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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Mechanical Properties of Materials at Low Temperatures D. A. Wigley Engineering Laboratories The University of Southampton Southampton, England
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Contents Chapter 1 Deformation Processes in Pure Metals . 1 1.1. Glossary of Terms Relevant to the Tensile Test . 2 1.2. Elastic Deformation 6 1.3. General Aspects of Plastic Deformation in Metals '" 9 1.3.1. Microplasticity 9 1.3.2. The Generic Tensile Stress-Strain Curve for Single Crystals 12 1.3.3. Yield and Plastic Deformation in Polycrystals 14 1.4. The Effect of Temperature on the Yield and Flow of Pure Face-Centered-Cubic Metals 16 1.4.1. Single Crystals 16 1.4.2. Polycrystals . 18 1.4.3. Dislocation Structures. . 18 1.4.4. Engineering Parameters , . 21 1.5. The Effect of Temperature on the Yield and Flow of Pure Body-Centered-Cubic Metals . 23 1.5.1. Single Crystals 24 1.5.2. Polycrystals . 26 1.5.3. Dislocation Structures " " . . 27 1.5.4. Engineering Parameters 30 1.6. The Effect of Temperature on the Yield and Flow of Pure Hexagona1-C1ose-Packed Metals. 31 1.6.1. Single Crystals 31 1.6.2. Pol ycrystals . 33 1.6.3. Dislocation Structures 34 1.6.4. Engineering Parameters 36 1.7. A Comparison of the Main Characteristics of Face-Centered-Cubic, Body-Centered-Cubic, and Hexagona1-C1ose-Packed Metals 36 1.S. Plastic Deformation at Constant Stress: Creep. 39 1.9. Annealing: Recovery and Recrystallization. 40 References 42 Chapter 2 Deformation Processes in Impure Metals and Alloys . 47 xixii Contents 2.1. Yield and Flow in Solution-Hardened SinglePhase Alloys . • 48 2.1.1. Dislocation-Solute Interactions . 48 2.1.2. The Effect of Solutes on the Yield Stress . 49 2.1.3. The Effect of Solutes on Strain Hardening . 51 2.1.4. Single-Phase, Solution-Hardened Alloys Used in Cryogenic Applications 53 2.1.5. AlloY Stabilized High-Temperature Phases . 57 2.2. Yield and Flow in Precipitation-Hardened Alloys '" 67 2.2.1. Simple Binary Alloys 68 2.2.2. Precipitation-hardened Alloys Used in Cryogenic Applications . 70 2.3. Yield and Flow in Two-Phase Alloys 78 2.3.1. Soft, Ductile Second Phases 79 2.3.2. Hard, Ductile Second Phases . . . 79 2.3.3. Soft, Brittle Second Phases . . . 80 2.3.4. Hard, Brittle Second Phases . . . . 80 2.4. Yield Drops and Serrated Stress-Strain Curves. 81 2.4.1. Yield Drops . 82 2.4.2. Serrated Stress-Strain Curves . 84 Note Added in Proof . 88 References 90 Chapter 3 Fracture . 93 3.1. Basic Mechanisms of Ductile and Brittle Failure . . . 94 3.1.1. Ductile Fracture . 96 3.1.2. Brittle Fracture . 102 3.2. Crack Propagation: Fracture Toughness 111 3.2.1. The Energy Balance Approach 111 3.2.2. The Fracture Mechanics Approach 114 3.2.3. Measurement of Fracture Toughness " . . 119 3.2.4. The Relationship between Strength and Toughness in Metals . 126 3.2.5. Applied Fracture Mechanics " . . 129 3.2.6. The Effect of Temperature on Fracture Toughness . . . . 134 3.3. The Ductile-Brittle Transition in Ferrous Metals . " 138 3.3.1. The Basic Problem . 138 3.3.2. Transition Temperatures in Ferrous Alloys 148 3.3.3. Testing for Resistance to Brittle Failure . 150 3.4. Time-Dependent Failure " 163 3.4.1. Fatigue . 164 3.4.2. Corrosion and Embrittlement . 171 References 174Contents xiii Chapter 4 The Properties of Nonmetals 177 4.1. Polymers . 177 4.1.1. The Relationship between the Structure and Mechanical Properties of Polymers 178 4.1.2. Polymeric Materials of Particular Interest for Cryogenic Applications 210 4.2. Ceramics and Glasses . 226 4.3. Composites . 228 4.3.1. Basic Theory 231 4.3.2. Cryogenic Properties of Composites . 242 References 248 Chapter 5 Testing Methods and Techniques . 253 5.1. Basic Types of Cryostat and Cooling System 254 5.2. Modifications, Variations, and Special-Purpose Attachments 258 5.2.1. Multiple-Specimen Testing . 258 5.2.2. Compression Testing . 261 5.2.3. Flexural, Torsional, and Other Tests 262 5.2.4. Fatigue Testing . 265 5.2.5. Impact Testing 266 5.3. Extensometry . 267 5.3.1. Resistive Strain Gauges .• 269 5.3.2. Displacement Transducers 270 5.3.3. Capacitance Gauges . 271 References 271 Chapter 6 Design and Materials Selection Criteria 273 6.1. Compatibility . 275 6.1.1. Compatibility with Liquid Oxygen and Other Process Fluids . 275 6.1.2. Compatibility with the External Environment 278 6.2. Toughness 279 6.2.1. The Basic Problem . . . 279 6.2.2. Codes of Practice for Pressure-Containing Equipment . 280 6.2.3. Some Economic Implications of Designing to Pressure Vessel Codes . . 283 6.3. Practicability . 286 6.3.1. Availability of Materials . 286 6.3.2. Availability of Reliable Design Data 288 6.3.3. Availability of Suitable Forming Equipment and Techniques . 289 6.3.4. Jointing Techniques . 290 6.4. Economic Considerations . " 295xiv Contents 6.5. Other Technical Considerations .• 297 6.5.1. Density . 297 6.5.2. Specific Heat 298 6.5.3. Thermal Expansion 300 6.5.4. Electrical Conductivity . 302 6.5.5. Thermal Conductivity 303 6.5.6. Other Physical Properties . 306 References • • • . 307 Appendix 1 A Brief Summary of the American Aluminum Association Alloy and Temper Designation System . 309 Appendix II Conversion Table for the Units Most Commonly Used to Measure Stress or Pressure . . 311 Appendix III Some Important Cryogenic Temperatures 312 Index Subject Index Acicular structures, 78 A D MerkbJatter design codes, 283 Adhesives, 210, 217-220, 269 Adiabatic deformation, 84-85 Adiabatic shear rupture, 97 Admiralty brass, 53-55 Age hardening, 67-78 AI-Fin technique, 293 Alkali metals, 23 (see also under individual metals) Allotropic transformations in iron, 57-58 in titanium, 65 Alloy stabilized high-temperature phases, 57-67 Aluminum as deoxidant, 146 effect of temperature on fatigue in, 162 as gasket, 216 mechanical properties of pure, 18, 20, 23 recrystallization in, 41 as vapor barrier, 246 Aluminum alloys cryogenic properties of, 56-57, 70-76 dip brazing of, 293 formability of, 289 fracture toughness of, 135 LOX compatibility of, 274, 276 precipitation hardened, 68-76 welding of, 291 1000 series, 71-74, 309 2000 series, 68,71,72,73,74,309 3000 series, 57, 309 5000 series, 56-57, 71-74, 309 6000 series, 309 7000 series, 7G-76, 309 B.95,74-75 Aluminum copper crystals, 68-70 Aluminum silver crystals, 69 Aluminous cement, 228 Amorphous polymers, 182-187 Annealing, 40-42 Antiferromagnetism, 89 317 Applied fracture mechanics, 129-134 Araldite (Epoxy) linear thermal contraction, 301 specific heat of, 299, 300 Armco Iron, 26, 30 ASME 8 design code, 279, 280, 282, 284, 285, 286, 296 Ausformed steel, 127 Austenite ductile cast iron, 80 Austenitic steels, see Stainless steels Availability of materials, 275, 286-288 of reliable data, 275, 288-289 of suitable equipment and techniques, 289-290 Axial ratio (cia), 31 Axiality in tensile tests, 255, 260 Ball-rebound test, 201-204 Barrier layers, 221, 223, 246-248 Basal plane, and cleavage failure, 105 Basal slip, 31-33 Bearing materials, 225-226 Bearing strength, of glass reinforced plastics, 242, 244- Bend tests, 3- and 4-point, 262-263, 265 Bent-beam extensometers, 269, 270 Beryllium LOX compatibility of, 274 mechanical properties of, 31, 36 Beryllium copper, 53, 76 Beta brass, 78, 79 Biaxially wound GRP cylinders, 247 Body centered cubic metals, effect of temperature on mechanical properties, 23-31, 36-39 Boron-reinforced composites, 247 Brass, mechanical properties of, 53-55, 78, 79 Brazing, 292-293318 British Standards B.S. 1500, 280, 282 B.S. 1515,280,283,284 British Welding Research Association (BWRA) wide-plate test, 154-155, 157, 162 Brittle fracture, basic mechanisms, 94-96, 102-111 Brittleness temperature in polymers, 186, 193 Burgers vector, 18, 19, 38, 105, 107 "Burst" dislocation formation, 84 Butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymers, 214 Butadiene-styrene copolymers, 214 Butyl rubber, 181,214 Cadmium, mechanical properties of, 33, 34,36,40 Calibration of extensometers, 269 Capacitance gauge transducers, 271 Carbon as interstitial impurity, 25, 27,48,51,82 effect on transition temperature, 144, 145 Carbon fibers, 230, 247, 248 Carbon-fiber-reinforced plastics, 247-248 Carrier, use in adhesive joints, 218 Cast iron, 78, 80 Casting resins, 205 Cement, 228 Cementite, 58, 78, 80-81 Ceramics, 226-228, 229 Cesium, 23 Charpy tests, 138, 140, 159-163, 281 specimen orientation relative to rolling direction, 159-160 Chevron markings, 118-119 Chisel-edged failure, 96 Chisel-point failure, 97 Chromium, 27 Ciment Fondu, 228 Cleanliness, importance of, 278 Cleavage, in hcp metals, 31, 33, 36 Cleavage cracks initial growth of, 107-111 nucleation mechanisms, 103-107 Cleavage failure definition of, 94 in steel, 141 Cleavage failure stress, relationship with yield stress, 102-103 Cleavage plane, 94 Coatings, 217-220 Codes of practice economic implications, 283-286 Subject Index Codes of practice (Continued) in pressure vessel design, 280-286 proof stress (codes), 283 tensile stress (codes), 282-283 Coextruded joints, 294 Cold drawing, in polymers, 185-186, 192-193 Cold flow, 213-215 Cold spots, 134 Cold work, effect on brittle fracture, 110 Columbium, see Niobium Commercial bronze, 53 Compatibility, 274, 275-279 with external environment, 274, 278-279 with LOX and other process fluids, 275-278 Compensated sleeve joint, 294-295 Composites, 221-248 Compression cylinder, in tensile tests, 255 Compression set, 215 Compression tests, 261-262 Compressive strength, of glass-reinforced plastics, 242, 243 Constantan, 55 Continuous-flow tensile cryostats, 256, 257 Copper formability and uses of, 286, 290 LOX compatibility of, 276 mechanical properties of, 15-17, 21-23, 53,87 Copper-based alloys, cryogenic properties of, 53-56, 87-88 Copper-zinc crystals, 50 Corrosion and embrittlement, 171-174 Corrosion fatigue, 170, 171 Costing, see Design criteria; Economic cOIlsideratjons Cottrell, mechanism for nucleation of cleavage cracks, 104, 105 Cottrell-Stokes law, 20, 27, 34 Crack arrest temperature, 149, 150, 152, 154, 157 definition of, 149 Crack growth, detection of, 121 Crack opening displacement test, 115, 155-157 Crack propagation, 111-138 (see also Fracture toughness) energy balance approach, 111-114 Crack resistance force, Gc (toughness), definition of, 114 Creep in adhesives, 219 in metals, 2, 21, 39-40 in polymers, 196-198Subject Index Critical resolved shear stress (c.r.s.s.), 10, 12, 16,17,51 Critical stress intensity factor, Ke (fracture toughness), defmition of, 114 Critical transfer length, Ie' 235 Critical volume fraction, Vcrit' 233 Crosslinking, 178,204-206 Cross slip, 13-14, 16, 17, 19,21,27,'33 Cryogenic Data Book (UCRL), 43 Cryogenic Materials Data Handbook, ix, 43 Cryogenic stretch forming, 39 Crystalline polymers, 187-194 Crystalline polymers, stress - strain curves, 192 Cup and cone fracture mode, 98-100 Cupronickel,55 Damping in polymers, 198-200 Data, availability of, 275, 288-289 Debye temperatures, 298, 299, 300 Deformation twinning, 9, 10, 26, 31,32, 84, 87 Degree of plastic constraint, effect on transition temperatures, 141 Density, 297-298 Deoxidizers, 145, 146 Design criteria, 273-307 and fracture transition temperatures, 150, 151, 153, 154, 155, 157-158, 161 Differential contraction, 217, 262, 294-295,301,302 Differential tensile tests, 19 Diffusion-bonded joints, 294 DiglycidyI ether of bisphenol A (epoxy resin), 181 Discaloy, 257 Discontinuous slip, 87 Dislocations and plastic deformation, 12-21, 24-30, 34- 36,38,40 influence on cleavage crack propagation, 110,111 interaction with precipitates, 67, 69, 70 pinning by impurities, 25, 82-84 role in fatigue, 162 Dislocation structures in bcc metals, 27-30 in fcc metals, 18-21 in hcp metals, 34-35 Displacement transducers, 270-271 Double-cup mode of fracture, 88, 89 Double shear tests, specimen configuration, 259 Draw stress, definition of, 185-186 Drop weight tear test, 163 Drop weight tests for polymers, 207, 208 319 Ductile - brittle transition, 38, 80, 102-111, 138-163,280 basic concepts, 102-111, 138-148 basic mechanisms, 103, 104 due to grain size variation, 108-109 effect of composition, 144-148 effect of degree of plastic constraint, 141-143 effect of material size, 143 effect of metallurgical structure, 143-144 effect of strain rate, 141 experimental tests, 150-163 in polymers, 207 transition temperatures in ferrous alloys, 148-150 Ductile fracture, basic mechanisms, 94-102 Ductility definition of, 4 effect of temperature on, 21, 22,26, 32 Duplex alloys, 78-81 Dynamic effects in polymers, 198-204 Easy glide, 13,31,32,51,68 Ebonite foams, 225 Economic considerations, 275, 283-286, 295-297 EicheIman - Hull equation, 88 Elastic constants, 7-8 Elastic deformation, 6-9 Elastic limit, definition of, 3 Elastic modulus of polymers, 179, 184, 213 Elastomeric behavior in polymers, 178, 180,187,200,214 Elastomers, 213-216 definition of, 178 LOX compatibility of, 210, 214, 277 specific heat of, 299, 300 thermal conductivity of, 305 Electrical conductivity, 302-303 Elgiloy,76 E.L.1. grade titanium, 66 Elongation, definition of, 4, 5 Emissivity, 307 Endurance limit, 162 Engineering strain, definition of, 2 Engineering stress, defmition of, 2 Enthalpy, 299 Environmental stress cracking, 209 Epoxy foams, 223-224 Epoxy - nylon adhesives, 218, 219 Epoxy-phenolic adhesives, 219320 Epoxy resins, 205, 242-245,247-248 Equiaxed structures, 78 Eutectoid transformation in steel, 80 Extensometers, 260, 267-271 attaclunent of, 268-269 Face centered cubic metals, effect of temperature on, 16-25,36-39 Fatigue, 164-171 of aluminum alloys, 168 in composites, 209, 241, 244-245 and discontinuity in S - N curves, 169-170 effect of temperature on, 162-164 experimental techniques, 265-266 and fracture toughness, 132, 134 of Inconel, 167, 168 in polymers, 209 relationship to notch sensitivity, 125 of stainless steel, 169 of titanium alloys, 168 Fatigue cracks, use in fracture toughness testing, 121 Fatigue limit, 165-166 FEP (fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer), 210, 212, 213, 219 Ferrite, 58, 80, 81 Ferromagnetism, 60, 89-90 Fiber-reinforced composites cryogenic properties of, 242-248 effect of fiber orientation on, 236-240 failure of, 240-242 notch toughness of, 240-242 theory for continuous fibers, 232-234 theory for discontinuous fibers, 234-236 Fibers, 220-222, 229-231 mechanical properties of, 230 Fibrous rupture, 96, 97 Filament-wound composites, 246-248 Fillers use in thermoplastics, 211, 212, 213 use in thermosetting resins, 205-206, 218 Films, 210-211, 220-222, 246 Flanged and bolted joints, 294-295 Flaw shape parameter, 130-134 Flaw size safety factor, 133-134 Flexural strength, of glass-reinforced plastics, 242, 243, 244 Flexural tests, 262-263 Flow curve, definition of, 5 Flow stress and adiabatic deformation, 84-86 definition of, 5 in bcc metals, 27-30, 51 in fcc metals, 19-21, 50 in hcp metals, 34-36 Subject Index Fluorel,214 Fluorinated ethylene - propylene copolymer (FEP), 210, 212, 213, 219 Fluorine, compatibility problems, 277-278 Fluxes, 292-293 Foam-insulated tensile cryostat, 254-255 Foams, 222-225 Fracture analysis diagram, 148-150 Fracture strain, definition of, 4 Fracture stress, definition of, 4 Fracture toughness, 111-138 applied fracture mechanics, 129-134 basic fracture mechanics, 114-119 effect of temperature on, 134-138 effect of thickness on, 117-119, 136-138 measurement of, 119-126 relationship between strength and toughness, 126-129 Fracture toughness, Kc' definition of, 114 Fracture transition elastic (PTE), 150, 161 definition of, 150 Fracture transition plastic (FTP), 150, 161 Free cutting brass, 78-79 Friction stress, 14, 26, 27, 109 effect of temperature in bcc metals, 27 thermal (T *) and athermal (T C) components, 19, 27-30, 34-36, 50 Friction welded joints, 294 Fringe-micelle model, 188 Gaskets, 210, 213-216 Gauge length, definition of, 2 German silver, 56 Glass, 226-228 microcracks in, 113,226-228 thermal conductivity of, 304, 305 Glass fibers, 228, 230, 231, 236, 238, 245 Glass-fiber-reinforced plastics (GRP's), 221, 229,231,242-247 barrier layers for, 221, 246-248 cryogenic properties of, 242-247 thermal conductivity of, 305, 306 Glass transition in polymers, 179-182, 183, 184, 201, 202 Glass transition temperature, definition of, 180 Glue line, 218 Glyptal, specific heat of, 299 Goodman diagram, 170, 171 Grain boundaries, effect on cleavage crack initiation and propagation, 105, 111, 144 Grain boundary embrittlement, 78, 144, 145Subject Index Grain rerming agents, 145,146 Grain size, effect on brittle fracture, 108- 109, 143, 144 Graphite, 78, 80 as bearing material, 225 Griffith cracks, 111-114, 208, 226, 227 Group Va and VIa metals, 27 Gruneisen Coefficient, r ,300 Guinier-Preston (G.P.) zones, 68, 69 H film (polyimide), 220 Hafnium, 33 Hall-Petch equation, 14, 19, 26, 108, 110 Hard soldering, 79 Hard tensile testing machines, 88 Hardness, measurement of, 263 Hastelloy,76 Haynes, 25, 76 Hexagonal close packed metals, effect of temperature on mechanical properties, 30-36, 36-39 "Hi-proof" stainless steels, 63, 64, 88-90 High-energy shear failure, 118, 128, 140 High strain fatigue, 169-170 High-strength materials, toughness of, 127-128 Homologous temperature, definition of, 36 Honeycomb structures, 219, 224 Hookean springs, 194 Hot cracking, 64 Hydride formation, 173 Hydrogen embrittlement, 163, 172-174 Hydrogen, interstitial impurity, 27, 172-174 Ignition, in high-pressure oxygen, 281, 307 Impact tests, 138, 140, 159-163, 281 experimental technique, 266-267 for polymers, 207 Inconel,56 Inconel 718, 76 Inconel X, 76 Indium, 39-40, 216 Initial flow stress, dermition of, 5 Insurance company requirements, 280, 281,297 Intergranular fracture, dermition of, 95 Interlaminar shear strength, measurement of, 263 Internal friction, 8 Interstitial impurities and dislocation pinning, 6,24,25,27,28, 35,36,48,82 and sharp yield points, 48, 82 in titanium, 35, 66 Intrinsic permeability, 60 321 Invar,58 linear contraction of, 300, 301 Iron, mechanical properties of, 26-30, 83 Iron-based alloys, cryogenic properties of, 57-65 Irradiation, effect on polymers, 209 Joint configuration for 0 ring seals, 217,218 Jointing techniques, 290-295 brazing and soldering, 292-293 flanged and boitedjoints, 294-295 transition pieces, 293-295 welding, 290-292 Kaptan, 221 KEL-F (polychlorotrifluoroethylene), 210-213, 220, 221 Killed steels, 146 Knife-edge failure, 96, 97 Kromarc-55, 60 Kynar (polyvinylidene fluoride), 220, 221 Laminates, 206 Lattice hardening, in bcc metals, 28 Leak-before-break criterion, 134 Linearly variable differential inductance transducer (LVDI), 270-271 Linearly' variable differential transformer transducer (LVDT), 270-271 Lithium, 23 Lithium fluoride, 82 Loaded needle penetrometer test, 182- 183, 201, 202 Lomer-Cottrell barriers, 13, 15 Long chain molecules, 177-178 Lorentz ratio, 304 Loss modulus, 199-200 Low-angle tilt boundary and cleavage crack initiation, 104, 105 Low-cycle fatigue, 169-170 Low-energy shear fracture, 113, 127, 163 Low-strength materials, toughness of, 128 LOX compatibility, 210, 214, 219, 274, 275-281 Ludwik- Davidenkow - Orowan criterion, 141-142 Liiders bands, 6, 83 Magnesium LOX compatibility of, 274 mechanical properties of, 31, 33, 35 Magnetic permeability, 60, 63322 Manganese, effect on transition temperature, 145,146 Manson -Coffm law, 169 Maraging steel, 77 Martensitic transformation in alkali metals, 23 in austenitic stainless steel. 60-63, 88-90 and serrated stress-strain curves, 86 Materials Manual (U. S. Steel), 43 Matrix materials for fiber-reinforced composites, 229, 232 Matthiessen's rule, 302 Maxwell model of viscoelasticity, 194-196 Medium-strength materials, toughness of, 128 Mercury, creep in, 40 Metal Inert Gas (M.I.G.) process, 291, 292 Metallography at low temperatures, 263 Metallurgical structure, effect on transition temperatures, 143 Microplasticity, 9-12 Microyield stress, defInition of, 3 Mild steel, 6, 82 fatigue limit in, 165-166 Miner's rule (for cumulative fatigue damage), 170 Mixed fracture, defmition of, 95 Moisture effects of, 278, 291 removal of, 279 Molecular orientation, 186, 193 Molybdenum, 27, 83 Monel,56 Monel K, 76 Monel S, 76 Multiple slip, 15 Multiple-specimen testing, 258-262 Muntz metal, 79 Mylar (pET, polyethylene terephthalate), 181,210,212-213,216,217,220,221, 222, 246, 277 LOX compatibility of, 277 Natural aging, 78 Natural cracks, for fracture toughness tests, 121 Natural draw ratio, 186 Natural rubber, 181, 214 Naval Ordnance Laboratory (NOL) ring tests, 245 Necking, 97, 185-186, 192-193 Neoprene, 181, 214 Newtonian fluids, 194 Nickel as barrier layer in GRP's, 246 Subject Index Nickel (Continued) influence on transition temperatures in steel. 146-148 mechanical properties of, 16-17, 20 Nickel-based alloys cryogenic properties of, 56 Nickel-cobalt crystals, 51, 52 Nickel silver, 55,56 Nil-ductility temperature (NDT), 149, 150, 153, 154, 160-161 defmition of, 149 Nilo 36, 58 Nine percent nickel steel, 146-148 welding of, 291 Niobium, mechanical properties of, 24-25, 27,31 Nitrile-phenolic adhesives, 218, 219 Nitrogen effect on transition temperature, 145 interstitial impurity, 25, 27, 48, 82 Nitroso rubber, 214 Nomex-nylon paper, 221 Nonlinear viscoelasticity, 197 Normal rupture, 96, 98 Notch brittleness, 124-126, 141-142 tests for, 124-126 Notch toughness, of fiber-reinforced composites, 240-242' Notched-tensile strength, 63, 66 Notches and fatigue, 166 as stress concentrators, 111, 112 Nylon, 181,212-213,216 O.C.M.A. design code, 157-159 Offset yield stress, 3 o rings, 214, 215, 216 Oxygen, interstitial impurity, 27, 48, 82, 145 Parabolic hardening, 14, 18 Pearlitic steels, 80-81, 143, 144 feel tests, 218 Peierls-Nabarro stress, 20, 28 Pellini drop weight test, 152-153 Percentage crystallinity, 161 in thermoplastics, 212, 213 Percentage elongation, effect of temperature in fcc metals, 22 Permeability, 60, 63 PET (nylon, polyethylene terephthalate), 181,210,212-213,216,217,220, 221, 222, 246 Phenol-formaldehyde resin, 181 Phenolics, 181, 222, 242, 244Subject Index Phosphorus, 145 Plain carbon steel, 138-140 Plane strain fracture toughness, 117 Plastic constraint, 117 Plastic deformation general aspects, 1-2,9-16 polycrystals, 1:4-16, 18, 26-27,33-34 single crystals, 12-14,16-17,24-25,31-33 Plastic zone correction factor, defmition of,115 Polychloroprene, 181,214 Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (KelF), 210-213, 220, 221 Polydimethyl siloxane (silicone rubber), 181, 214 Polyester foams, 224 Polyester resin, 229, 242-245, 247 Polyethylene, 181, 188, 189,222 Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), 181, 210,212-213,216, 217, 220, 221, 222, 246 Polyhexamethylene adipamide (Nylon 6.6), 181, 212-213, 216 Polyimide (H) film, 220 Polyisobuty1ene, 181, 214 Polyisoprene, 181, 214 Polymers environmental compatibility, 278 failure in, 206-209 LOX compatibility of, 277 specific heat of, 299 thermal conductivity of, 304-305 Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), 181, 202, 203, 209 Polypropylene, 181, 222 Polystyrene, 181, 190-192, 222 Polysulfides, 214 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), 181, 189-190,198,204,212-216,220 Polyurethane adhesive, 203, 204, 218, 219 Polyurethane foams, 224 Polyviny1chloride, 181, 185-186, 222 Polyvinylfluoride (Tedlar), 220 Polyvinylidene fluoride, 220, 221 Pop-in,121-123 Porous bronze/PTFE bearings, 225 Porosity in glass-reinforced plastics, 238, 246-247 Portevin - LeChatelier effect, 83 Potassium, 23 Precipitation-hardened alloys cryogenic properties of, 67-78 welding of, 77-78 Pressure vessels, codes of practice, 280-286 Prisniatis; slip, 32 Proof stress, definition of, 3 Proof tests, 133-134 PTFE/bronze/graphite bearings, 225- 226 PTFE/g1ass-fiber composites, 214 PTFE 0 rings, 265 Pure shear failure, 96 Pyramidal slip, 33 Pyroceram, 227 R-curves,123 Recovery, 40-42 Recrystallization, 41-40 of polymer chains, 193 323 Reduction in area, 4,74,97,99,101 effect of second-phase particles, 99, 101 effect of temperature on, 22-23 Reflectivity, 307 Relaxation time, T, 194-196, 200 Rene, 41, 76 Resins specific heat of, 299 thermal conductivity of, '304, 305 Retardation time, T, 197, 200 Robertson test, 151-152, 153 Rubbers, definition of, 178 Rubidium, 23 Sealants, 213-216 Seals, 210, 213-216 Season cracking, 172 Secant offset criterion, 123 Secondary bonds in polymers, 180 Secondary glass transitions, 203-204, 208 Second phase particles effect on cleavage crack initiation, 105 effect on failure, 97, 98, 99, 101 Selection of materials, 273-307 Sensitization, 64 Serrated stress-strain curves, 32, 34, 53, 54, 59, 62, 84-88 Sharp yield points, 6, 25, 30 Shear failure, definition of, '94 Shear modulus, 38 Shear rupture, 96, 97 Shear stress, 6, 10, 38 Sigma phase, 65 Silane primers, 219-220 Silica fibers, 230 Silicon, as deoxidant, 146 Silicone rubber, 181, 214 Silver as gasket, 216 mechanical properties of, 20 Size of materials, design criteria and, 287-289324 Slant failure, 96 Sliding-off failure, 96, 97 Slip systems, 10, 31 S-N curves, 165-110 Sodium, 23 Soldering, 292-293 Solute concentration, effect on flow stress in bee metals, 29-30 Solution-hardened alloys cryogenic properties of, 53-57 mechanical properties of, 48-67 Solution hardening in bcc metals, 28-30 in hcp metals, 35, 36 Specific heat, 298-300 and adiabatic deformation, 84-86 Specimen configurations for Kc tests, 120 Spheroidal graphite (S.G.) cast iron, 80 Spheroidization, 78, 81 Spherulites, 188 Spontaneous transformation in stainless steels, 61-63 Stacking fault energy, ),,18,21,38,86 Stainless steel compatibility with fluorine, 277-278 compatibility with LOX, 276, 278 "Hi-proof' grades, 63, 64, 88-90 properties of, 58-65, 77, 88-90 serrated stress-strain curves, 86 welding of, 64-65, 89, 291 type A286, 60, 77 type 17-7 PH, 77 type 202, 65 types 304 and 304L, 61-63, 86, 88-90 type 310,58-60,86,88-90 type 316, 61, 63, 88-90 type 321, 60, 61 type 347,60,61,63 Static fatigue in glass-reinforced plastics, 241, 245 in polymers, 209 Stiffness of testing machines, 253 Storage modulus, 199-200 Strain aging, and fatigue limits, 166 Strain gauges, 260, 267, 269-270 Strain hardening, 4,12,15-18,24,31,33, 37,51,52,54,63,68,69 effects of solutes, 51, 52 and fatigue, 162 Strain rate effect on deformation in thermoplastics, 177,179,184,186,194,202 effect on failure in polymers, 207 effect on transition· temperatures, 141 Strain sensors, 255 Strength/thermal conductivity ratio, 231, 305-306 Subject Index Strength/we~htratio,66,230, 231,246 Stress concentration factors, 125 Stress corrosion, 171-172 Stress intensity factor, 114 Stress relaxation, 194-196 Stretcher strains, definition of, 6 Structural adhesives, 210, 217-220 Structure, use in adhesive joints, 218 Substitutional impurities, and dislocation pinning, 48 Sulfur, 145 Sulfur contamination, 56, 58 Superparamagnetism, 89-90 Surface energy, )'8,107,108,110,113,208 Surface fmish, effect on fatigue, 164, 165 Tantalum, mechanical properties of, 27 Tedlar (polyvinylfluoride), 220 Temperature superposition theory, 201, 202 Tensile strength, defmition of, 4 of glass-reinforced plastics, 242, 245 Tensile test, terminology, 2-6 Testing methods and techniques, 253-272 Tests drop weight tear, 281 impact, 281, 282, 283 notched tensile, 281 TFE (polytetrafluoroethylene), 210, 212-213, 214 Thermal conductivity, 303-306 of foams, 222 of polymers, 205 Thermal cycling, and martensitic transformation, 61-63 Thermal expansion, 206, 300-302 Thermal expansion of thermosets, 206 Thermal fat~e, 170 Thermal shock, 205, 227, 245 Thermomechanical curves, 182-183, 190-191 Thermoplastics, defmition of, 177-178 Thermosetting plastics, 178, 204-206 Thermosetting plastics, defmition of, 178 Thiokol,214 . Three-stage hardening, 13, 51 Time-dependent failure, 163-174 Tipper test, 163 Titanium LOX compatibility of, 274, 276-277 mechanical properties of, 30-39 Titanium alloys cryogenic properties of, 65-67 fracture toughness of, 132, 135 Titanium streaking, 64 Torsional tests, 264Subject lDdex Toughened glass, 227 Toughness in adhesive systems, 218 defmition of, 5 influence on design criteria, 273, 279- 280 micromechanisms of, 113-114 Transgranular fracture, definition of, 95 Transition metals, 23-31 effect of interstitial impurities, 24-30 Transition pieces, 293-295 Transition temperatures, 141-146, 148-150 Transitions in thermoplastics, effect of temperature and time, 177, 179 Tresca criterion, 142 True strain, def'mition of, 5 True stress, defmition of, 4 Tufnol,206 Tungsten, 27 Tungsten Inert Gas (T.I.G.) process, 291 Twinning, 10, 25, 31-33 and cleavage crack nucleation, 106-107 Two-phase (duplex) alloys mechanical properties of, 78-81 Ultimate tensile stress defmition of, 4 effect of temperature in fcc metals, 21, 22 Ultraviolet light, effect on polymers, 209 Uniform elongation, definition of, 4 Vacuum seals, 39 Van der Veen test, 163 Van der Waals bonds, 180 Vanadium, mechanical properties of, 27 Viscoelastic behavior in polymers, 194- 198 Viscofluid state, in amorphous polymers, 184 Viscofluid transition in polymers, 183 Viton, 214, 277 Voids influence on failure of polymers, 209 influence on properties of GRP's, 245 influence on toughness, 127 role in ductile failure, 95, 98-102, 127 Voigt model of viscoelasticity, 196-197 Volume fraction, effect on strength, 79 Von Mises criterion, 15, 142 Washers, use in stacks to minimize heat leaks, 235 Water vapor as plasticizer in polymers, 212 and static fatigue, 241, 245 Weak interfaces, 127 Wiedemann-Franz law, 304 Weld decay, 64 Welding 325 effect on toughness, 131, 154, 157, 159 and hydrogen embrittlement, 174 as jointing technique, 290-292, 293, 294 WLF shift function, 201, 202 Work hardening, defmition of, 4 Work of plastic deformation, "lp, 113, 127 Work of viscous flow, "lv' 208-209 Work softening, 84 Yield in amorphous polymers, 185-186 in crystalline polymers, 192-193 drops and sharp yield points, 6, 30, 82-84 effect of temperature in bcc metals, 25- 30,37 effect of temperature in fcc metals, 22, 37 effect of temperature in hcp metals, 33, 34,36,37 general aspects, 9-16 polycrystals, 14-16, 18, 26-27, 33-34 in single crystals, 10-12, 24-25, 31-33 Yield elongation, defmition of, 6 Yield stress definition of, 3 effect of solutes on, 48-51 Young's modulus definition of, 3 effect of impurities and cold work, 8 temperature dependence of, 7-9 Zener, mechanism for nucleation of cleavage cracks, 104-105 Zinc, mechanical properties of, 31, 32,33, 36 Zirconium, mechanical properties of x Abbott, W.K., 92 Algie, S.H., 92 Allen, G.R., 307 Allen, N.P., 175 Alper, R.H., 46 Altshuler, T.L., 44,262 American Society for Mechanical Engineers, 307 American Society for Metals, 91, 174, 307 American Society for Testing and Materials, 42, 174, 175,176,249 Anderson, E., 45 Anderson, W.J., 251 Andrews, E.H., 248 Andrianov, Yu. E., 272 Argon, A.A., 42, 45 Arko, A., 40, 45 Arp, V.D., 272 Arsenault, R.J., 28, 40, 44, 45,46,254,256,271 Aseff, G.V., 272 Asby, M.F., 92 Averbach, B.L., 42, 92, 174 Backofen, W.A., 44, 174 Baer, E., 251 Bailey, C.D., 220, 251 Baldwin, D.H., 45 Baldwin, W.M., 101, 175 Barrett, C.S., 45 Barron, R., 42 Basinski, Z.S., 43, 44, 45, 85, 87,92,256,272 Beale, B.T., 251 Beall, R.J., 251 Beardmore, P., 45 Bechtold, J.H., 45 Begley, J.A., 308 Behrsing, G.V., 257, 272 Bell, R.L., 45 Bell, T.I., 250 Berry, J.P., 250 Biggs, W.D., 175 Bilby, B.A., 82,92 Bilello, J.C., 45 Billmeyer, F.W., 248 Bily, M., 169, 176 Biorkland, W.R., 250 Birmingham, B.W., 42,92, 251 Bisson, E.E., 251 Blewitt, T.H., 16,44,87, 92 Boas, W., 42 BoeHner, R.C., 176 Boughton, P., 308 Bowen, D.K., 45 Boyd, G.M., 163, 176 Boyle, R.W., 175 Breedis, J.F., 92 Brennan, J.A., 251 Brickner, K.G., 92 Brink, N.O., 252 Brisbane, A.W., 125, 175 British Standards Institution, 307 Broadwell, R.G., 92 Broutman, L.J., 42, 231, 249 Brown, N., 272 Brown, W.F., 117,118,120, 122,123,174,175 Bueche, F., 248 Bunn, C.W., 189,249 Burdekin, F.M., 156, 157, 176 Burns, K.W., 145, 176 Burwood-Smith, A., 252 Byrne, J.G., 70, 92 Cahn, R.W., 45 Callaway, R.F., 272 Cambell, J.D., 175 Cambell, J.E., 44, 272 313 Caren, R.P., 238, 251 Carlson, O.N., 45 Carlson, R.L., 44, 272 Carrekar, R.P., 22,44 Chafey, J.E., 307 Chamberlain, D.W., 242, 243,244,252,265,272 Chechel'nitskii, G.G., 272 Chelton, D.B., 92 Chiarito, P.T., 269, 272 Chin, G.Y., 44, 98,174 Chiou, c., 92 Christian, J.L., 44, 92,125, l37,175,272,307 Christian, J.W., 45, 92 Codd, R.M., 44 Codlin, Ellen M., 43 Cohen, M., 92 Collins, S.C., 92 Colston, R.M., 251 Coltman, R.R., 44, 92 Conrad, H., 29, 35, 36, 38, 43,44,45 Conte, R.R., 43 Cook, J., 240, 252 Cooper, A., 251 Corruccini, R.J., 43, 307 Cottrell, A.H., l3, 15, 20, 27,34,42,44,82,84,92, 104,105,107,175 Cox, H.L., 240, 252 Coxe, E.F., 251 Cratchley, D., 251 Croft, A.J., 292, 308 Davis, H.R., 174 Davis, J.W., 252 Denton, W.H., 43 Derungs, W.A., 158, 176 Desai, M.B., 252 De Sisto, T.S., 34, 37, 45, 272 Dew-Hughes, D., 92314 Dimitrov, 0., 46 Dixon, C.E., 308 Doherty, D.J., 251 Doremus, R.H., 249 Dorn, J.E., 28, 45 Drucker, D.C., 174 Dubus, F., 251 Dudzinski, N., 44 Duke, W.M., 42 Durcholz, R.L., 271, 272 Eash, D.T., 266, 272 Eberly, W.S., 91 Edelson, B.l., 101, 175 Eichelman, G.H., 92 Emmons, W.F., 272 Englehardt, V., 250 Eschbacher, E.W., 176 Etheridge, B.R., 173, 176 Ezekial, F.D., 92 Favor, R.J., 272 Ferry,"J.D., 248, 249 Fetkovitch, J.G., 250 Fiedlev, H.C., 92 Fields, T.H., 250 Findley, W.N., 249 Fine, M.E., 44, 92 Flanigan, A.E., 174 Fleischer, R.L., 28, 36,45 Flom, D.G., 251 Flory, P.J., 249 Foxall, R.A., 44 Frank, F.C., 44, 250 Franz, H., 44 Freche, J.C., 176,272 Freeman, S.M., 251 French, R.S., 49, 92 Friedel, J., 110, 175 Gaffney, J., 7, 44 Gaigher, H.L., 45 Gibbons, H.P., 43, 71, 73, 91 Gibbs, H.G., 249 Gideon, D.N., 272 Gilbert, A., 45 Gillam, E., 249 Gilman, 1.1., 82, 92, 104, 174,175 Gindin, l.A., 44, 45,258, 260,272 Glen, 1.W., 40, 46 Gniewek, J.J., 307 Gopal, E.S.R., 43, 300, 307 Gorden, M., 202, 240, 249, 250,252 Gosnell, R.B., 250 Greetham, G., 68, 92 Grieveson, B.M., 202, 250 Griffm, J.D., 251 Griffith, A.A., 111, 112, 113, 114,115,144,175,208, 226 Grove, C.S., 246, 249 Grover, H.J., 272 Gunter, C.S., 61, 62, 92 Guter, M., 307 Haasen, P., 16,44, 92 Hahn, G. T., 45, 83, 92 Halford, P., 295, 308 Hall, E. 0.,14,19,26,44, 92, 108, 144 Hands, B.A., 44 Hanson, M.P., 247, 252, 254, 272 Hargreaves, R., 225, 251 Harper, J.H., 252 Haselden, G.G., 42 Haskins, J.F., 251 Hauser, R.L., 44,175,277, 307 Haward, R.N., 250 Heaver, R.A., 252 Hernandez, H.P., 92 Herring, R.N., 250 Hertz, J., 217, 219, 246, 250, 251, 252 Heyes, I.E., 272 Hibbard, W.R., 22,44,45, 49,92 Hill, R., 251 Hirsch, P.B., 44 Hoare, F.E., 43,271,308 Holiday, L., 251 Holister, G.S., 249 Holland, W.D., 251 Holmes, A.M.C., 251 Holt, D.B., 43 Honda, R., 175 Honeycombe, R.W.K., 40, 42,68, 91. 92 Hopkins, D.E., 175 Horsley, R.A., 208, 250 Hosford, W.F., 44, 174 Howells, E.R., 189, 249 Hughes, F.A., 42 Hull, D., 42, 44, 45,107, 175,256,263,272 Hull, F.C., 92 Hulsebos, J., 251 Author Index Huntington, H.B., 44 Hurd, R., 251 Hurlich, A., 44, 175 Ingram, A.G., 44 Inglis, C.E., 111, 175 International Nickel Company, 91, 92,147 Irwin, G., 114, 115, 175 Jackson, L.C., 43, 271, 308 Jech, R.W., 251 Jenckel, E., 249 Johnson, E.W., 125, 175 Johnson, R.L., 225, 251 Johnson, W.G., 82, 92 Jorden, D.E., 308 Kargin, V.A., 183, 191,249 Kaufman, J.G., 125, 175 Kausen, R.C., 219, 250 Keeping, W., 307 Keh, A.S., 45 Keifer, T.l., 43, 176, 250, 252, 266 Keller, A., 188,249 Kelly, A., 43, 44, 92, 237, 249,251 Kelly, P.M., 30, 45 Kendell, E.G., 43, 68, 91 Kenny, N.T., 44 Kenny, P., 175 Keys, R.D., 43, 176, 250, 252,259,260,265,272 Khosla, G., 249 King, H.W., 92 King, W., 45 Kinney, G.F., 249 Klajvin, 0.,75,92,254, 256,272 Klein, E., 249 Klima, S.J., 176, 272 Koenig, J.L., 42,211,249 Kondorsky, E.I., 92 Koster, W., 44 Krafft, J.M., 122, 175 Krock, R.H., 42,231,249 Kropschot, R.H., 42, 251 Kula, E.B., 34, 37,45 Kuno, J.K., 219, 250 Kurti, N., 43, 271,308 Lagneborg, R., 92 Laird, C., 176Author Index Landel, R.F., 249 Landrock, A.H., 249 Larbalestier. D.C 92 Lark, R.F., 221, 251 Lassila, A., 44, 92 Lau, S.S., 45 Law, D., 45 Lawley, A., 45 Laydon, L.M., 308 Lazan, B.J., 250 Lazerev, B.G., 44 Lazareva, M.B , 44 Lebeder, D.V., 272 Lester, G.R., 251 Liebfried, G., 69, 92 Liebschutz, A.M., 272 Light, J.S., 251 Lombardo, J.J., 279, 308 Lomer, W.M., 13, 15,44,84 Loria, E.A., 45 Low, J.R., 30,43,45,71, 91,103,174,175 Lucas, L.R., 257, 272 Lucey, J.A., 308 Ludtke, P.R., 250 McCammon, R.D., 167, 176, 265, 272 McClintock, F.A., 42, 175 McClintock, R.M., 42, 44,71, 73,91,175,251,255,264, 269, 272 McClure, G.M., 272 McDanels, D.L., 251 McEvily, A.J., viii, 42,126, 143,174,176,249 McGarry, F.J., 252 McGee, R.R., 44, 272 McLean, D., 15,40,42,91 McQueen, H.S., 272 Magelich, J.C., 92 Maloof, S.R., 45 Makin, M.J., 92 Mann, D.B., 42, 92 Mann, J., 250 Manning, 1.K., 44,272 Mark, H.F., 42,248 Marshall, 1., 249 Martin, H.L., 44 Martin, K.B., 250, 251 Massalski, T.B., 45 Masters, B.C., 45 Masters, J.N., 130, 131, 133, 175 Meaden, G.T., 43 Meiklejohn, W.H., 92 Mendelssohn, K., 42 Meyer, K.H., 187,249 Mikesell, R.P., 43, 53, 54, 91,92,264,272 Miller, R.N., 225, 251 Mitchell, T.E., 13,20,25, 43,44,45,50,91 Mohr, 1.G., 251 Molho, B., 245, 252 Morgan, P., 249 Mott, N.F., 40, 46 Mowers, R.E., 212, 220, 250 Mullins, L., 250 Mukherjee, A.K., 45 Nabarro,F.R.N., 19, 28,43 Nachtigall, A.J., 167, 168, 176,265,272 Nakada, Y., 45 Nicholls, C.M., 43 Nichols, R.W., 176 Nicholson, R.B., 92 Nieglisch, W.D., 250 Nielsen, L.E., 249 Ogorkiewicz, R.M., 249 Oleesky, S.S., 251 Orowan, E., 11,44,113, 141 Osgood, S.H., 43, 250 Outwater, 1.0., 235, 251 Overton, W.C., 7,44 Ovsyannikov, B.M., 272 Parker, E.R., 174 Partridge, P.G., 43 Peieris, R., 19,28, III Pellini, W., 148, 149, 152, 153,155,175,176 Petch, N.l., 14, 19, 26,44,45, 107,108,110,144,175 Pewitt, E. G., 250 Pfaff, F., 52, 91 Phillips, L.N., 248, 252 Pickering, F.B., 145, 176 Picklesimer, M.L., 45 Polanyi, M., 11,44 Post, C.B., 91 Pratt, P.L., 175 Puttick, K., 100, 175 Puzak, P., 148, 149, 153, 175,176 315 Raffo, P. L., 45 Rajnak, S., 28, 45 Ranji, S., 45 Rauscher, W., 44 Read, W.T., 44 Redman, 1.K., 44,92 Reed, R.P., 22,43, 53, 54, 59,61,62,91,92,256, 270, 271 Reed-Hill, R.E., 45 Rees, W.P., 175 Reid, C.N., 45, 106, 175 Rice, L.P., 272 Richards, H.T., 272 Rickards, P.l., 92 Risebrough, N.R., 32,45 Rizika, J.W., 92 Robbins, R.F., 203, 204, 250 Roberts, 1.M., 272 Robertson, T.S., 123, 151, 152,155,175 Robertson, W.D., 92 Robinson, D.E., 250 Robinson, R.J., 252 Rogers, H.C., 174, 176 Rosato, D.V., 246, 249 Rose-Innes, A.C., 43 Roseland, L.M., 218, 219, 250, 251,252 Rosen, B., 249, 251, 252 Rosenberg, H.M., 43,167, 176,254,256,263,265, 271,272 Rumpel, W.F., 277, 307 Rutherford, 1.L., 26, 45, 92 Sato, S., 44, 92 Saunders, D.W., 249 Schmid, E., 42 Schreihaus, F.A., 250 Schuerch, H., 252 Schuman, P.D., 250 Schuster, M.E., 176 Schwartzberg, F.R., 43, 91, 124,167,175, 176,250, 252,254,259,265,271, 272 Scott, R.B., 42, 43 Sedov, V.L., 92 Seeger, A., 44 Sepp, D.W., 92 Serafini, T.S., 42,211,249 Skochdopole, R.E., 251 Slonimsky, G.L., 183, 191, 249316 Smith, M.B., 219, 251 Smith, R.L., 26,45, 92 Soffer, L.M., 245, 252 Spaeder, C.E., 92 Spitzig, W.A., 45 Spreadborough, J., 45 Spurr, O.K., 250 Srawley, I.E., 117, 118, 120,122,123,174,175 Starodubov, Ya.D., 44, 45, 272 Stein, D.F., 29, 30,45,51, 91 Stepanov, A.V., 75, 92 Stickley, G.W., 272 Stoiker, L.R., 251 Stokes, R.J., 20, 27, 34, 44, 92 Stoy, S.T., 251 Stroh, A.N., 104, 107, 175 Stump, E.C., 250 Sullivan, A.M., 175 Susman, S. E., 219, 251 Sutton, W.H., 251 Takayangi, M., 189, 249 Tanalski, T.T., 175 Tantam, D.H., 225, 251 Taylor, G., 45, 261, 272 Taylor, G.I., 11,44 Tegart, W.J. MeG., 45 Teghtsoonian, E., 32, 45 Tetelman, A.S., viii, 42, 126,143,174,249 Thomas, A.G., 250 Thomas, C., 249 Thomas, G., 45 Thompson, A.B., 249 Thompson, R.W., 45 Tiffany, C.F., 130, 131, 133, 175 Timmerhaus, K.D., 42,91, 174,249,271,307 Tiner, N.A., 307 Tipler, H.R., 175 Tobolsky, A.V., 201, 249 Toth, J.M., 251 Treloar, L.R.G., 187, 249 Tsai, S.W., 236, 251 Tyson, W.R., 251 United States Steel Co., 43,297,307 University of California Radiation Laboratory (UCRL),43 Uzhik, G.V., 92 Vance, R. W., 42 Van Vlack, L. H., 42, 249 Vincent, P. I., 209, 250 Von Mises, R., 15,44, 142 Von Susich, C., 249 Walker, W. R., 250 Warren, K. A., 22,43,59,91, 255, 270, 272 Author Index Watson, J. F., 44, 92,125 175,259,260,272,307 Weertman, 1., 46 Weeton, J.W., 251 Weleff, W., 272 Weiss, V., 116, 176 Weitzel, D. H., 215, 216, 250 Wells, A.A., 115, 156, 175 Wessel, E.T., 92, 175, 256, 257,272 Westmoreland, G., 250 White, G.K., 43, 272, 292, 303,307 Wickstrom, W.A., 173, 176 Wigley, D.A., 252 Williams, M.L., 201, 249 Williams, T.R.G., 169, 176 WiIshaw, T.R., 175 Wilson, F.M., 250 Wilson, W.A., 251 Wisander, D.W., 225, 251 Witzell, W.E., 307 Wood, R.A., 92 Woodley, C.C., 155, 176 Wulff, J., vii, 42,249 Yorgiadis, A., 250 Yukawa, S., 116, 176 Zeilberger, E.J., 278, 307 Zener, C., 104,175 Zurkowski, N.B., 252
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