Admin مدير المنتدى
![مدير المنتدى مدير المنتدى](https://2img.net/i/itest/ranks/stars/stars13.gif)
![Admin](https://2img.net/u/1711/56/32/51/avatars/1-20.jpg)
عدد المساهمات : 18928 التقييم : 35294 تاريخ التسجيل : 01/07/2009 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى
![كتاب Digital Image Processing Using MATLAB Empty](https://2img.net/i/fa/empty.gif) | موضوع: كتاب Digital Image Processing Using MATLAB الجمعة 19 مارس 2021, 1:40 am | |
| ![](https://i.servimg.com/u/f61/15/36/74/14/subscr10.gif)
أخوانى فى الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Digital Image Processing Using MATLAB Second Edition Rafael C. Gonzalez University of Tennessee Richard E. Woods MedData Interactive Steven L. Eddins The MathWorks, Inc.
![كتاب Digital Image Processing Using MATLAB D_i_p_10](https://i.servimg.com/u/f61/15/36/74/14/d_i_p_10.jpg) و المحتوى كما يلي :
Contents Preface. xi Acknowledgements xiii About the Authors xv l Introduction 1 Previr?w 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 What Is Digital Image Processing? 2 1.3 Background on MATLAB and the Image Processing Toolbox 4 1.4 Areas of Image Processing Covered in the Book 5 1.5 The Book Web Site 7 1.6 Notation 7 1.7 The MATLAB Desktop 7 1.7.l Using the MATLAB Editor/Debugger 10 1 .7.2 Getting Help 10 1.7.3 Saving and Retrieving Work Session Data 11 1.8 How References Are Organized in the Book 11 Summary 12 2 Fundamentals 13 Preview 13 2.1 Digital Image Representation 13 2.1.l Coordinate Conventions 14 2.1.2 Images as Matrices 15 2.2 Reading Images 15 2.3 Displaying Images 18 2.4 Writing Images 21 2.5 Classes 26 2.6 Image Types 27 2.6.1 Gray-scale Images 27 2.6.2 Binary Images 27 2.6.3 A Note on Terminology 28 2.7 Converting between Classes 28 2.8 Array Indexing 33 2.8.l Indexing Vectors 33 2.8.2 Indexing Matrices 35 2.8.3 Indexing with a Single Colon 37 2.8.4 Logical Indexing 38 2.8.5 Linear Indexing 39 2.8.6 Selecting Array Dimensions 42 vVl • Contents 2.8.7 Sparse Matrices 42 2.9 Some Important Standard Arrays 43 2.10 Introduction to M-Function Programming 44 2.10.1 M-Files 44 2.10.2 Operators 46 2.10.3 Flow Control 57 2.10.4 Function Handles 63 2.10.5 Code Optimization 65 2.10.6 Interactive 1/0 71 2.10.7 An Introduction to Cell Arrays and Structures 74 Summary 79 3 Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering 80 Preview 80 3.1 Background 80 3.2 Intensity Transformation Functions 81 3.2.1 Functions imad j ust and st retchlim 82 3.2.2 Logarithmic and Contrast-Stretching Transformations 84 3.2.3 Specifying Arbitrary Intensity Transformations 86 3.2.4 Some Utility M-functions for Intensity Transformations 87 3.3 Histogram Processing and Function Plotting 93 3.3.1 Generating and Plotting Image Histograms 94 3.3.2 Histogram Equalization 99 3.3.3 Histogram Matching (Specification) 102 3.3.4 Function adapt histeq 107 3.4 Spatial Filtering 109 3.4.1 Linear Spatial Filtering 109 3.4.2 Nonlinear Spatial Filtering 117 3.5 Image Processing Toolbox Standard Spatial Filters 120 3.5.1 Linear Spatial Filters 120 3.5.2 Nonlinear Spatial Filters 124 3.6 Using Fuzzy Techniques for Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering 128 3.6.1 Background 128 3.6.2 Introduction to Fuzzy Sets 128 3.6.3 Using Fuzzy Sets 133 3.6.4 A Set of Custom Fuzzy M-functions 140 3.6.5 Using Fuzzy Sets for Intensity Transformations 155 3.6.6 Using Fuzzy Sets for Spatial Filtering 158 Summary 163 4 Filtering in the Frequency Domain 164 Preview 1644.1 T he 2-D Discrete Fourier Transform 164 4.2 Computing and Visualizing the 2-D OF T in MATLAB 168 4.3 Filtering in the Frequency Domain 172 4.3.l Fundamentals 173 4.3.2 Basic Steps in DFT Filtering 178 4.3.3 An M-function for Filtering in the Frequency Domain 179 4.4 Obtaining Frequency Domain Filters from Spatial Filters 180 4.5 Generating Filters Directly in the Frequency Domain 185 4.5.1 Creating Meshgrid Arrays for Use in Implementing Filters in the Frequency Domain 186 4.5.2 Lowpass (Smoothing) Frequency Domain Filters 187 4.5.3 Wireframe and Surface Plotting 190 4.6 Highpass (Sharpening) Frequency Domain Filters 194 4.6.1 A Function for Highpass Filtering 194 4.6.2 High-Frequency Emphasis Filtering 197 4.7 Selective Filtering199 4.7.1 Bandreject and Bandpass Filters 199 4.7.2 Notchreject and Notchpass Filters 202 Summary 208 5 Image Restoration and Reconstruction 209 Preview 209 5.1 A Model of the Image Degradation/Restoration Process 210 5.2 Noise Models 211 5.2.l Adding Noise to Images with Function imnoise 211 5.2.2 Generating Spatial Random Noise with a Specified Distribution 212 5.2.3 Periodic Noise 220 5.2.4 Estimating Noise Parameters 224 5.3 5. Restoration 3.1 Spatial inNoise the Presence Filters of 229Noise Only-Spatial Filtering 229 5.3.2 Adaptive Spatial Filters 233 5.4 Periodic Noise Reduction Using Frequency Domain Filtering 236 5.5 Modeling the Degradation Function 237 5.6 Direct Inverse Filtering 240 5.7 Wiener Filtering 240 5.8 Constrained Least Squares (Regularized) Filtering 244 5.9 Iterative Nonlinear Restoration Using the Lucy-Richardson Algorithm 246 5.10 Blind Deconvolution 250 5.11 Image Reconstruction from Proj ections 251 5.11.l Background 252 5.11.2 Parallel-Beam Projections and the Radon Transform 254 5.11 .3 The Fourier Slice Theorem and Filtered Backprojections 257 5.11.4 Filter Implementation 258 • Contents viiviii • Contents 5.11.5 Reconstruction Using Fan-Beam Filtered Backprojections 259 5.11.6 Function radon 260 5.11.7 Function iradon 263 5.11.8 Working with Fan-Beam Data 268 Summary 277 6 Geometric Transformations and Image Registration 278 Preview 278 6.1 Transforming Points 278 6.2 Affine Transformations 283 6.3 Projective Transform ations 287 6.4 Applying Geometric Transform ations to Images 288 6.5 Image Coordinate Systems in MATLAB 291 6.5.1 Output Image Location 293 6.5.2 Controlling the Output Grid 297 6.6 Image Interpolation 299 6.6.1 Interpolation in Two Dimensions 302 6.6.2 Comparing Interpolation Methods 302 6.7 Image Registration 305 6.7.1 Registration Process 306 6.7.2 Manual Feature Selection and Matching Using cpselect 306 6.7.3 Inferring Transformation Parameters Using cp2tform 307 6.7.4 Visualizing Aligned Images 307 6.7.5 Area-Based Registration 311 6.7.5 Automatic Feature-Based Registration 316 Summary 317 7 Color Image Processing 318 Preview 318 7.1 Color Image Representation in MATLAB 318 7.1.1 RGB Images 318 7.1.2 Indexed Images 321 7.1.3 Functions for Manipulating RGB and Indexed Images 323 7.2 Converting Between Color Spaces 328 7.2.l NTSC Color Space 328 7.2.2 The YCbCr Color Space 329 7.2.3 The HSY Color Space 329 7.2.4 The CMY and CMYK Color Spaces 330 7.2.5 The HSI Color Space 331 7.2.6 Device-Independent Color Spaces 340 7.3 T he Basics of Color Image Processing 349 7.4 Color Transformations 350 7.5 Spatial Filtering of Color Images 3607.5.1 Color Image Smoothing 360 7.5.2 Color Image Sharpening 365 7.6 Working Directly in RGBVector Space 366 7.6.1 Color Edge Detection Using the Gradient 366 7.6.2 Image Segmentation in RGB Vector Space 372 Summary 376 8 Wavelets 377 Preview 377 8.1 Background 377 8.2 T he Fast Wavelet Transform 380 8.2.1 FWTs Using the Wavelet Toolbox 381 8.2.2 FWTs without the Wavelet Tool box 387 8.3 Working with Wavelet Decomposition Structures 396 8.3.l Editing Wavelet Decomposition Coefficients without the Wavelet Toolbox 399 8.3.2 Displaying Wavelet Decomposition Coefficients 404 8.4 T he Inverse Fast Wavelet Transform 408 8.5 Wavelets in Image Processing 414 Summary 419 9 Image Compression 420 Preview 420 9.1 Background 421 9.2 Coding Redundancy 424 9.2.1 Huffman Codes 427 9.2.2 Huffman Encoding 433 9.2.3 Huffman Decoding 439 9.3 Spatial Redundancy 446 9.4 Irrelevant Information 453 9.5 JPEG Compression 456 9.5.1 JPEG 456 9.5.2 JPEG 2000 464 9.6 Video Compression 472 9.6.1 MATLAB Image Sequences and Movies 473 9.6.2 Temporal Redundancy and Motion Compensation 476 Summary 485 l 0 Morphological Image Processing 486 Preview 486 10.1 Preliminaries 487 10.1.1 Some Basic Concepts from Set Theory 487 10.1.2 Binary Images, Sets, and Logical Operators 489 10.2 Dilation and Erosion 490 • Contents ixX • Contents 10.2.1 Dilation 490 10.2.2 Structuring Element Decomposition 493 10.2.3 The st rel Function 494 10.2.4 Erosion 497 10.3 Combining Dilation and Erosion 500 10.3.1 Opening and Closing 500 10.3.2 The Hit-or-Miss Transformation 503 10.3.3 Using Lookup Tables 506 10.3.4 Function bwmorph 511 10.4 Labeling Connected Components 514 10.5 Morphological Reconstruction 518 10.5.1 Opening by Reconstruction 518 10.5.2 Filling Holes 520 10.5.3 C learing Border Objects 521 10.6 Gray-Scale Morphology 521 10.6.l Dilation and Erosion 521 10.6.2 Opening and Closing 524 10.6.3 Reconstruction 530 Summary 534 11 Image Segmentation 535 Preview 535 11.1 Point, Line, and Edge Detection 536 11.1.1 Point Detection 536 11.1.2 Line Detection 538 11.1.3 Edge Detection Using Function edge 541 11.2 Line Detection Using the Hough Transform 549 11.2.1 Background 551 11.2.2 Toolbox Hough Functions 552 11.3 T hresholding 557 11.3.1 Foundation 557 11.3.2 Basic Global Thresholding 559 11.3.3 Optimum Global Thresholding Using Otsu's Method 561 11.3.4 Using Image Smoothing to Improve Global Thresholding 565 11.3.5 Using Edges to Improve Global Thresholding 567 11.3.6 Variable Thresholding Based on Local Statistics 571 11.3.7 Image Thresholding Using Moving Averages 575 11.4 Region-Based Segmentation 578 11.4.1 Basic Formulation 578 11.4.2 Region Growing 578 11.4.3 Region Splitting and Merging 582 11.5 Segmentation Using the Watershed Transform 588 11.5.1 Watershed Segmentation Using the Distance Transform 589 11.5.2 Watershed Segmentation Using Gradients 591 11.5.3 Marker-Controlled Watershed Segmentation 593Summary 596 12 Representation and Description 597 Preview . 597 12.1 Background 597 12.1.1 Functions for Extracting Regions and Their Boundaries 598 12.1.2 Some Additional MATLAB and Toolbox Functions Used in This Chapter 603 12.1.3 Some Basic Utility M-Functions 604 12.2 Representation 606 12.2.l Chain Codes 606 12.2.2 Polygonal Approximations Using Minimum-Perimeter Polygons 610 12.2.3 Signatures 619 12.2.4 Boundary Segments 622 12.2.5 Skeletons 623 12.3 Boundary Descriptors 625 12.3.1 Some Simple Descriptors 625 12.3.2 Shape Numbers 626 12.3.3 Fourier Descriptors 627 12.3.4 Statistical Moments 632 12.3.5 Comers 633 12.4 Regional Descriptors 641 12.4.1 Function regionprops 642 12.4.2 Texture 644 12.4.3 Moment Invariants 656 12.5 Using Principal Components for Description 661 Summary 672 13 Object Recognition 674 Preview 674 13.1 Background 674 13.2 Computing Distance Measures in MATLAB 675 13.3 Recognition Based on Decision-Theoretic Methods 679 13.3.1 Forming Pattern Vectors 680 13.3.2 Pattern Matching Using Minimum-Distance Classifiers 680 13.3.3 Matching by Correlation 681 13.3.4 Optimum Statistical Classifiers 684 13.3.5 Adaptive Leaming Systems 691 13.4 Structural Recognition 691 13.4.1 Working with Strings in MATLAB 692 13.4.2 String Matching 701 Summary 706 xiAppendix A Appendix 8 Appendix ( M-Function Summary 707 ICE and MATLAB Graphical User Interfaces 724 Additional Custom M-functions 750 Bibliography 813 Index 817 Symbols 4-connectivity 5 1 5 8-connectivity 5 1 5 : (colon i n M ATLAB) 33 . (dot) 46 . . . (dots for long equations) 24 . mat. See MAT-file @ operator 63 » (prompt) 8 ; (semicolon in MATLAB) 1 6 A abs 168 adapthisteq 108 Adjacency 5 1 5 adpmedian 235 aggfcn 149 AND 53 elementwise 53 scalar 53 angle 1 7 1 annotation 1 02 ans 55 appcoef2 398 applycform 344 applylut 507 approxfcn 1 5 2 Arctangent 165, 367 four quadrant 1 65, 367. See also atan2 Array 15. 42. See also Matrix operations 47 preallocating 65 selecting dimension 42 standard 43 vs. matrix 1 5 atan2 170 Autocorrelation 682 Average image power 241 axis 96 axis i j (moves axis origin) 96 axis off 1 91 axis on 1 91 axis xy (moves axis origin) 96 B Background 489, 498, 509, 5 1 4, 557, 498 nonuniform 527, 532, 549, 558, 57 1 bandfilter 1 99 bar 95 bayesgauss 685 bellmf 145, 157 Binary image. See Image bin2dec 438 Bit depth. See Color image processing blanks 692 Blind deconvolution. See Image restoration blkproc 459 Book web site 7 Border. See Boundary, Region bound2eight 605 bound2four 605 bound2im 600 Boundaries functions for extracting 598 Boundary 598. See also Region axis (major, minor) 626 basic rectangle 626 changing direction of 599 connecting 605 defined 598 diameter 626 eccentricity 626 length 625 minimally connected 598 minimum-perimeter polygons 6 1 0 ordering a random sequence of boundary points 605 segments 622 break 58, 6 1 bsubsamp 605 bsxfun 676 bwboundaries 599 bwdist 589 bwhitmiss 505 bwlabel 515 bwmorph 51 1 bwperim 598 c cart2pol 621 Cartesian product 487 Cassini spacecraft 206 cat 3 1 9 CDF. See Cumulative distribution function ceil 171 cell 392, 431 Cell arrays 74 example 76 celldisp 75, 431 cellfun 75 cellplot 431 cellstr 692 Cellular complex 612 817818 • Index Center of frequency rectangle 1 71 Center of mass 5 1 6, 643 cform structure 344 Chain codes. See Representation and description char 26, 73 checkerboard 238 circshift 604 Circular convolution. See Convolution Classes. See also Image classes converting between 28 list 26 terminology 28 Classification. See Recognition clc 9 clear 9 Clipping 30 C MEX-file 442 cnotch 202 Code. See also Function. Programming combining statements 32 long lines 24 modular 2 1 6 optimization 65 preallocation 65 vectorization 68 col2im 460 colfilt 1 1 8 colon 33 colorgrad 369 Colon notation. See Notation Color image processing basics of 349 bit depth 3 1 8 brightness 340 chromaticity 340 chromaticity diagram 341 CIE 34 1 color balancing 358 color correction 358 color edge detection 366 color editing 352 color gamut 347 color image segmentation 372 color map 32 1 color map matrix 32 1 color maps 324 color profile 33 1 , 346 color space CMY 330 CMYK 330 device independent 340 HSI 33 1 HSY 329 L*a*b* 344 L*ch 344 NTSC 328 RGB 3 1 9 sRGB 343 u'v'L 344 uvL 344 xyY 341 XYZ 341 YCbCr 329 color transformations 350 converting between CIE and sRGB 344 converting between color spaces 328 converting between RGB, indexed, and gray-scale images. 324 converting HSI to RGB 334 converting RGB to HSI 334 dithering 323, 326 extracting RGB component images 3 1 9 full-color transformation 351 gamut mapping 347 gradient of a vector 368 gradient of image 366 graphical user interface (GUI) 353 gray-level slicing 325 gray-scale map 32 1 histogram equalization 359 hue 328, 332, 340 ICC color profiles 346, 347 image sharpening 365 image smoothing 360 indexed images 321 intensity 332 luminance 320 line of purples 342 manipulating RGB and indexed images 323 perceptual uniformity 343 primaries of light 3 1 9 pseudocolor mapping 351 RGB color cube 3 19 RGB color image 3 1 8 R G B values o f colors 322 saturation 328, 332, 340 secondaries of light 3 1 9 shade 329 soft proofing 347 spatial filtering 360 tint 329 tone 329 trichromatic coefficients 340 tristimulus values 340 colormap 1 9 1 , 323 colorseg 373 Column vector. See Vector Command-function duality 24 compare 423 computer 55 Conjugate transpose 33 Connected component 5 1 5, 597 pixels 597 set 598 connectpoly 605 continue 58, 62 Contour. See Boundary Contrast enhancement. See Image enhancement measure of, 667 stretching. See Image enhancement Control points. See Geometric transformations conv2 393 converting between linear and subscript 40 Convex deficiency 622 hull 622 vertex 6 1 2 Convolution circular 1 74 expression 1 1 4. 244 filter 1 1 0 frequency domain 173 kernel 1 1 0 mask 1 10 mechanics 1 10 spatial 80 theorem 1 73 Convolution theorem 1 73 conwaylaws 509 Co-occurrence matrix. See Representation and description image 1 4 MATLAB 1 4 Coordinates 1 4 Cartesian 1 92. 62 1 image 1 3 pixel 1 4 polar 257, 62 1 . 654 row and column 1 4 spatial 1 4 copper 323 Corner 633 Corner detection. See Representation and description cornermetric 638 cornerprocess 638 Correlation 1 1 4, 68 1 coefficient 3 1 2. 682 expression 1 1 4 mechanics 1 10 normalized cross-correlation 3 1 2 spatial 1 1 0 theorem 242 Correlation coefficient. See Correlation Covariance matrix 684 approximation 662 function for computing 663 covmat rix 663 cpselect 306 Cross-correlation 3 1 2, 682. See also Recognition CT 25 1 cumsum IOI Cumulative distribution function 99, 2 1 2 transformation 99 table of 2 1 4 Current directory. See MATLABCurvature. See Representation and description Custom function 2. 7 cv2tifs 483 Cygnus Loop 587 D de component 1 65 dec2base 700 dec2bin 436, 446 deconvblind 250 deconvlucy 247 Deconvolution. See Image restoration deconvreg 245 deconvwnr 241 defuzzify 1 49 Descriptor. See Representation and description detcoef2 398 DFf.See Discrete Fourier transform dftfilt 179 dftuv 1 86 diag 374 diameter 626 diff 529 Digital image. See Image Digital image processing, definition 3 Dimension array 1 6 singleton 1 7 Directory 1 6 Discrete cosine transform (OCT) 456 Discrete Fourier transform (DFf) centering 1 67, 1 68 computing 1 68 defined 1 64, 1 65 filtering. See Frequency domain filtering inverse 165 periodicity 1 66 phase angle 1 65 power spectrum 1 66 scaling issues 1 72 spectrum 1 65 visualizing 1 68 wraparound error 174 disp 7 1 Displacement variable 1 14 Distance 372 computing in MATLAB 675 Euclidean 343, 372, 675 Mahalanobis 373, 678, 684 transform 589 dither 323 Division by zero 47 doc 10 Don't care pixel 506 Dots per inch. See Dpi double 26 Dpi 24 dwtmode 387 E edge 542 Edge detection. See Image segmentation edgetaper 242 edit 46 eig 665 Eigenvalues 637, 663 for corner detection 637 Electromagnetic spectrum 2 Elementwise operation. See Operation. else 58 elseif 58 end 34 End point 507 endpoints 507 Entropy 645, 65 1 eps 55 error 59 eval 694 Extended minima transform 595 eye 44 F Faceted shading 193 false 44, 587 False contouring 23 fan2para 274 fanbeam 269 Fast wavelet transform (FWT) 380 fchcode 607 Features 306, 625, 674. See also Representation and description fft2 168 fftshift 1 69 Fields. See Structures figure 1 9 filter 575 Filter(ing) frequency domain. See Frequency domain filtering morphological. See Morphology spatial. See Spatial filtering find 2 1 5 f i x 1 52 fliplr 262 flipud 262 Floating point number. See Number floor 1 7 1 for 58, 59 Foreground 489, 490, 503, 507, 557, 598 format 56 Fourier coefficients 1 65 descriptors 627 Slice theorem 257 spectrum 1 65 • Index 819 transform. See Discrete Fourier transform (DFf) fplot 98, 156 frdescp 629 Freeman chain codes. See Representation and description Frequency domain 1 65 convolution 1 73 rectangle 1 65 rectangle center 1 7 1 variables 1 65 Frequency domain filtering bandpass 1 99 bandreject 1 99 basic steps 1 78 constrained least squares 244 convolution 1 73 direct inverse 240 fundamentals 1 73 high-frequency emphasis 1 97 highpass 1 94 lowpass 1 87 M-function for 1 79 notchpass 202 notchreject 202 periodic noise reduction 236 steps 1 78 Wiener 240 Frequency domain filters. See also Frequency domain filtering bandpass 1 99 bandreject 1 99 Butterworth bandreject 1 99 Butterworth highpass 1 95 Butterworth lowpass 1 87 constrained least squares 244 converting to spatial filters 1 8 1 direct inverse 240 from spatial filters 1 80 Gaussian highpass 1 95 Gaussian lowpass 1 88 generating directly 1 85 high-frequency emphasis 1 97 highpass 1 94 ideal bandreject 1 99 ideal highpass 1 95 ideal lowpass 1 87 notchreject 202 padding 1 74 periodic noise reduction 236 plotting 1 90 pseudoinverse. See Image restoration Ram-Lak 259, 266 sharpening 1 94 Shepp-Logan 259 smoothing 1 87 transfer function 1 73 Wiener 240 zero-phase-shift 1 79 freqz2 1 8 1820 • Index fspecial 1 20 full 43 Function body 45 comments 45 custom 7 decision 679 discriminant 679 factories 1 4 1 function-generating 141 HI line 45 handle 63, 66, 1 1 9 anonymous 64 named 63 simple 63 help text 45 M-file 4, 1 0 components of 45 M-function 4, 44 nested, 140 programming. See Programming subfunction 45 windowing. See Windowing functions wrapper 298 fuzzyfilt 1 62 Fuzzy processing aggregation 1 35, 1 38 aggregation, function for 1 49 custom membership functions 143 definitions 1 29 defuzzification 136, 1 38 defuzzification, function for 149 degree of membership 1 29 ELSE rule 1 39 fuzzification 1 33 fuzzy set 1 29 general model 1 39 IF-THEN rules 1 33 antecedent 1 33 conclusion 1 33 consequent 1 33 firing level 1 39 premise 1 33 strength level 1 39 implication 1 34, 137 implication, function for 147 improving performance 1 5 1 inference 1 34 intensity transformations 155 lambda functions 1 46 linguistic value 1 33 linguistic variable 1 33 logical operations 137 membership function 1 29, 131 overall system function 1 50 rule strength, function for 146 spatial filtering 1 58 universe of discourse 129 using fuzzy sets 1 33 fuzzysysfcn 1 50 G Gaussian bandreject 1 99 gca 96 Generalized delta functions. See Image reconstruction Geometric transformations affine transformations 283 affine matrix 284 similarity transformations 285 applying to images 288 control points 306, 35 1 controlling the output grid 297 forward transformation (mapping) 278 global transformations 306 homogeneous coordinates 284 horizon line 288 image coordinate systems 291 input space 278 interpolation 299 1 - D 299 2-D 302 bicubic 302 bilinear 302 comparing methods 302 cubic 302 kernels 300 linear 301 nearest-neighbor 302 resampling 300 local transformations 306 inverse transformation (mapping) 279, 288 output image location 293 output space 278 shape-preserving 285 projective transformations 287 tiles 107 vanishing points 288 get 56,353 getsequence 496 global 430 Gradient defined 366 morphological 524 used for edge detection. See Image segmentation Graphical user interface (GUI) 353 g ray2ind 325 graycomatrix 648 graycoprops 649 Gray level. See also Intensity definition 2, 1 3, 27 transformation function 81 grayslice 325 graythresh 562 grid off 1 91 grid on 191 gscale 92 H HI line 45 Handle. See Function handle help 46 hilb 39 Hilbert matrix 39 hist 220 histc 437 histeq 1 00 Histogram. See also Image enhancement bimodal 558 contrast-limited 107 defined 94 equalization 99 equalization of color images 359 matching 102 normalized 94 plotting 94 specification 102 unimodal 558 histroi 227 hold on 98 Hole. See also Morphology, Region definition 598 filling 520 Hotelling transform 662 hough 553 Hough transform.See also Image segmentation accumulator cells 552 functions for computing 552 line detection 556 line linking 556 parameter space 551 houghlines 555 houghpeaks 555 hpfilter 195 hsi2rgb 338 hsv2rgb 330 huff2mat 440 huffman 429 hypot 187 Hysteresis thresholding. See Image segmentation i 55 i2percentile 567 ICC. See International Color Consortium color profiles 346 iccread 347 ice 352 Icon notation. See also Notation custom function 7 MATLAB Wavelet Toolbox 377 Image Processing Toolbox 7 JDFT. See Inverse discrete Fourier transform if 58 IF-THEN rule. See Fuzzy processingifanbeam 272 ifft2 172 ifftshift 1 70 ifrdescp 629 Illumination bias 575 im2bw 29, 3 1 im2col 460 im2double 29 im2f rame 473 im2j peg 457 im2j peg2k 466 im2minperpoly 6 1 7 im2single 29 im2uint8 29 im2uint 1 6 29 imadj ust 82 imag 1 70 Image 2 amplitude 2 analysis 3 as a matrix 1 5 average power 241 binary 27, 598 classes 26 converting between 23 columns 1 4 coordinates 1 3 definition 2 description. See Representation and description digital 2, 1 4 displaying 1 8 dithering 323 element 2, 15 formal extensions 1 7 formats 1 7 gray level. See Gray level, Intensity gray-scale 27 indexed 27 intensity. See Intensity interpolation. See Geometric transformations monochrome 1 3 multispectral 666, 686 origin 1 4 padding 1 1 0, 1 1 8, 174 picture element 2 representation. See Representation and description resolution 24 RGB 1 3, 27 rows 1 4 size 14 spatial coordinates 2 Tool 1 9 types 27 understanding 3 writing 2 1 Image compression background 421 coding redundancy 424 compression ratio 421 decoder 421 encoder 42 1 error rree 423 Huffman 427 code 427 block code 428 decodable 428 instantaneous 428 codes 427 decoding 439 encoding 433 improved gray-scale ( IGS) quantization 453 information preserving 423 inverse mapper 424 irrelevant infomation 453 J PEG 2000 compression 464 coding system 464 subbands 464 J PEG compression discrete cosine transform (OCT) 456 JPEG standard 456 lossless 423 lossless predictive coding 449 predictor 449 quantization 453 quantizer 424 reversible mappings 449 rms 423 root mean square error 423 spatial redundancy 446 interpixel redundancy 448 symbol coder 424 symbol decode 424 video compression 472 image sequences in MATLAB 473 motion compensation 476 movies in MATLAB 473 multiframe TIFF files 472 temporal redundancy 472, 476 video frames 472 Image enhancement 80, 1 64 color. See Color image processing contrast enhancement, stretching 84, 85, 90, 529 frequency domain filtering 164 high-frequency emphasis 1 97 periodic noise removal 204 sharpening 1 94 smoothing 1 88 histogram adaptive equalization 107 equalization 99 matching (specification) 102 processing 93 intensity transformations 81 arbitrary 86 contrast-stretching 84 functions for computing 82, 89 logarithmic 84 spatial filtering geometric mean 1 19 noise reduction 1 27 sharpening 1 20 • Index 821 smoothing (blurring) 1 1 6 using fuzzy sets 1 55 Image Processing Toolbox I , 4, 7 Image reconstruction absorption profile 252 background 252 backprojection 253, 259 center ray 268 computed tomography 251 fan-beam 259 fan-beam data 268 filter implementation 258 filtered projection 258 Fourier slice theorem 257 generalized delta functions 258 parallel-ray beam 255 Radon transform 254 Ram-Lak filter 259, 266 ray sum 254 Shepp-Logan filter 259 Shepp-Logan head phantom 261 sinogram 263 slice 254, 257 windowing functions. See Windowing functions Image registration area-based 3 1 1 automatic registration 3 1 6 basic process 306 control points 306 correlation coefficient 3 1 2 reature detector 3 1 6 inferring transformation parameters 307 inliers 3 1 7 manual feature selection 306 manual matching 306 mosaicking 3 1 6 normalized cross-correlation 3 1 2 outliers 3 1 7 similarity metrics 314 Image restoration adaptive spatial filters 233. See also Spatial filters deconvolution 210 blind, 237, 250 direct inverse filtering 240 iterative 247 linear 210 Lucy-Richardson algorithm 246 model 2 1 0 noise models 2 1 1 . See also Noise noise only 229 nonlinear 247 constrained least squares filtering 244 optical transfer function 210 parametric Wiener filter 241 periodic noise reduction 236 point spread function 2 1 0 pseudoinverse 240 spatial noise filters. See also Spatial filters regularized filtering 244822 • Index Wiener riltering 240 Image segmentation edge detection 541 Canny detector 546 double edges 542, 546 gradient angle 541 gradient magnitude 541 gradient vector 54 1 Laplacian 542 Laplacian of a Gaussian (LoG) detector 545 location 542 masks 544 Prewitt detector 543, 545 Roberts detector 543, 545 Sobel detector 542 using function edge 541 zero crossings 543 zero-crossings detector 546 image thresholding using local statistics 571 line detection 538 masks 538 using the Hough transform 549 nonmaximal suppression 546 oversegmentation 591 point detection 536 region-based 578 logical predicate 578 region growing 578 region splitting and merging 582 edge map 549 thresholding 557 background point 557 basic global thresholding 559 hysteresis 546 local statistics 571 object (foreground) point 557 Otsu's (optimum) method 561 separability measure 562 types of 558 using edges 567 using image smoothing 565 using moving averages 575 using watersheds 588 catchment basin 588 marker-controlled 593 using gradients 591 using the distance transform 589 watershed 588 watershed transform 588 I mage Tool 1 9 imapprox 321 imbothat 529 imclearborder 52 1 imclose 501 imcomplement 83 imdilate 492 imerode 500 imextendedmin 595 imfilter 1 1 4 imf ill 52 1 . 603 imf info 23 imhist 94, 1 56 imhmin 53 1 imimposemin 595 imlincomb 50 imnoise 1 26, 2 1 1 imnoise2 2 1 6 imnoise3 221 imopen 50 1 implay 407, 474 implfcns 1 47 imratio 42 1 imread 1 5 imreconstruct 5 1 8 imregionalmin 593 imrotate 29 1 , 659 imshow 1 8, 69 imstack2vectors 663 imtool 1 9 imtophat 529 imt ransform 288 imt ransform2 298 imwrite 2 1 ind2gray 325 ind2rgb 326 ind2sub 40 Indexing 33 linear 39 logical 38 matrix 35 row-column 40 single colon 37 subscript 33 vector 33 Inf 47 I nitialMagnification 5 1 0 inpolygon 6 1 6 input 72 int2st r 699 intB 26 int 1 6 26 int32 26 Intensity. See also Gray level definition 2, 13, 27 scaling 92 transformation function 8 1 arbitrary 86 contrast-stretching 84 fuzzy 1 55 histogram. See Histogram logarithmic 84 thresholding 85 utility M-functions 87 transformations 80 International Color Consortium 346 I nterpolation. See Geometric transformations interp1 86 interp 1 q 35 1 interpn 1 53 intline 606 intrans 89, 1 57 invmoments 658 iptsetpref 291 iradon 263 iscell 54 iscellstr 54, 694 ischar 54 isempty 54 isequal 54 iseven 203 isfield 54 isfinite 54 isinf 54 isinteger 54 isletter 54 islogical 28, 54 ismember 54 isnan 54 isnumeric 54 isodd 203 isprime 54 isreal 54 isscalar 54 isspace 54 issparse 54 isst ruct 54 isvector 54 Inverse discrete Fourier transform 1 65 J j 55 j peg2im 461 j peg2k2im 468 JPEG compression 456 L Label matrix 5 1 5 lambdafcns 1 46 Laplacian defined 1 20 mask for 1 2 1 . 122 of a Gaussian (LoG). See Image segmentation of color images 365 of vectors 365 used for edge detection. See Image segmentation Laplacian of a Gaussian (LoG) 545 LaTeX-style notation 553 length 59 Line detection. See Image segmentation, Hough transform linking. See Hough transform normal representation 551 slope-intercept representation 55 1 Linc detection. See Image segmentation linspace 34. 1 57 load 1 1 localmean 572 localthresh 573 log 84 log2 84 log 1 0 84 logical 26, 27Logical array 27 class 27 indexing 38, 2 1 6 mask 125, 225. 587 operator 52 long 57 Long lines. See Code long e 57 long eng 57 long g 57 lookfor 46 Lookup table 87, 506 lower 201 lpc2mat 45 1 lpfilter 1 89 Lucy-Richardson algorithm. See Image restoration M magic 44 Magic square 44 mahalanobis 678 makecform 344 makecounter 1 4 1 makefuzzyedgesys 1 6 1 makelut 507 maketform 279 Mammogram 83 manualhist 105 Marker image 5 1 8, 567, 584, 593. See also Morphology Mask. See Logical mask, Spatial mask. Morphological reconstruction mat2gray 29, 30 mat2huff 436 mat2str 699 Matching. See Recognition MAT-file I I MATLAB 1 , 2 background 4 command history 9 command window 8 coordinate convention 1 4 current directory 8 current directory field 8 definition 4 desktop 7 desktop tools 9 editor/debugger 1 0 Function Factories 1 4 1 function-generating functions 1 4 1 function plotting 93 help 10 help browser 10 image coordinate systems 29 1 M-file. See Function M-function. See Function nested Functions . See Function plotting 1 90 prompt 1 6 retrieving work 1 1 saving work 1 1 search path 9 string operations 692 toolboxes 4 workspace 8 workspace browser 8 Matrix as an image 1 5 interval. See Morphology operations 47 sparse 42 vs. array 15 Matrix vs. array 1 5 max 48, 686 Maximum likelihood 250 mean 76, 5 1 7 mean2 76, 92 Mean vector 684 approximation 662 function for computing 663 medfilt2 1 26 Median 1 26. See also Spatial filtering, Spatial filters mesh 1 90 meshgrid 69 Metacharacters 695 mexErrMsgTxt 445 MEX-file 442 min 48 Minima imposition 595 Minimum-perimeter polygons 6 1 0, 703. See also Representation and description Moire pattern 203 Moment(s) about the mean 224 central 224 invariants 656 statistical 632 used for texture analysis 644 Monospace characters 1 5 montage 474 Morphology, Morphological 4-connectivity 5 1 5 8-connectivity 5 1 5 closing 500 combining dilation and erosion 500 connected component 5 1 4 definition 5 1 5 labeling 5 1 4 label matrix 5 1 5 dilation 490 erosion 497 filtering 503, 524, 526 gradient 524 gray-scale morphology alternating sequential filtering 526 bottomhal transformation 529 close-open filtering 526 closing 524 dilation 52 1 erosion 521 • Index 823 granulometry 529 open-close filtering 526 opening 524 reconstruction 530 closing-by-reconstruction 531 h-minima transform 53 1 opening-by-reconstruction 531 tophat-by-reconstruction 532 surface area 529 tophat transformation 528 hit-or-miss transformation 503 interval matrix 506 lookup table 506 matching 503 opening 500 pruning 5 1 2 parasitic components 5 12 reconstruction 5 1 8 clearing border objects 521 filling holes 520 mask 5 1 8 marker 5 1 8 opening by reconstruction 5 1 8 reflection o f set 488 shrinking 5 1 2 skeleton 5 1 1 spurs 5 1 2 structuring element 486, 490 decomposition 493 Fial 522 origin 488, 491 , 492 st rel Function 494 thickening 51 2 thinning 5 1 1 translation or set 488 view of binary images 489 Mosaicking 3 1 6 movie2avi 475 movingthresh 576 movie2tifs 475 M PP. See Minimum-perimeter polygons mxArray 445 mxCalloc 445 mxCreate 445 mxGet 445 N NaN 47, 55 nargchk 88 nargin 87 nargout 87 ndims 42 Neighborhood processing 80, 1 09 Nested function. See Function nextpow2 1 75 nlfilt 1 1 7 Noise adding 2 1 1 application areas 2 1 3 average power 241 density 2 1 5824 • Index Erlang 2 1 4 parameter estimating 224 scaling 2 1 1 exponential 2 1 4 filters. See Filter(ing) gamma. See Erlang above Gaussian 2 1 4 lognormal 2 1 4 models 2 1 1 multiplicative 2 1 1 periodic 220 Poisson 2 1 1 , 247 Rayleigh 2 1 2, 2 1 4 salt and pepper 2 1 4, 2 1 5 speckle 2 1 1 uniform 2 14 with specified distribution 2 1 2 Noise-to-signal power ratio 241 norm 675 Norm. See Vector norm Normalized cross-correlation. See Correlation normxcorr2 3 1 3, 682 NOT 53 Notation colon 33 function listing 7 icon 7 LaTeX-style 553 ntrop 426 ntsc2rgb 329 Number exponential notation 56 floating point 55 format types 57 precision 55 representation 55 numel 59 0 Object recognition. See Recognition onemf 1 46 ones 44 Operation array 47 elementwise 47 matrix 47 Operator arithmetic 46 logical 52 relational 50 OR 53 elementwise 53 scalar 53 ordfilt2 1 25 Ordering boundary points 605 OTF (optical transfer function) 2 1 0 otf2psf 2 1 0 otsuthresh 564 p padarray 1 1 8 paddedsize 1 74 Padding. See Image padding Panning 604 para2fan 275 patch 320 Pattern recognition. See Recognition PDF. See probability density function Pel 2, 1 5. See also Pixel Percentile 567 percentile2i 567 permute 677 persistent 507 phantom 261 pi 55 Picture element 2, 1 5 Pixel coordinates 1 4 definition 2, 1 5 pixeldup 238 Pixel(s) adjacent 5 1 5 connected 5 1 5. 597 connecting 605 ordering along a boundary 605 path 5 1 5 straight digital line between two points 606 Pixels(s) orientation or triplets 6 1 2 plot 4 1 , 98 Plotting 93, 98 surface 190 wireframe 1 90 Point detection. See Image segmentation pointgrid 282 pol2cart 621 polyangles 704 Polymersome cells 563 pow2 438 Preallocating arrays 65. See also Code Predicate function 585 logical 578 Predicate (logical) 578 Principal components for data compression 667 for object alignment 670 transform 662 principalcomps 664 print 26 Probability. See also Histogram density function 99 for equalization 99 specified 1 03 table or 2 1 4 of intensity level 94 prod 1 1 9 Programming. See also Code, Function break 61 code optimization 65 commenting code 45 continue 58. 6 1 floating-point numbers 55 flow control 57 function body 45 function definition line 45 H I line 45 help text 45 if construct 58 interactive 1/0 7 1 M-Function 44 loops 59, 60 number formats 57 operators 46 switch 62 values 55 variable number of inputs and outputs 87 vectorizing 68 wrapper function 298 Prompt 8 PSF (point spread function) 210 psf2otf 210 Q qtdecomp 584 qtgetblk 584 quad 64 Quadimages 583 Quadregions 583 Quadtree 583 Quantization 1 4 quantize 454 R radon 260 Radon transform 254 rand 44, 2 1 5 randn 44. 2 1 5 Random variable 2 1 1 . 224 number generator 2 1 3 randvertex 704 RANSAC 3 1 6 real 1 70 realmax 55 realmin 55 Recognition decision boundary 679 decision function 679 decision-theoretic methods 679 adaptive learning systems 691 Bayes classifier 684 correlation 68 1 correlation template 681 minimum-distance classifiers 680 discriminant function 679 distance measures 675 feature 674hyperplane 681 matching. See also Crosscorrelation correlation 681 minimum-distance 680 morphological. See Morphology template 312, 681 pattern 674 pattern class 674 pattern vector 674, 680 structural methods 691 regular expressions 694 string matching 693, 701 string registration 701 , 704 working with pattern strings in MATLAB 692 reflect 492 regexp 695 regexpi 696 regexprep 696 Region adjacent 578 background points 598 border 598 boundary 598 contour 598 functions for extracting 598 interior point 59, 598 of interest 225 Regional descriptors. See Representation and description regiongrow 580 Region growing. See Image segmentation Region merging. See Image segmentation regionprops 642 Region splitting. See Image segmentation Regular expressions 694 rem 1 52, 392 Representation and description background 597 description approaches 625 boundary descriptors 625 axis (major, minor) 626 basic rectangle 626 corners 633 curvature 703 diameter 626 Fourier descriptors 627 length 625 shape numbers 626 statistical moments 632 regional descriptors co-occurrence matrices 647 function regionprops 642 moment invariants 656 principal components 661 texture 644 region and boundary extraction 598 representation approaches boundary segments 622 chain codes 606 Freeman chain codes 606 normalizing 606 minimum-perimeter polygons 610, 703 normalizing chain codes 606 signatures 6 1 9 reprotate 303 Resampling 300 reshape 401, 438 Resolution. See I mage return 58 rgb2gray 326 rgb2hsi 337 rgb2hsv 330 rgb2ind 325 rgb2ntsc 328 rgb2ycbcr 329 rgbcube 320 Ringing 1 87, 242 ROI. See Region of interest roipoly 225 rot90 1 1 5 round 25 Row vector. See Vector s Sampling definition 1 4 save 1 1 Scalar 1 5 Scripts 44 Scrolling 604 seq2t i f s 475 set 96 Set element 128 fuzzy. See Fuzzy processing theory 128 shading interp 1 93 Shape 597, 621 , 623, 626. See also Representation and description short 57 short e 57 short eng 57 short g 57 showmo 483 Sifting 1 1 2, 255 sigmamf 144, 1 56 signature 620 Signatures 6 1 9 single 26 Singleton dimension 1 7 size 1 6 Skeleton 623 medial axis transformation 623 morphological 623 smf 144 Soft proofing 347 sort 431 sort rows 604 sparse 42 Sparse matrix 42 Spatial • Index 825 convolution. See Convolution coordinates 1 3 correlation. See Correlation domain 80, 1 65 filter. See Spatial filters kernel 1 10 mask 1 1 0, 681 neighborhood 8 1 template 1 1 0, 3 1 1 , 681 Spatial filtering 109 fuzzy 1 58 linear 109, 1 1 4 mechanics 1 10 morphological. See Morphology nonlinear 1 17, 1 24 of color images 360 Spatial filters. See also Spatial filtering adaptive 233 adaptive median 233 alpha-trimmed mean 230 arithmetic mean 230 average 1 2 1 contraharmonic mean 230 converting to frequency domain filters 1 8 1 disk 1 2 1 gaussian 1 21 geometric mean 230 harmonic mean 230 iterative nonlinear 246 laplacian 1 2 1 , 1 22. See also Laplacian linear 1 20 log 1 2 1 max 126, 230 median 126, 230 midpoint 230 min 1 26, 230 motion 1 2 1 morphological. See Morphology noise 229 order statistic 1 24. See also ordfilt2 prewitt 121 rank 124.See also ordfilt2 sobel 121 unsharp 121 Spectrum. See Fourier spectrum specxtu re 655 spfilt 229 spline 352 splitmerge 585 sprintf 60 sqrt 64 Square brackets 30, 33, 35, 45 statmoments 225 statxtu re 645 stdf il t 572 stem 96 st rcat 696826 • lndex strcmp 73, 697 st rcmpi 74, 400, 454, 697 strel 494 Strings. See Recognition strel object 496 stretchlim 84 strfind 698 strj ust 698 st rncmp 697 st rncmpi 698 strread 73 strrep 698 st rsimilarity 701 strtok 699 Structure 74 example 77 fields 77 variable 23 Structuring element. See Morphology strvcat 697 sub2ind 40 subplot 384 Subscript 33 sum 37 surf 1 93 switch 58, 62 T Template matching. See Recognition text 96 Texture. See also Regional descriptors spectral measures of 654 statistical approaches 644 tform structure 279, 345 tofloat 32 tformfwd 28 1 tforminv 281 tform structure 279 THEN 1 56 Thresholding. See Image segmentation tic 65 t if s2cv 480 t if s2movie 475 tif s2seq 475 timeit 66 title 96 toe 65 Transfer function. See Frequency domain filters Transformation function. See Intensity t ranspose 33 trapezmf 1 43 triangmf 1 43, 1 56 true 44, 587 truncgaussmf 1 45 t ry . . . catch 58 twomodegauss 1 04 Types. See Image types u uinte 26 uint 1 6 26 uint32 26 unique 604 unrave l . c 443 unravel . m 444 Until stability 5 1 1 upper 201 v varargin 88 varargout 88 Vector column 1 3, 1 5 norm 245, 675 row 1 3, 1 5 v e r 55 version 55 Vertex adding noise to 704 concave 6 1 2 convex 6 1 2 o f minimum-perimeter polygon 6 1 2 view 1 9 1 Vision 2 computer 3 high-level 3 human 3 low-level 3 mid-level 3 visreg 309 vistform 283 visualizing aligned images 308 w waitbar 1 5 1 watershed 590 Watersheds. See Image segmentation waveback 409 wavecopy 402 wavecut 401 wavedec2 385 wavedisplay 404 wavefast 391 wavefilter 388 wavefun 382 waveinfo 382 Wavelets approximation coefficients 381 background 377 custom function 394 decomposition coefficients 404 displaying 404 editing 399 decomposition structures 396 downsampling 380 expansion coefficients 378 FWTs using MATLAB's Wavelet Toolbox 38 1 FWTs without the Wavelet Toolbox 387 Haar 383 scaling function 383 wavelet function 385 wavelet functions 383 highpass decomposition filler 380 image processing 4 1 4 edge detection 4 1 4 progressive reconstruction 4 1 7 smoothing 4 1 5 inverse fast wavelet transform 408 kernel 378 lowpass decomposition filter 380 mother wavelet 379 properties 379 scaling 380 scaling function 379 support 384 transform domain variables 377 wavepaste 403 waverec2 409 wavework 399 wavezero 4 1 5 wfilters 381 while 58, 60 whitebg 322 whos 1 7 Windowing functions cosine 259 Hamming 259 Hann 259 Ram-Lak 259 Shep-Logan 259 sine 259 Wraparound error. See Discrete Fourier transform wthcoef2 398 x x2maj oraxis 627 xlabel 96 xlim 98 xtick 96 y ycbr2rgb 329 ylabel 96 ylim 98 ytick 96 z zeromf 1 45 zero s 44 z Zero-phase-shift filters. See Frequency domain fillers
كلمة سر فك الضغط : books-world.net The Unzip Password : books-world.net أتمنى أن تستفيدوا من محتوى الموضوع وأن ينال إعجابكم رابط من موقع عالم الكتب لتنزيل كتاب Digital Image Processing Using MATLAB رابط مباشر لتنزيل كتاب Digital Image Processing Using MATLAB ![](https://i.servimg.com/u/f61/15/36/74/14/sign_110.gif)
|
|