also Product family design (PFD) classification, 148–149, 157 consumer electronics, 157, 158 data mining model generation, 155 Mann–Kendal trend test, 157–158 nonstandard feature (NF), 159–160 obsolete feature (OF), 160–161 standard feature (SF), 158–159 time series product data, 152 Product lifecycle commonality decisions, 733 components, 708 constraints, flow balance (see Constraints and adaptability) description, 708 end-of-life management (see End-of-life management) objective function, 714–715 optimal take-back and recovery strategy, 714 optimization outcomes cores, optimal amount, 725, 728 cost reduction, 732 end-of-life management, smartphone family, 725, 729–730 graphical representation, optimal solution, 725–726, 731 implications, 728 material input–output flow, 728, 731–732 objective value, 725, 727 refurbished Phone 4, 732 take-back and part procurement costs
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