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 |  موضوع: كتاب Basic Machines and How They Work الأربعاء 25 أغسطس 2021, 5:43 pm | |
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Basic Machines and How They Work
Prepared by Bureau of Naval Personnel
و المحتوى كما يلي :
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
Page
1. Levers 1
2. Block and Tackle 10
3. The Wheel and Axle 16
4. The Inclined Plane and Wedge 23
5. The Screw 26
6. Gears 30
7. Work 39
8. Power 46
9. Force and Pressure 50
10. Hydrostatic and Hydraulic Machines 58
11. Machine Elements and Basic Mechanisms 69
12. Complex Machines 87
13. Internal Combustion Engine 106
14. Power Trains 130
15. Basic Computer Mechanisms 150
INDEX
Accumulator, 67
Anchor winch, 36, 38
Automobile valve gear, 36
Axles used in power trains, 148, 149
Balancing moments of force, 18
Ballast tank, 67, 68
Ball bearings, 71, 73
Barometer, 54-57
Bearings, 69-73
Bendix- Weiss universal joint, 79
Bevel gear, 31
Bevel gear differential, 75
Block and tackle, 10-15, 41
applications afloat and ashore, 13
chain hoist, 15
flaghoist, 10
gun tackle, 11
luff tackle, 11
luff upon luff, 13, 14
mechanical advantage, 10, 15
runner, 10
yard and stay tackle, 13
Bourdon gage, 53
Brakes, 28, 63
friction, 28
hydraulic, 63
Breech, 16-inch gun, 7
Cams, 85
Cam and cam followers, 80-82
Cam-driven valve, 36
Cam shaft, 36
of a 4-stroke cycle engine, 127
Capstan bar, 17, 18
Chain hoist, 15
Chain stopper, 8
Clockwise moments of force, 19
Clutches, 82, 86, 130-133
power train, 130-133
Combustion engines, 106-129
basic strokes, 108
classification of, 113
construction of, 115-129
Auxiliary assemblies, 129
connecting rods, 123
mkcase, 117
crankshaft, 124
cylinder head, 117
engine cylinder block, 115
engine head, 126
exhaust manifold, 118
gaskets, 119
intake manifold, 118
moving parts, 119-129
piston assembly, 120
stationary parts, 115-119
timing gears, 128
valves and valve mechanisms, 126-128
vibration damper, 125
cycles, 109-112
development of power, 106
diesel engines, 114
gasoline engines, 114
multiple-cylinder engines, 112
one-cylinder engine, 106-112
Complex machines, 87-105
computer mechanisms, 150-157
fuel- oil- hatch cover, 87
porthole closer -blanket puller-upper,
87, 88
typewriter, 89-105
watertight door, 88
Computer mechanisms, 150-157
differentials, 150-151
linkages for adding and subtracting,
150-156
adding lever, 152
angle resolver, 156
component solver, 155
integrators, 156
multipliers, 151-156
multiplying linkage, 155
screw type multipliers, 152
Constant mesh transmission, 136
Counterclockwise moments of force, 19
Couple, 20
Couplings, 78-84
Crane, electric, 7
Curved lever arms, 5
Cylinders used in power trains, 131
Deep-sea diver, 60
Depth charge, 59
158INDEX
Diesel engine, 106, 114
Differentials, gear, 144-148
Dogs, 7
Drill press, 9
Electric crane, 7
External combustion engine, 106, 107
External mesh gears, 35
Final drives, 142
Flaghoist, 10
Fluids, pressure exerted by, 52
Force and pressure, 50-57
force, measurement of, 50
pressure, measurement of, 50-56
barometers, 54-56
exerted by fluids, 52
gages, 53
manometer, 56
scales, 50, 51
Four-speed truck transmission, 133
Friction, 40, 42-45
Friction brake, 28
Fuel-oil'-hatch cover, 87
Fulcrum, 17, 19-21
Gages used to measure pressure, 53
Gangplank, 24
Gasoline engine, 106, 114
Gear differential, 74-78, 144-148
used in automobiles and trucks, 144-148
Gears, 30-38
anchor winch, 36, 38
automobile valve gear, 36
cam-driven valve, 36
cam shaft, 36
changing speed, 34
external mesh gears, 35
idler gear, 35
internal gear, 31
magnifying force with, 35
pinion gear, 30
rack and pinion as a steering
mechanism, 37
spur gear, 30
types of, 30-34
worm gears, 32
Gear trains, 128
Gun tackle, 11
Helical gears, 30
Herringbone gears, 31
Hooke joint, 79
Horsepower, 46-48
Hydraulic machines, 62-68
advantages of, 63
brakes, 63
liquids in motion, 62
Pascal's law, 62
press, 64
steering with, 65
used on submarines, 66
Hydraulic valve lifter, 127
Hydrostatic machines, 58-61
Idler gear, 35
Inclined plane, 23-26
applications afloat and ashore, 24
barrel role, 23
gangplank, 24
in spiral form, 26
ramp, 23
wedge, 23
Internal combustion engines, 106-129
basic strokes, 108
classification of, 113
construction of, 115-129
auxiliary assemblies, 129
connecting rods, 123
crankcase, 117
crankshaft, 124
cylinder head, 117
engine cylinder block, 115
engine head, 126
exhaust manifold, 118
gaskets, 119
intake manifold, 118
moving parts, 119-129
piston assembly, 120
stationary parts, 115-119
timing gears, 128
valves and valve mechanisms, 126-128
vibration damper, 125
Internal gear, 31
Jack, 41
Jack screw, 26, 27
Levers, 1-9
chain stopper, 8
classes of, 2
curved lever arm,
dogs, 7
drill press, 9
electric crane, 7
oars, 2
pelican hook, 8
wrecking bar, 7
159BASIC MACHINES
Linkages, 78
Luff tackle, 11
Machine elements and basic mechanismSj
69-86
basic mechanisms, 74
bearings, 69-73
ball bearings, 73
cams, 80-82, 85
and cam followers, 80-82
clutches, 82, 86
couplings, 78-84
gear differential, 74-78
linkages, 78
radial-thrust roller bearing, 73
springs, 71-74
types of, 74
universal joints, 79-81
Manometer, 56
Micrometer, 27
Moment of force, 17, 20
Multiple -cylinder engines, 112
Oars, 2
Oldham coupling, 78, 80
One-cylinder engine, 106
Pelican hook, 8
Pinion gear, 30
Pointer's handwheel, 21
Power, 46-57
calculation of, 46-48
horsepower, 46
motor, 48
Prony brake, 48
Power takeoffs, 141
Power trains, 130-149
axles, 148, 149
clutch, 130-133
differentials, 144-148
final drives, 142-144
joints, 142,145
propeller shaft assemblies, 142
transfer cases, 140-142
transmission, 133-139
Pressure and the deep sea
diver, 60
Pressure, measurement of, 50-56
balances, 50, 52
barometers, 54-56
exerted by fluids, 52
gages, 53
manometer, 56
scales, 50, 51
Prony brake, 48
Quadrant davit, 29
Rack and pinion, 37
Radial-thrust roller bearing, 71, 73
Ramp, 23
Rigger's vise, 28
Roller bearing, 71, 73
Roller bitt, 43
Runner, 10
Scales, 50, 51
Schrader gage, 53
Screw applications, 26-29
friction brake, 28
inclined plane in spiral form, 26
jack screw, 26, 27
mechanical advantage of, 29
micrometer, 26
quadrant davit, 29
rigger's vise, 28
turnbuckle, 28
Sleeve coupling, 78
Spider gears, 76
Spiral bevel gears, 144
Springs, 71-74
Spur gears, 30
Steam engine, 106
Synchromesh clutch, 138
Synchromesh transmission, 136
Timing gears in engines, 128
Torpedo, 60
Torque, 17, 21, 22
wrench, 21
Transfer cases, 140-142
Truck transmission, 133
Turnbuckle, 28
Typewriter, 89-105
backspace, 96
bell ringer, 102
construction and operation, 90
escapement, 92
external parts, 89
line lock, 102
line space, 103
pinion stop slide, 103-105
ribbon drive, 93-96
shift, 98, 101, 102
tabulator, 96-99
type bar, 93
Universal joints, 79-81
Valve lifters, 127
Valves and valve mechanisms, engine, 126-128
160INDEX
Watertight door, 88
Wedge, 23
Wheel and axle, 16-25
balancing moments of force, 18
capstan bar, 17, 18
clockwise moments of force, 19
counterclockwise moments of
force, 19
couple, 20
fulcrum, 17, 19, 20, 21
mechanical advantage, 16
pointer's handwheel, 21
rotation, 17
torque, 17, 21, 22
wrench, 21
Work, friction, and efficiency, 39-
block and tackle, 41
friction, 42-45
jack, 41
measurement of, 39-41
roller bitt, 43
Worm and worm wheel, 32
Worm gear, 32
Wrecking bar, 7
Yard and stay tackle, 13
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