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 |  موضوع: كتاب Smart Machining Systems - Modelling, Monitoring and Informatics الجمعة 13 مايو 2022, 4:17 pm | |
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أخواني في الله
أحضرت لكم كتاب
Smart Machining Systems - Modelling, Monitoring and Informatics
Kunpeng Zhu
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Contents
1 Introduction to the Smart Machining System 1
1.1 The Development of Modern Manufacturing System 1
1.2 Modern Machining Technology 4
1.2.1 High Precision Machining . 4
1.2.2 High Speed Machining 5
1.2.3 Green Machining . 6
1.2.4 Smart Machining . 7
1.3 The Smart Machining System 7
1.3.1 Intelligent Process Planning 9
1.3.2 The Process Simulation and Optimization 9
1.3.3 The Machining Process Monitoring . 11
1.3.4 The Intelligent Control 12
1.3.5 The Database and Big Data Analytics 13
1.3.6 Smart Machine Tool . 13
1.4 The Trends of Smart Machining System . 15
References 16
2 Modeling of the Machining Process . 19
2.1 The Machining Process Modeling Methods 19
2.1.1 Modeling Based on Cutting Mechanics 20
2.1.2 Modeling Based on Machine Tool Vibration 20
2.1.3 Modeling Based on Numerical Simulation 20
2.1.4 Modeling Based on Measurement Information 21
2.1.5 Modeling Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) 21
2.1.6 Modeling Method Combining Data and Cutting
Mechanics . 22
2.2 Principles of Chip Formation . 22
2.2.1 Chip Formation . 22
2.2.2 Mechanical Model of Chip Formation . 22
2.2.3 Divisions of Deformation Zones 25
2.3 Cutting Forces . 27
xixii Contents
2.3.1 Sources of Cutting Forces 27
2.3.2 Joint and Component Cutting Forces and Cutting
Powers 28
2.3.3 Empirical Models of Cutting Forces . 29
2.3.4 Affecting Factors of Cutting Forces 33
2.4 Cutting Heat and Temperatures . 36
2.4.1 Generation and Transfer of Cutting Heat . 36
2.4.2 Cutting Temperatures and Their Distributions . 38
2.4.3 Modeling of Temperature Fields 39
2.5 Milling Process Modeling and Control 41
2.5.1 Types of Milling Cutters . 41
2.5.2 Milling Types 43
2.5.3 Milling Parameters and Cutting Layer Parameters . 45
2.5.4 Milling Forces 49
2.5.5 The Milling System Dynamics 51
2.6 High-Speed Machining 56
2.6.1 Introduction to High-Speed Machining . 56
2.6.2 Advantages of High-Speed Machining . 58
2.6.3 Modeling of the Three-Dimensional Instantaneous
Milling Force 59
2.7 Control of Machining Process 63
References 67
3 Tool Wear and Modeling . 71
3.1 Types of Tool Wear . 71
3.1.1 Crater Wear 72
3.1.2 Flank Wear 72
3.1.3 Boundary Wear . 73
3.1.4 Tool Wear Criteria 74
3.2 The Formation of Tool Wear . 75
3.2.1 Mechanical Wear . 76
3.2.2 Adhesive Wear . 76
3.2.3 Diffusion Wear . 77
3.2.4 Chemical Wear . 78
3.2.5 Thermoelectric Wear 78
3.3 Tool Usability and Its Relationship with Cutting Parameters 79
3.3.1 Tool Life 79
3.3.2 Tool Life Equation 79
3.3.3 Tool Breakage 83
3.4 Modeling of Tool Wear 83
3.4.1 Abrasive Wear Rate Model . 84
3.4.2 Adhesive Wear Rate Model 85
3.4.3 Diffusion Wear Rate Model 86
3.4.4 Comprehensive Wear Rate Model . 87
3.4.5 Intelligent Tool Wear Model 88Contents xiii
3.5 Tool Wear Modeling in High-Speed Milling 89
3.5.1 Tool Flank Wear Conditions 89
3.5.2 Modeling of Tool Flank Wear . 90
3.5.3 Generalization of the Tool Wear Model 92
3.5.4 Analysis of Tool Wear Model . 95
References 100
4 Mathematical Foundations of Machining System Monitoring 103
4.1 Machining System Monitoring . 103
4.1.1 The Content of Machining System Monitoring 103
4.1.2 The System of Machining Process Monitoring 104
4.2 The Content of the Machining Process Monitoring System . 107
4.2.1 Signal Detection 107
4.2.2 Feature Extraction 107
4.2.3 State Recognition . 108
4.2.4 Decision-Making and Control 108
4.3 The Methods of Machining Process Monitoring . 109
4.3.1 Introduction 109
4.3.2 Stochastic Process Based Methods 110
4.4 Parameter Estimation Methods . 112
4.4.1 Least Square Estimation . 113
4.4.2 Yule-Walker Estimation . 114
4.4.3 Maximum Likelihood Estimate . 115
4.5 Time Series Analysis in Condition Monitoring 116
4.5.1 The Auto-Regression Model AR(N) . 116
4.5.2 The Auto Regression Moving Average Model
ARMA(n, m) 117
4.6 The Machining State Description . 119
4.6.1 Typical Anomaly State of the Machining Process 120
4.6.2 Process Model Based State Feature Extraction 121
4.7 Identification of Machining Process . 123
4.7.1 Overview of Process Modeling . 123
4.7.2 Model of Machining Process and Identification
Method 124
4.7.3 The Time Series Identification of the Machining
State 127
4.7.4 Identification of the Cutting Force . 129
4.7.5 Neural Network Identification of Machining
Process 130
4.8 The Common Measurement Methods and Characteristics 132
References 136xiv Contents
5 The Smart Machining System Monitoring from Machine
Learning View 139
5.1 The Condition Monitoring Methods . 139
5.1.1 Empirical Analysis 139
5.1.2 Statistical Method 140
5.1.3 Intelligent Method 143
5.2 Smart Machining System Monitoring (MSM) as a Machine
Learning Problem 144
5.2.1 Feature 145
5.2.2 State 145
5.2.3 Classifier 146
5.3 The MSM System Content . 146
5.3.1 Signal Preprocessing 146
5.3.2 Feature Extraction and Selection 148
5.3.3 State Classification 150
5.4 Feature Selection Method . 150
5.4.1 Effective Criteria for Monitoring Features 151
5.4.2 Optimal Monitoring Feature Group Selection . 154
5.4.3 The Bidirectional Search Algorithm for Feature
Selection 156
5.5 Machine Learning Method . 157
5.5.1 Bayesian Classifier 157
5.5.2 Fisher Linear Discriminant . 158
5.5.3 Principal Components Analysis . 159
5.5.4 Kernel Principal Components Analysis 159
5.5.5 Support Vector Machines 161
5.5.6 Artificial Neural Network (ANN) . 163
5.5.7 K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) 164
5.5.8 Case Study: MSM with Self-Organizing Map
(SOM) 165
5.6 Deep Learning . 168
5.6.1 Introduction to Deep Learning 168
5.6.2 Sparse Autoencoder (AE) 170
5.6.3 Deep Belief Neural Network (DBN) . 174
5.6.4 Convolution Neural Network (CNN) . 178
5.6.5 Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) . 181
5.6.6 Challenges of Deep Learning Approaches
in MSM Process Monitoring . 187
References 188
6 Signal Processing for Machining Process Modeling
and Condition Monitoring . 191
6.1 Signal Processing in Condition Monitoring . 191
6.1.1 Overview of Condition Monitoring 191
6.1.2 Signal Processing Issues in Condition Monitoring . 192Contents xv
6.2 Signal Space, Linear System, and Fourier Transform 193
6.2.1 Signal Spaces and Inner Product 193
6.2.2 Fourier Transform 195
6.2.3 Linear System, Sampling Theorem,
and Convolution 195
6.3 Spectrum Analysis of Machining Signals 197
6.3.1 The Spectrum of Machining Signals . 197
6.3.2 Spectrum Characteristics of Stochastic Signals 199
6.4 Correlation Analysis 202
6.4.1 Autocorrelation Function 202
6.4.2 Cross-Correlation Function . 203
6.5 Common Signal Features in Time and Frequency Domain 204
6.5.1 Feature Parameters in the Time Domain 204
6.5.2 Feature Parameters in the Frequency Domain . 207
6.6 Wavelet Analysis . 209
6.6.1 Limitation of Fourier Methods 209
6.6.2 Continuous Wavelet Analysis (CWT) and Its
Time–Frequency Properties 211
6.6.3 Discrete Wavelet Transform and Its
Implementation . 214
6.6.4 Wavelet Basis Function 217
6.6.5 Wavelet Packets Decomposition 221
6.6.6 Some Remarks on Wavelet Transform . 222
6.7 Sparse Decomposition of Signals . 226
6.7.1 Compressive Sensing 226
6.7.2 Sparse Decomposition Over Pre-defined
Dictionaries 227
6.7.3 Greedy Algorithms 229
6.7.4 Dictionary Learning for Redundant Representation 232
References 233
7 Tool Condition Monitoring with Sparse Decomposition . 235
7.1 Introduction . 235
7.2 Sparse Coding for Denoising (Heavy Non-Gaussian Noise
Separation) 237
7.2.1 Introduction 237
7.2.2 Noise Properties in Micro-milling . 238
7.2.3 Sparse Representation in the Time–Frequency
Domain . 240
7.2.4 Sparse Representation as a Convex Optimization
Problem . 241
7.2.5 Case Studies . 243
7.3 Sparse Representation for Tool State Estimation 249
7.3.1 Sparse Coding of Wavelet Packet Decomposition
Coefficients 250xvi Contents
7.3.2 The Discriminant Dictionary Learning . 252
7.3.3 Fast Tool State Estimation Without Signal
Reconstruction . 254
7.3.4 Experimental Validation . 255
7.3.5 Results and Discussions . 257
References 264
8 Machine Vision Based Smart Machining System Monitoring 267
8.1 Machine Vision System for Machining Process Monitoring . 267
8.1.1 Introduction 267
8.1.2 The State-of-the-Art . 268
8.2 Digital Image Acquisition and Representation 271
8.2.1 Image Acquisition of the Monitored Objects 271
8.2.2 CCD Sensor . 272
8.2.3 CMOS Sensor 273
8.2.4 Representation of Digital Images 273
8.2.5 Digital Image Processing 275
8.3 Machine Vision System for Micro Milling Tool Condition
Monitoring 277
8.3.1 The Micro Milling Tool Condition Monitoring 277
8.3.2 Tool Wear Inspection System . 279
8.3.3 Tool Wear Inspection Method 282
8.3.4 Experimental Verification 288
8.3.5 Conclusions 292
References 293
9 Tool Wear Monitoring with Hidden Markov Models 297
9.1 Introduction . 297
9.2 HMM Based Methods 299
9.2.1 Hidden Markov Models 299
9.2.2 Three Problems of Hidden Markov Models . 300
9.3 Hidden Markov Models Based Tool Condition Monitoring . 301
9.3.1 HMM Description of Tool Wear Process
and Monitoring . 301
9.3.2 The Framework of HMMs for TCM . 303
9.3.3 Hidden Markov Model Selection: Continuous
Left–Right HMMs 303
9.3.4 Selection of the Number of Gaussian Mixture
Components . 306
9.3.5 On the Number of Hidden States in Each HMM . 307
9.3.6 Estimation of the HMM Parameters for Tool Wear
Classification 308
9.3.7 Tool State Estimation with HMMs 310
9.4 Experimental Verifications . 311
9.4.1 Experiment Setup . 311
9.4.2 HMM Training for TCM . 312Contents xvii
9.4.3 HMM for Tool Wear State Estimation 312
9.4.4 Moving Average for Tool Wear State Estimation
Smoothing . 314
9.4.5 On the Generalization of the HMM-Based
Algorithm for TCM . 315
9.5 Diagnosis and Prognosis of Tool Life with Hidden
Semi-Markov Model 317
9.5.1 Hidden Semi-Markov Model for Degradation
Process Modeling . 318
9.5.2 On-Line Health Monitoring via HSMM 320
9.6 Experimental Validation . 326
9.6.1 Case Study 326
9.6.2 Feature Extraction and Quantization . 327
9.6.3 Training of HSMM for Tool Wear Monitoring 328
9.6.4 Diagnosis and Prognosis Results 331
References 335
10 Sensor Fusion in Machining System Monitoring 339
10.1 Multi-sensor Information Fusion Principle . 339
10.2 Multi-sensor Information Fusion with Neural Networks 340
10.3 Sensor Fusion with Deep Learning 344
10.3.1 Problem Formulation 346
10.3.2 The Unit of Pyramid LSTM Auto-encoder 347
10.3.3 The Structure of the Pyramid LSTM Auto-encoder 350
10.3.4 The Training Method 351
10.3.5 Computational Efficiency 352
10.3.6 Experimental Validation . 353
10.3.7 Conclusion 359
References 359
11 Big Data Oriented Smart Tool Condition Monitoring System 361
11.1 The Big Data Issues in Manufacturing . 361
11.2 The Big Data Analytics in Smart Machining System . 362
11.2.1 The Big Data Challenges and Motivation . 362
11.2.2 Related Works 363
11.3 The Framework of Big Data Oriented Smart Machining
Monitoring System . 365
11.3.1 The Monitoring System Architecture 365
11.3.2 The Big Data-Oriented Formulation of TCM 366
11.4 The Functional Modules and Case Study . 366
11.4.1 Sparse Coding Based Data Pre-processing 367
11.4.2 In-process Workpiece Integrity Monitoring . 369
11.4.3 Heterogeneous Data Fusion and Deep Learning . 370
11.4.4 Intelligent Tool Monitoring and Wear
Compensation 372
11.5 Case Study 375xviii Contents
11.6 Summary . 379
References 379
12 The Cyber-Physical Production System of Smart Machining
System . 383
12.1 Introduction . 383
12.2 The Cyber-Physical System in Manufacturing 383
12.2.1 The Definition 383
12.2.2 The CPS Features . 384
12.3 The CPS of Machine Tool and Machining Process 386
12.3.1 The State-of-the-Art . 386
12.3.2 The CPS of Machine Tool 388
12.3.3 The CPS of Machining Process . 389
12.4 A CPPS Framework of Smart Machining Monitoring
System . 393
12.4.1 Induction 393
12.4.2 The Smart CNC Machining Monitoring CPPS
Structure 395
12.4.3 Case Studies . 398
12.5 Summary . 404
References .
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