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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Up and Running with AutoCAD 2023 - 2D and 3D Drawing, Design and Modeling Elliot J. Gindis Robert C. Kaebisch
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Table of Contents Cover image Title page Table of Contents Copyright About the authors Preface Acknowledgments Level 1. Chapters 1—10 Level 1. Chapters 1–10 Chapter 1. AutoCAD fundamentals—Part I Learning objectives 1.1. Introduction and basic commands 1.2. The AutoCAD environment 1.3. INTERACTING WITH AUTOCAD 1.4. Practicing the create objects commands 1.5. View objects 1.6. Practicing the Edit/Modify objects commands 1.7. Selection methods 1.8. Drawing accuracy - part 1 1.9. Drawing accuracy - part 2 1.10. OSNAP drafting settings Summary Review questions Chapter 2. AutoCAD fundamentals—Part II Learning objectives 2.1. GRIPS 2.2. Units and scale 2.3. Snap and Grid 2.4. Cartesian coordinate system 2.5. Geometric data entry 2.6. Inquiry commands 2.7. Additional drafting commands Summary Review questions Spotlight on: architecture Spotlight on: architecture Chapter 3. Layers, colors, linetypes, and properties Learning objectives 3.1. Introduction to layers 3.2. Introduction to linetypes 3.3. Introduction to properties 3.4. In-class drawing project: floor plan layout Summary Review questions Exercises Chapter 4. Text, mtext, editing, and style Learning objectives 4.1. Introduction to text and mtext 4.2. Text (single line) 4.3. Mtext 4.4. Style 4.5. Spell check 4.6. In-Class drawing project: adding text and furniture to floor plan layout Summary Review questions Exercises Chapter 5. Hatch patterns Learning objectives 5.1. Introduction to Hatch 5.2. Hatch procedures 5.3. Working with Hatch patterns 5.4. Gradient and solid fill 5.5. SuperHatch 5.6. In-Class drawing project: adding Hatch to floor plan layout Summary Review questions Exercises Spotlight on: mechanical engineering Spotlight on: mechanical engineering Chapter 6. Dimensions Learning objectives 6.1. Introduction to dimensions 6.2. Types of dimensions 6.3. Editing dimensions 6.4. Customizing dimensions 6.5. Center marks and centerlines 6.6. In-Class drawing project: adding dimensions to floor plan layout Summary Review questions Exercises Chapter 7. Blocks, Wblocks, dynamic blocks, groups, and purge Learning objectives 7.1. Introduction to blocks 7.2. Insert 7.3. Purge 7.4. Wblocks 7.5. Dynamic blocks 7.6. Groups Summary Review questions Exercises Chapter 8. Polar, rectangular, and path arrays Learning objectives 8.1. Polar array 8.2. Rectangular array 8.3. Path array 8.4. In-class drawing project: mechanical device Summary Review questions Exercises Spotlight on: interior design Spotlight on: interior design Chapter 9. Basic printing and output Learning objectives 9.1. Introduction to printing and plotting 9.2. The essentials 9.3. The plot dialog box 9.4. Page setup manager Summary Review questions Exercise Chapter 10. Advanced output—Paper Space Learning objectives 10.1. Introduction to Paper Space 10.2. Paper Space concepts Summary Review questions Exercises Level 1. Answers to review questions Answers to review questions Chapter 1: Review questions Chapter 2: Review questions Chapter 3: Review questions Chapter 4: Review questions Chapter 5: Review questions Chapter 6: Review questions Chapter 7: Review questions Chapter 8: Review questions Chapter 9: Review questions Chapter 10: Review questions Level 2. Chapters 11—20 Chapters 11–20 Chapter 11. Advanced linework Learning objectives 11.1. Introduction to advanced linework 11.2. Pline (polyline) 11.3. Xline (construction line) 11.4. Ray 11.5. Spline 11.6. Mline (multiline) 11.7. Sketch 11.8. Level 2 drawing project (1 of 10): architectural floor plan Summary Review questions Exercises Chapter 12. Advanced layers Learning objectives 12.1. Introduction to advanced layers 12.2. Script files 12.3. Layer State Manager 12.4. Layer filtering 12.5. Layer Freeze, Isolate, and Walk 12.6. Level 2 drawing project (2 of 10): architectural floor plan Summary Review questions Exercises Spotlight on: electrical engineering Spotlight on: electrical engineering Chapter 13. Advanced dimensions Learning objectives 13.1. Introduction to advanced dimensions 13.2. Dimension Style Manager 13.3. Introduction to constraints 13.4. Geometric constraints 13.5. Dimensional constraints 13.6. Dimension-driven design 13.7. Level 2 drawing project (3 of 10): architectural floor plan Summary Review questions Exercises Chapter 14. Options, Shortcuts, CUI, Design Center, and Express Tools Learning objectives 14.1. Options 14.2. Shortcuts 14.3. Customize User Interface 14.4. Design Center 14.5. Express tools 14.6. Level 2 drawing project (4 of 10): Architectural floor plan Summary Review questions Chapter 15. Advanced design and file management tools Learning objectives 15.1. Introduction to advanced design and file management tools 15.2. Align 15.3. Action recording 15.4. Audit and recover 15.5. Blend 15.6. Break and join 15.7. CAD standards 15.8. Calculator 15.9. Defpoints 15.10. Divide and point style 15.11. Donut 15.12. Draw order 15.13. eTransmit 15.14. Filter 15.15. Hyperlink 15.16. Lengthen 15.17. Object snap tracking 15.18. Overkill 15.19. Point and node 15.20. Publish 15.21. Raster 15.22. Revcloud 15.23. Sheet sets 15.24. Selection methods 15.25. Stretch 15.26. System variables 15.27. Tables 15.28. Tool palette 15.29. UCS and crosshair rotation 15.30. Window tiling 15.31. Wipeout 15.32. Level 2 drawing project (5 of 10): architectural floor plan Summary Review questions Exercises Spotlight on: civil engineering Spotlight on: civil engineering Chapter 16. Importing and exporting data Learning objectives 16.1. Introduction to importing and exporting data 16.2. Importing and exporting to and from MS office applications 16.3. Screen shots 16.4. JPGs 16.5. PDFs 16.6. Other cad software 16.7. Exporting and the save as feature 16.8. Inserting and OLE 16.9. Level 2 drawing project (6 Of 10): architectural floor plan Summary Chapter 17. External references (xrefs) Learning objectives 17.1. Introduction to xrefs 17.2. Using xrefs 17.3. Layers in xrefs 17.4. Editing and reloading xrefs 17.5. Multiple xrefs 17.6. Ribbon and xrefs 17.7. Level 2 drawing project (7 of 10): architectural floor plan Summary Review questions Chapter 18. Attributes Learning objectives 18.1. Introduction to attributes 18.2. Creating the design 18.3. Creating the attribute definitions 18.4. Creating the attribute block 18.5. Attribute properties and editing 18.6. Attribute extraction 18.7. Invisible attributes 18.8. Level 2 drawing project (8 of 10): architectural floor plan Summary Review questions Exercise Spotlight on: aerospace engineering Spotlight on: aerospace engineering Chapter 19. Advanced output and pen settings Learning objectives 19.1. Introduction to advanced output and pen settings 19.2. Setting standards 19.3. The CTB file 19.4. Additional CTB file features 19.5. Lineweight VISIBILITY Settings 19.6. Level 2 drawing project (9 of 10): architectural floor plan Summary Review questions Exercise Chapter 20. Isometric drawing Learning objectives 20.1. Introduction to graphical projection 20.2. Isometric projection 20.3. Basic technique 20.4. Ellipses in isometric drawing 20.5. Text and dimensions in isometric drawing 20.6. Level 2 drawing project (10 of 10): architectural floor plan Summary Review questions Exercises Level 2. Answers to review questions Level 2. Answers to review questions Chapter 11: Review questions Chapter 12: Review questions Chapter 13: Review questions Chapter 14: Review questions Chapter 15: Review questions Chapter 16: Review questions Chapter 17: Review questions Chapter 18: Review questions Chapter 19: Review questions Chapter 20: Review questions Level 3. Chapters 21—30 Level 3. Chapters 21–30 Chapter 21. 3D Basics Learning objectives 21.1. Axes, Planes, and Faces 21.2. 3D Workspaces, Ribbon, Toolbars, and 3D Options 21.3. Entering and Exiting 3D 21.4. Projecting into 3D 21.5. 3D Dynamic Views 21.6. Extrude 21.7. Visual Styles: Hide and Shade 21.8. Viewcube and Navigation Bar Summary Review questions Exercises Chapter 22. Object Manipulation Learning objectives 22.1. Introduction to Object Manipulation Summary Review questions Exercises Spotlight on: chemical engineering Spotlight on: chemical engineering Chapter 23. Boolean operations and primitives Learning objectives 23.1. Introduction to boolean operations 23.2. Introduction to primitives 23.3. Applying primitives Summary Review questions Exercises Chapter 24. Solid Modeling Learning objectives 24.1. Introduction to Solid Modeling Summary Review questions Exercises Chapter 25. Advanced Solids, Faces, and Edges Learning objectives 25.1. Introduction To Advanced Solids, Faces, And Edges 25.2. Working With Faces 25.3. Working With Edges Summary Review questions Exercises Spotlight on: biomedical engineering Spotlight on: biomedical engineering Chapter 26. Surfaces and meshes Learning objectives 26.1. Introduction to Surfaces and Meshes 26.2. Surfacing Commands 26.3. Smooth Mesh Primitives Summary Review questions Exercises Chapter 27. Slicing, sectioning, layouts, and vports Learning objectives 27.1. Introduction to slicing, sectioning, layouts, and vports 27.2. Slicing and sectioning 27.3. Layouts and details 27.4. Flatten and flatshot 27.5. Vports Summary Review questions Exercise Chapter 28. Advanced UCS, Views, Text, and Dimensions in 3D Learning objectives 28.1. Introduction To Advanced Ucs, Views, Text, And Dimensions In 3d 28.2. Advanced Ucs Object 28.3. Views And View Manager 28.4. Text And Dimensions In 3d Summary Review questions Exercise Spotlight on: drafting, CAD management, teaching, and consulting Spotlight on: drafting, CAD management, teaching, and consulting Overview AutoCAD training requirements Architectural drafting Engineering drafting CAD management Teaching AutoCAD AutoCAD consulting Chapter 29. Dview, camera, walk and fly, path animation Learning objectives 29.1. Dynamic view 29.2. Cameras 29.3. Walk and fly 29.4. Path animation Summary Review questions Exercises Chapter 30. Lighting and rendering Learning objectives 30.1. Introduction to lighting and rendering 30.2. Lighting 30.3. Materials and rendering Summary Review questions Exercise Level 3. Answers to review questions Level 3. Answers to review questions Chapter 21 Review questions Chapter 22 Review questions Chapter 23 Review questions Chapter 24 Review questions Chapter 25 Review questions Chapter 26 Review questions Chapter 27 Review questions Chapter 28 Review questions Chapter 29 Review questions Chapter 30 Review questions Appendix A. Additional Information on AutoCAD Appendix B. Other CAD software, design and analysis tools, and concepts Appendix C. File extensions Appendix D. Custom linetypes and hatch patterns Appendix E. Principles of CAD management Appendix F. AutoLISP basics and advanced customization tools Appendix G. PC hardware, printers/plotters, networks, and the cloud Appendix H. What are kernels? Appendix I. Lighting, rendering, effects, and animation Appendix J. 3D printing Appendix K. AutoCAD certification exams Appendix L. AutoCAD employment Appendix M. The future of AutoCAD Index Index Note: ‘Page numbers followed by “f” indicate figures and “t” indicate tables.’ A AccuRender, 816 .ac$ file format, 786 Action recording command, 394, 394f Action Macro, 395f recording log, 395f Actions, 183e188 Active X, 803, 805 Additional drafting commands, 53e65 Additive manufacturing, 728 Add Vertex option, 290, 290f Advanced design and file management tools, 392 action recording command, 394, 394f align command, 392e393 audit and recover command, 396e397, 397f blend command, 397e398, 397f break and join command, 398e400, 398f CAD standards, 400e401 calculator function, 402 Defpoints, 402e403 divide and point style, 403e404 donut command, 404e405 draw order command, 405 eTransmit command, 405e407, 406f filter command, 408e410, 409f hyperlink command, 410e411, 411f lengthen command, 412, 412f level 2 drawing project, 436 OTRACK, 412e413, 412f overkill command, 413, 414f point and node command, 413e414, 414f publish command, 414e415, 415f raster, 415e416 Revcloud command, 416e417 selection methods, 421e422 sheet sets, 417, 418fe420f stretch command, 422e423 system variables, 423, 423f tables, 424 tool palette, 426 UCS and crosshair rotation, 429e431 window tiling, 431 wipeout, 432e436 Advanced dimensions, 334 constraints, 343 dimensional constraints, 347e349 dimension-driven design, 349e350, 350f Dimension Style Manager, 334e341 geometric constraints, 343e345 level 2 drawing project, 350 Advanced layers, 314 layer filtering, 318e320 layer freeze, isolate, and walk, 320e322, 321f Layer State Manager (LSM), 315e318 level 2 drawing project, 322e323 script files, 314e315 Advanced linework, 286 line vs. pline command, 286f Mline, 296e302, 296f Pline, 286e292 Ray command, 294, 294f sketch command, 302e305 Spline command, 294e296, 295f Xline, 292e293, 293f Advanced output and pen settings, 494 CTB file, 494e499 level 2 drawing project, 502e503 lineweight visibility settings, 500e502 setting standards, 494 Advanced solids, 632e637 Advanced Universal Coordinate System (UCS), 706e708, 706fe707f Face UCS, 708 Named UCS, 712e714, 713fe714f object, 709e714 origin, 709e710 3 Point, 711e712 Previous, 707e708 view, 709 World view, 707 X, Y, and Z, 712 Z-axis vector, 710, 710f Aerospace engineering, 489e490 education for, 489 AIA layers, 75 .ai file format, 786 Airbus A380 airliner, 489 Align command, 392e393 Aligned dimension, 148e149 Alta Elevation, 414 Alternate Units Tab, 339e340, 340f Angle Inquiry command, 52e53 Angular dimensions, 151e152, 339 Annotation, 265e274 scale, 268, 269f text copy, 267f visibility, 266 ANSYS, Inc., 785 Application programming interface, 803 Arc, 14e15, 15f convert to arc option, 290, 290f length dimension, 159e160 ArchiCAD, 785 Architects, 75 Architectural drafting, 722 Architectural floor plan, 306, 322e323, 350, 387e388, 387fe388f, 436, 458, 459f, 485e486, 485fe487f, 502e503, 515e516, 516fe519f Architectural Layout, 250e251, 251f Architectural scale, 246 Architecture, 75 architectural details, 75 architectural drafting, 75 Arch_Layout, 315 Area Inquiry command, 49e51 object, 51 point by point, 50e51 Arrays path, 216e218 polar, 208e213, 208fe210f rectangular, 213e215, 213fe215f review questions, 228 Attdef, 484 Attributes, 582 block creation, 477e478, 477f definition creation, 475e476 design creation, 474e475 basic chair design, 474f basic chair design text, 475f fields, 476f exploding attributes, 479 extraction, 479e484 data extraction, 480f ]table insertion, 484f inserting attributes, 479, 479f invisible attributes, 484, 485f level 2 drawing project, 485e486, 485fe487f properties and editing, 478e479, 478f Audit and recover commands, 396e397 recover message, 397f review questions, 528 Auditing, 396 AutoCAD, 233e234, 286, 343, 494, 533, 828, 881 additional drafting commands, 53e65 Autodesk, 778, 781 Boolean operations, 584 capabilities and limitations of, 796 Cartesian coordinate system, 44e45, 45f 831AutoCAD (Continued) consulting, 722 cost, 781 Create Objects, 4 practicing, 11e17 3Darray, 567 3D models, 343 drawing accuracy, 30e32 3Dscale, 569 Edit/Modify Objects, 4e5 practicing, 19e27 environment, 5e8 flagship products, 781 geometric data entry, 45e48 grips, 42, 42f Inquiry commands, 49e53 loft, 616 LT, 781 Mac, 781 mirror3D, 564 OSNAP drafting settings, 32e33 polygon command and tool tip, 11, 11f primary extensions, 786 purchase, 781 releases, 781 requirements, 809 review questions, 228e232, 528 revolve, 604 screen elements, 7e8, 7f secondary extensions, 786 selection methods, 28e29 Select template, 5e6, 6f shell, 611 snap and grid, 43e44, 44f Start tab, 5e6, 5f training requirements, 722 units and scale, 43, 43f using Panels, 10e11 using Ribbon, 10e11, 10f View Objects, 5, 17e19 websites, 781 on Windows 10, 5e6, 6f AutoCAD certification exams, 822 AutoCAD Certified Professional (ACP), 822 AutoCAD Certified User exam (ACU), 822 AutoCAD employment, 825e827 Autodesk, 778, 781, 813, 828 Autodesk Inc., 781 Autodesk Certified Instructor (ACI), 823 Autodesk User Group International, 781 AutoLISP, 423, 796, 803 advanced features and the vlide command, 803 fundamentals, 803 variables and comments, 803 AutoSnap marker size, 369 settings, 369 Auto Track settings, 370 Axonometric projection, 506, 507f B .bak (backup file), 786 Baseline dimensions, 153e154, 153f Basic tolerances, 341 Big Area Additive Manufacturing (BAAM) machine, 818 BIM, 828 Biomedical engineering, 582e584 Biomedical engineers, 582 Bioprinting, 818 Blend command, 397e398 Block Definition dialog box, 177, 177f Blocks, 176e178, 474 Block Editor, 184 creating, 176e178 creation, 484 review questions, 228 .bmp file format, 786 Bonus Tools, 382 Boolean operations, 583, 584f intersect, 588e590 review questions, 533 subtract, 585e587 union, 584 Boundary command, 290e292, 291f Bound layering, 467f Box primitive, 592 Bpoly command, 290, 292f Break and join command, 398e400, 398f Building information modeling (BIM), 828 Business of CAD Part I, 781 Part II, 781 Button pushing process, 246 C CAA, 813 Cadalyst magazine, 781 CAD management capabilities, 796 effective teacher and hiring manager, 796 limitations, 796 rules of AutoCAD, 796 standard, 795 stay current and competent, 795 Calculator function, 402 CALearning The Blast, 781 Cameras, 732, 735fe736f blocks for, 733f field of view, 734f preview, 734f symbol, 733f Cartesian coordinate system, 44e45, 45f CATIA, 785 Cells, 785 CENter, 30, 31f Centerlines, 166e168 Center Marks, 166e168 Chamfer, 57e58, 572e574, 574f executed, 58f setup, 57f Character map, 105, 107f Check Spelling dialog box, 110, 111f Chemical engineering, 585 education for, 585 Circle, 12e14, 13fe14f sweep, 625f Civil engineering, 445e447 education for, 445 Classes, 813 Clip, 730e731 Cloud, 809 Collapse edge, 673 Collapse face, 673, 673f Color, 82e83 Books, 83 Color-Dependent Plot Style Table fille (CTB file), 494e499 Add Plot Style Table, 495fe497f features, 499e500, 499fe500f Plot Style Table Editor, 497f selecting black for all colors, 498f Color edges, 644 Color faces, 644 Command line(s), 8 Components, 813 Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), 670, 785 Computer-aided design (CAD), 785 management teaching, and consulting, 722e724 standards, 400e401, 400f check completed, 401f check standards, 401f configure standards, 400f Computer-aided engineering (CAE), 784 Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), 786 Computer numerical code (CNC), 786, 828 Cone primitive, 594, 594f Constraints, 343 dimensional constraints, 347e349 geometric constraints, 343e345 Settings dialog box, 345 Construction aids, 8 Construction Line (Xline), 292e293, 293f application, 293f Hor, Ver, and Ang options, 293f random xlines, 293f Continuous dimensions, 152e153 Convert to Block option, 178, 182 Convert to solid, 673 Convert to surface, 673 Copy, 4, 21, 21f approach, 251 Copy edges extruded and subtracted, 645f helical coil, 645e647, 645fe646f Copy faces applied to hole, 641f applied to surface, 641f extruded, 641f Create Objects, 4 arc, 14e15, 15f circle, 12e14, 13fe14f line, 11e12, 12f rectangle, 15e17, 17fe18f Crosshairs, 8 rotation, 429e431 size, 360 Crossing, 28, 28f Crossing Lasso, 29, 29f 832 IndexCrossing Polygon (CP), 421 CTB files, review questions, 528 .ctb file format, 786 Customize User Interface (CUI), 376e379 accelerator keys, 378, 378f Button Editor, 378f dialog box, 376f My_Toolbar, 377f Customizing dimensions, 161e165 Cylinder primitive, 595, 595f D 3Dalign blocks for, 636f completed, 638f points selection, 637f 3Darray, 565 axle and spoke, 568, 568f completed 3D polar array, 569, 569f extruded block for, 567, 567f Data Link Libraries (DLLs), 803 3D Basics axes, 535e536, 536fe537f 3D dynamic views, 545e546, 547f 3D Option, 536e538 3D toolbars, 538f 3D Workspaces, 536e538, 537fe538f entering, 538e539, 539fe540f exiting, 538e539, 539fe540f extrude, 546e547, 547fe548f faces, 535e536, 536fe537f Navigation Bar, 551e554 planes, 535e536, 536fe537f projecting into, 540e545 classic method, 542e545 new method, 540e542 ribbon, 536e538 toolbars, 536e538 Viewcube, 551e554, 553f visual styles, 547e550, 553f 3D computer-aided design, 533 Ddedit, 103 2D design, 828 3D design, 828 Ddim, 264 Defpoints, 402e403 Delete, 178, 182 Delete faces, 638e639, 639fe640f Design Center (DC), 379e381 AutoCAD, 379f BIMobject, 380, 380f example download ¿le(s) page, 381f example product page, 381f insertion of blocks, 380f Design intent, 343 Design software, 786 Deviation tolerances, 341 3Dface, 667e668 angular shapes, 667f completed, 668f .dgn file format, 786 Diameter dimension, 149e150, 150f Diametric projection, 506 Digital effects, 816 Dimensional constraints, 347e349 toolbar, 349 using ribbon, 347f working with, 347e349, 347fe348f Dimension-driven design, 828 Dimensions (Dims), 146, 263e265 aligned, 148e149 angular, 151e152 arc length, 159 baseline, 153e154 Center Marks and Centerlines, 166e168 continuous, 152e153 customizing dimensions, 161e165 in 3D, 506 diameter, 149e150 dimension-driven design, 343, 347, 349e350 editing dimensions, 160e161, 160f in-class drawing project, 168 in isometric drawing, 512e515 jogged, 159 jogged linear, 160 linear, 147e148 method, 146 ordinate, 160 radius, 150e151 review questions, 228 sample, 341, 342f style, 341 types, 146e160 Dimension Style Manager, 334e341 Alternate Units Tab, 339e340, 340f creating dimension style, 334f Fit tab, 338, 338f Lines tab, 335e336, 335f Primary Units tab, 338e339, 339f Symbols and arrows tab, 336, 336f Text Tab, 336e337, 337f tolerances tab, 341, 342f Dimstyle, 161e162, 162f Direct Distance Entry, 47 Display, 236 performance, 360 resolution, 360 tab, 358e360 crosshair size, 360 fade control, 360 layout elements, 360 window elements, 358e360, 359f Distance Inquiry command, 51, 51f Distant light, 753e756 Divide and point style, 403e404, 404f 3Dmesh, 667e668 3D modeling software applications, 828 3D modeling tab, 371 3Dmove, 571, 572f .doc file format, 786 .docx file format, 786 Donut command, 404e405, 405f Doors, 93e94 3D path array, 634 helix, 635f spiral staircase, 636f 3D-printed mechanical model, 818, 820 3D printing applications, related issues, and future, 818 creating model, 818 exporting and preparing the model, 818 finishing model, 818 overview and history, 820 printing model, 820 Drafting tab, 369e370, 370f alignment point acquisition, 370 aperture size, 370 AutoSnap marker size, 369 AutoSnap settings, 369 Auto Track settings, 370 cameras glyph settings, 370 drafting tooltip settings, 370 lights glyph settings, 370 object snap options, 369 DraftSight, 786 Drawing accuracy, 30e32 aids, 8 area, 8 delete from, 182 doors, 93 tabs, 8 windows, 93 Draw order command, 405 3Drotate chair, 562, 563f gizmo tool, 561, 562f rotating object, 561, 562f 3Dscale extruded block for, 569, 570f gizmo, 569, 570f progress, 571, 571f D-Size Layout, 250, 251f 3D software package, 813 3D solid modeling software packages, 820 3D-to-2D layouts, 828 .dwf (design web format file), 787 .dwg (drawing file format), 787 .dwt (drawing template), 787 .dxf (drawing exchange format), 787 Dynamic Block Editor, 184, 184f Dynamic blocks, 182e194 actions and parameters, 183e188, 183f visibility, 188e194, 189f Dynamic Input arc and circle, 46, 47f line, 46, 46f menu, Offset command, 46, 47f rectangle, 46, 46f turned on, 45, 45f Dynamic view (Dview), 728e732 camera, 728 clip, 730e731 front clipping plane, 732f internal geometry, 731f shade mode, 731f distance, 729, 730f extruded shape, 729f hide, 731 house, 728f off, 732 Index 833Dynamic view (Dview) (Continued) pan, 729 points, 729 target, 729 twist, 730 undo, 732 zoom, 730 E Edges, 632e637 color, 644 copy, 644e647 Edgesurf, 665 final result, 667f two connected arcs, 666f Edit Block Definition, 183, 183f Editing attribute properties and, 478e479 dimensions, 160e161, 160f Enhanced Attribute Editor, 478f text, 103 Edit/Modify Objects, 4e5 copy, 21, 21f erase, 19e20, 20f extend, 24e25, 24f fillet, 27, 27f mirror, 26, 26f offset, 25e26, 25f rotate, 21e22, 22f scale, 22e23, 23f trim, 23e24, 23f Edit Reference panel, 468f Edit Source, 211 Elect_Layout, 315 Electrical engineering, 331e333 education for, 331 Electrical Plan, 518f Electronics engineering, 331 Ellipses command, 56, 56fe57f in isometric drawing, 511e512 basic ellipse, 511f isometric box with ellipse, 512f ENDpoint, 30, 30f Engineering drafting, 722 .eps file format, 787 Erase, 4, 19e20, 20f .err file format, 787 eTransmit command, 405e407, 406f creating transmittal, 406f modify transmittal setup, 408f New transmittal setups, 407f transmittal setups, 407f Explode, 53e54, 54f Exploding attributes, 479 Export, 318 Exporting and save as feature, 455e457, 456fe457f Express tools, 382e386 blocks, 383, 383f dimension tools, 386, 386f draw tools, 385e386, 385f layout tools, 385, 385f modify, 384, 385f text, 383e384, 383f web tools, 386, 387f Extend, 24e25, 24f Extents, 235 External references (xrefs) Attach, 464f benefit, 462 definition, 462 editing, 467e468 Edit Reference panel, 468f introduction to, 462 layers, 466, 466f bound layering, 467f level 2 drawing project, 470, 471f loaded, 465f menu, 465f multiple, 469, 469f palette, 464f Reference Edit box, 467f reloading, 467e468, 468f ribbon, 469e470, 470f using, 463e466 Extrusion deposition, 820 F Faces, 632e637 color, 644 copy applied to hole, 641f applied to surface, 641f extruded, 641f delete, 638e639, 639fe640f move, 640 offset, 642 rotate, 643 Face UCS, 708 Fade control, 360 FBX. See Filmbox (FBX) Fence (F), 421 File extensions AutoCAD primary extensions, 787 AutoCAD secondary extensions, 787 miscellaneous software extensions, 787 File Open, 363 File Safety Precautions, 361e363, 362f File Save tab, 361 Files tab, 357e358, 357f review questions, 528 Fill Angle, 212, 213f Fill color, 337 Fillet, 4, 27, 27f, 572e574, 573fe574f Filter command, 408e410, 409f basic shapes for filters, 409f objects and colors selected, 409f object selection filters, 409f segmented arcs selected by filters, 410f Finite element analysis (FEA), 670, 786 Flat design, 533 Flatshot, 692e695, 694fe696f Flatten, 692e695 Floating model space, 253e254, 254f Floor finish Plan, 517f Floor plan layout, 90e94 adding dimensions, 168 adding hatch to, 132 adding text and furniture to, 111e113 Foreshortening, 506 Fraction height scale, 337 Freeze VP, 259, 260f Fundamentals of Engineering (F.E.), 143 Furniture Plan, 517f G Gap tolerance, 127e128 GEOmetric Center OSNAP, 305, 305f Geometric constraints, 343e345. See also Dimensional constraints adding, 344e345, 344f geocentric geometric constraints, 345f hiding, showing, and deleting, 345 options, ribbon, 346f perpendicular geometric constraints, 344f settings, 346f toolbar, 343 types, 343e344 Geometric data entry, 45e48 Dynamic Input, 45e46, 45fe47f manual input, 47e48, 48f Get Started column, 5e6 Gizmo, 561e562 3Dscale, 569, 570f Gradient, 129 Granite, 813 Graphical projection, 506 Grid, 43e44, 44f Grips, 42, 42f multifunctional, 42 Group Edit, 197 Group object editing, 197f Group QuickProperties, 196, 196f Groups, 194e198 Group Selection On/Off, 196 Grumman X-29 Experimental, 489 H Hatch, 122 advanced hatch topics, 127e128 gap tolerance, 127e128, 128f gradient and solid fill, 129, 129f and Gradient dialog box, 129, 129f in-class drawing project, 132 Island, 127 options, 127 origin, 127 patterns, 122e128, 123f, 125f exploding, 126 fine-tune the pattern by adjusting scale and angle, 125, 125f layers and colors, 126, 126fe127f working with, 126e128 procedures, 122e125 review questions, 228 Hatch pattern definitions (basic), 792 Helical coil, 625e626, 645e647 creating, 645f drawing, 626f Helix, 633e634, 634f 834 IndexHelp files, 59e62, 60fe63f HelveticaLight 0.5, 337 Hiding VP, 262 High-end software tools, 143 Honeycomb pattern, 792e793 Hyperlink command, 410e411, 411f chair and web address, 410f insert hyperlink, 411f I ID Inquiry command, 52 IF-THEN statements, 803 IGES. See Initial Graphics Exchange Specification (IGES) Importing and exporting data architectural floor plan, 458, 459f exporting and save as feature, 455e457, 456fe457f inserting, 457e458, 457f introduction to, 448 JPGs, 451, 452f level 2 drawing project, 458, 459f MS office applications, 448e451 AutoCAD into Excel, 450 AutoCAD into PowerPoint, 451 AutoCAD into Word, 448, 449f Excel into AutoCAD, 449e450, 449f PowerPoint into AutoCAD, 451 Word into AutoCAD, 448, 448f OLE, 457e458, 458f other cad software, 454e455, 455f Portable Document Format (PDF), 452e454, 453f screen shots, 451 In-class drawing project, 219e221 adding dimensions to floor plan layout, 168, 168f adding hatch to floor plan layout, 132 adding text and furniture to floor plan layout, 111e113 floor plan layout, 90e94 Index Color, 82 InfoCenter, 367 Information, 474 In-place spell check, 110, 110f Inquiry commands, 49e53 Insert, 178e180, 179f Inserting, 457e458, 457f attributes, 479, 479f Interior design, 229, 230e232 Interior designers earnings, 229 education for, 229 work in 3D, 229 INTersection, 31, 31f Intersection operation completed intersect operation, 589f 3D modeling exercise, 589e590, 589fe591f shapes, 588f Inventor, 786 Inventor software, 813 Invisible attributes, 484, 485f IronCAD, 786 Island detection option, 291 Isometric drawing basic technique, 508e511 ellipses in, 511e512, 511fe512f graphical projection, 506 isometric projection, 506e508 level 2 drawing project, 515e516, 516fe519f review questions, 528 text and dimensions in, 512e515, 512fe515f Isometric projection, 506 drafting settings with isometric snap selected, 509f instead of 3D, 507 isometric perspective, 508 isometric planes, 508f Item Count, 212 J Job boards, 825 Jogged dimensions, 159, 159f Jogged linear dimensions, 160, 160f .jpg file format, 787 JPEG, 766f JPGs, 451, 452f K Kernels, 813 L Lancair Legacy, 489 Landscape mode, 235 Landscaping Layout, 251 Landscaping Plan, 519f .las file format, 787 Lasso, 28e29, 29f Layer Freeze, 321 Layer Group Filter, 320 Layer Isolate, 321 Layers, 80, 259e260 assigning layer colors, 81e82 Color Books, 83 creating and deleting, 81 current, 81 filtering, 318e320 freeze/thaw and on/off, 83 Index Color, 81 lock/unlock, 85 review questions, 228 toolbar, 89 True Color, 82e83 uses, 80 Layers Properties Manager, 80 Layer State Manager (LSM), 315e318 Layer Walk, 321e322 Layout elements, 360 Layouts additional layout options, 691e692 details, 685e692 parent view, 685 projections, 686, 686f sections, 686 setup for, 687f VIEWBASE, 686e687 VIEWDETAIL, 689e691, 692f VIEWPROJ, 687, 689fe690f VIEWSECTION, 687e689, 690fe691f Leader, 154e155, 154f Lengthen command, 412, 412f Level Count, 212 Level 2 drawing project, 306, 322e323, 350, 436, 458, 459f Levels, 786 Lighting distant light, 753e756 lighting options, 754e756, 754f model pallet, 756f options, 754e756, 754f point light, 751e752, 752f properties pallet, 757f Realistic Visual Style (RVS), 751, 751f shadows, 756e760, 757fe758f sky, 756e760 spotlight, 752e753, 753f sun, 756e760 toolbar, 750f Limits, 59, 236 tolerances, 341 Line, 11e12, 12f Linear dimensions (Linear Dim) method, 146 for ribbon input, 147 for typing input, 148 for typing or ribbon input, 148 Lines Tab, 335e336, 335f, 528 Linetypes, 85e87, 85f definitions, 792 Manager, 85, 85f string complex and shape complex, 792 Lineweight settings visibility settings, 500e502 lineweight icon, 500f .lin file format, 787 List Inquiry command, 52 List processing language (LISP), 803 Load or Reload Linetypes, 85, 86f Load/unload applications, 803 Lock VP, 260 Loft barrel, 616f three-ring profile, 617f completed, 618f 3D modeling exercise, 620e621, 620fe621f rectangle and circle, 619f settings menu, 618f two arcs, 619f using arcs, 619f .lsp file format, 787 Ltscale, 113 M Mac, 781, 793 Macros, 394 Manual input, 47e48, 48f Match properties, 89 Materials Index 835Materials (Continued) application, 763f Browser, 762f definition, 760e761 Editor, 762f, 764f rendering, 760e767 Maya, 816 Measurement scale, 339 Mechanical device, 219e221 Mechanical engineerings, 143e147 Mechanical engineers, 143 education for, 143 Mech_Layout, 315 Merging of industries, 828 MicroStation, 786 MIDpoint, 30, 30f Mirror, 4, 26, 26f Mirror3D bookshelf model, 564, 566f flat plate for, 562, 564f XY plane, 564, 565f YZ plane, 564, 565f ZX plane, 564, 565f Mirrtext, 423 Misspelled word, 110, 110f Model Space, 246e247 Move approach, 251 Move faces, 640 MS office applications, 448e451 AutoCAD into Excel, 450 AutoCAD into PowerPoint, 451 AutoCAD into Word, 448, 449f Excel into AutoCAD, 449e450, 449f PowerPoint into AutoCAD, 451 Word into AutoCAD, 448, 448f MS Word Ribbon, 10, 10f Multifunctional grips, 42 Multileader, 154e158, 156f Multiline (Mline) exploding, 302 modifying, 296 properties, 296, 302 Multiline Edit (Mledit), 300e302, 301f Multiline Style (Mlstyle), 297e300, 297f Multiline text (Mtext), 103e108 formatting, 104e107 Ribbon Text Editing, 107 right-click menu, 108f symbols, 106f N Named UCS, 712e714, 713fe714f NASTRAN, 786 Navigation Bar, 8 NEArest OSNAP, 113, 113f .NET Framework, 803 Networks, 809 New Dimension Style (NDS), 334e341 Nonuniform rational B-spline (NURBS curve), 294 Notifications/Connect column, 5e6 NX, 786 O ObjectARX, 803 applications, 363 Object Grouping dialog box, 194 Object linked embedded (OLE), 457e458, 458f Object manipulation 3Darray, 565e569 3Dmove, 571 3Drotate, 561e562 3Dscale, 569e571 mirror3D, 562e564 rotate3D, 560e561 Object-oriented language, 803 Object snap tracking (OTRACK), 412e413 rectangles for, 412f Oblique-Left text style added, 514f Oblique projection, 506 Oblique-Right text style, 513f Offset, 4, 25e26, 25f, 237 Offset faces, 642, 642f One-touch method, 146 Open tab, 360e363 application menu, 363 File Open, 363 File Safety Precautions, 361e363, 362f File Save, 361, 361f ObjectARX, 363 Xrefs, 363 Options, 356e372 accessing, 356, 356f display tab, 358e360 3D modeling tab, 371 drafting tab, 369e370 files tab, 357e358, 357f open and save tab, 360e363 plot and publish tab, 363e365 selection tab, 371e372 system tab, 365e367 user preferences tab, 367e369 Ordinate dimensions, 160, 160f Orientation, 237 Ortho, 30, 795 Orthographic projection, 506 OSNAP, 30, 404, 412e413, 795 drafting settings, 32e33, 32f GEOmetric Center, 305, 305f NEArest, 113, 113f Overkill command, 413 delete duplicate objects, 414f P Page setup manager, 239e241, 240f Palette, 464f Pan, 18 Panels, 10e11 Paper size, 235 A size, 235 B size, 235 C size, 235 D size, 235 E size, 235 Paper Space, 236, 246e247, 414 annotation, 265e274 floating model space, 253e254 layers, 259e260 layouts, 247e252 review questions, 228 scaling, 257e258 text and dims, 263e265 viewports, 252e253, 253f Parallel projection, 506 Parameters, 183e188, 183f Parametric design, 347 dimensions and constraints, 334 “Parametric change engines”, 828 Parametric modeling, 786 Parasolid, 813 .pat file format, 787 Path animation camera/target, 740 format, 740 frame rates, 740 generation, 742f motion pathway, 740f preview, 741f resolution, 740 saving animation, 741f Path array, 216e218, 216f additional operations with, 217e218, 217f steps in creating, 216e217, 216f Path extrusion basic path, 622f circle rotated, 622f 3D, 622f pipe, 623f hollow center, 623f PC Hardware, 809 .pdf file format, 787 Pen settings, 236, 494 PERPendicular, 31e32, 32f Perpendicular geometric constraints, 344, 344f Perspective projection, 506 PGP File, 374, 374f altering, 375, 375f .pgp file format, 787 Pickstyle, 196 Piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&ID), 143, 585, 587 Piping valves, 143, 147 Pixilation, 302 Planar surface, 658f rectangle, 659f review questions, 533 shape, 659f Planes, 528 Plot dialog box, 237e239, 238f preview, 239, 239f display, 236 extents, 235 limits, 236 scale to, 236 836 IndexPlot and publish tab, 363e365, 364f auto publish, 364 background processing options, 364 to file, 363 general plot options, 364 log file, 364 for new drawings, 363 Offset relative to, 365 stamp settings, 365, 365f table settings, 365 Plotters, 235, 809, 811 Plotting, 235e236 Point and node command, 413e414, 414f Polar array, 208e213, 208fe210f. See also Rectangular array additional operations with, 210e213, 210f Ribbon, 210 steps in creating, 208e209, 209f Polygonal viewport, 255, 256f Polygon command, 11, 11f, 54e55, 54fe55f star, 56, 56f Polyline (Pline), 286e292, 286f additional pline options, 288e290 boundary command, 290e292, 291f exploding, 288 Pedit command, 287e288 Polyline edit (Pedit), 287e288 Polysolid, 632, 632f with arc, 633f features, 632 rectangle to, 633f review questions, 533 Portable Document Format (PDF), 452e454, 453f Portrait, 237 .ppt file format, 787 .pptx file format, 787 Prefix/Suffix, 339 Preview, 239, 239f Primary dimensions, 146 Primary extensions, AutoCAD, 787 Primary Units Tab, 338e339, 339f Primitives, 583 applications, 597 box, 592 cone, 594, 594f cylinder, 595, 595f pyramid, 596e597, 597f sphere, 594e595, 595f torus, 596, 596f wedge, 592e593, 593f Printers, 235, 811 Printing and output essentials, 234e237 area to plot, 235e236 display and limit, 236 extents, 235 miscellaneous, 237 offset, 237 orientation, 237 paper size, 235 pen settings, 236 printer or plotter, 235 scale to plot, 236 window, 236 page setup manager, 239e241, 240f plot dialog box, 237e239 review questions, 228 Print Studio, 820 Procedural materials, 816 Process control, 143 Process engineering, 585 Product lifecycle management (PLM) software, 786 Pro/ENGINEER, 786 Professional Engineer (P. E.), 143 Properties, 87e90 match properties, 89 palette, 87e89 .psd file format, 787 PTC Creo elements/Pro, 784 Publish command, 414e415 Purge, 180e181, 181f Pyramid primitive, 596e597, 597f Q QUADrant, 31, 31f QuickCalc, 402, 403f Quick Dimension (QDIM), 146 Quick Inquiry command, 49 QuickProperties, 196, 196f palette, 88e89, 88f R Racked equipment, 331 Radius, 13 Radius dimension, 150e151, 150f Radius Inquiry command, 52e53 Raster, 415e416 Ray command, 294 RCP_HVAC Plan, 518f Realistic Visual Style (RVS), 751, 751f Record increment, 302e303 Rectangle, 15e17, 17fe18f Rectangle sweep, 625f Rectangular array, 213e215, 213fe215f additional operations with, 215, 215fe216f steps in creating, 213e215, 214f Reference Edit box, 467f Regen, 18e19, 18f Regenerating model, 253 Region, 659 “Relational databases”, 828 Relative Data Entry, 48 Reloading, 467e468, 468f Rendering, 816, 817 definition, 763e767 environment, 768f exposure palette, 768f JPEG, 766f levels and times, 767f materials, 760e767 model, 765f output settings, 766f panel, 765f presets manager, 767f size, 765f toolbar, 765f Replace Item, 209, 211f Reset Array, 212 Retain, 177, 182 Reuse, 176 Revcloud command, 416e417, 416f Review questions, 228e232 Revision clouds (Revclouds), 416e417, 416f Revit, 828 Revolve completed offset, 607f completed revolution, 606f cup profile, 610f 2D wireframe, 606f offset axis of, 607f polyline profile for, 604f review questions, 533 rotation axis, 605f surface, 609f Revsurf, 664e665, 665f .rfa file format, 787 Ribbon, 8, 10e11, 10f, 469e470, 470f, 536e538 Ribbon Text Editing, 107 Roof Plan, 519f Rotate, 4, 21e22, 22f Rotate3D flat plate, 560, 560f review questions, 533 X axis, 561, 561f Rotate faces, 643, 643f Row Count, 212, 212f Rulesurf, 660 final result, 662f perpendicular arcs, 661f random lines, 660f first line for, 661f .rvt file format, 787 S Sample Data Table, 424 Save tab, 59, 360e363 File Safety Precautions, 361e363, 362f File Save, 361, 361f ObjectARX, 363 Scale, 22e23, 23f, 43, 43f Scaling, 257e258 Screening, 129 Screen shots, 451 .scr file format, 787 Script files, 314e315 Secondary dimensions, 146, 159e160, 159f Secondary extensions, AutoCAD, 787 Sectioning, 684e685 completed section, 685f offset section, 690fe691f Selection methods, 28e29, 28fe29f, 421e422 crossing polygon, 421f import layouts as sheets, 420f window polygon, 421f Selection tab, 371e372, 371f grips, 372 Index 837Selection tab (Continued) grip size, 371 Pickbox size, 371 preview, 372, 372f profiles tab, 372, 373f ribbon options, 371 selection modes, 371 Select template, 5e6, 6f Setting Oblique-Right text style, 513f Shadows, 756e760, 757fe758f Shape complex linetypes, 792 Sheet sets, 417, 418fe420f Manager, 420f Shell basic block, 611f completed, 612f Shortcuts, 373e375 altering the PGP file, 375, 375f PGP File, 374, 374f Sketch command applications, 304 GEOmetric Center OSNAP, 305, 305f .skp file format, 787 Slicing, 682e683, 682fe684f anchor point, 683f completed, 684f object option, 685f Smooth Mesh Primitives box, 669f collapsed face, 673, 673f Options, 669f section plane, 673, 673f smoothness, 670e671 filters, 671 gizmos, 671 toolbar, 668f Snap, 43e44, 44f SolidEdge, 784 SolidEdge 2D Drafting, 784 Solid fill, 129 Solid modeling, 604, 828 loft, 616e621 path extrusion, 622e624 revolve, 604e611 shell, 611e612 sweep, 624e626 taper, 612e616 Solid modeling software, 828 SolidWorks, 784 Spell Check, 110 Sphere primitive, 594e595, 595f Spline command, 294e296, 295f, 311 Spotlight, 752e753, 753f Staffing firms, 825 Stereolithography, 820 Stretch command, 422e423 Stretch option, 289, 289f Stretch Radius, 212, 212f String complex linetypes, 792 Style, 111e113 Substation power equipment, 331 Subtraction operation, 586fe587f circle extruded, 587f completed subtraction operation, 588f Superhatch, 129e131, 130fe131f Surfacing commands 3Dface, 667e668 3Dmesh, 667e668 edgesurf, 665e666 planar surface, 658e659 region, 659 revsurf, 664e665 rulesurf, 660 tabsurf, 662e663 .sv$ file format, 787 Sweep, 624f circle, 625f drawing challenge, 625e626, 626f rectangle, 625f Symbol arrows tab, 336, 336f libraries, 176 Symmetric tolerances, 341 System tab, 365e367 current pointing device, 366 dbConnect options, 367 general options, 366 hardware acceleration, 366 help, 367 InfoCenter, 367 layout regen options, 366 security, 367 touch experience, 366 System Variable Monitor, 423 System variables (SV), 411, 423, 423f T Tables, 424 fill in individual cells, 425f insert table, 424f Table Style, 425f Tabsurf, 662 arcs in 2D, 663f circle and line, 662f completed, 664f direction vector in 3D, 664f final result, 663f I-beam, 663f TANgent OSNAP, 63e64, 64f Tapering, 612 box for, 613f completed taper, 614f 3D modeling exercise, 614e616, 614fe616f Teaching AutoCAD, 722 Templates, 58e59, 58f Tentative points, 784 Tessellation divisions, 670 Text, 102e103, 263e265 alignment, 337 color, 337 editing text, 103 height, 337 in isometric drawing, 512e515 placement, 337 review questions, 228 Tab, 337, 337f Text height, 337 Three-dimension (3D) chamfering, 572e574, 574f fillets, 572e574, 573fe574f modeling photorealistic rendering, 229, 231 text and dimensions, 716 Time, 64e65 star, 65, 65f Tolerances tab, 341, 342f Tool palette, 426 spine menu, 428f tabs menu, 429f Torus primitive, 596, 596f TraceParts, 784 Trim, 23e24, 23f Trimetric projection, 506 True Color, 82e83 Tuning peg assembly, 143, 147 TurboCAD, 784 Twist, 730 U UCS, 429e431. See also Universal Coordinate System (UCS) UCS icon, 8 UGS, 784 Ungroup, 196 Union operation one solid cube after union, 585fe586f two solid cubes before union, 585f Units, 43, 43f Universal Coordinate System (UCS) advanced, 706 Face, 708 icon,, 706 Named, 712e714 Object, 708f Origin, 710f 3 Point, 711e712 Previous, 707e708 shapes for, 707f toolbars, 706f world, 707 X, Y, and Z, 712 Z-Axis Vector, 710 User Preferences tab, 367e369, 367f associative dimensioning, 369 block editor settings, 369 default scale list, 369 fields, 368 hyperlink, 368 insertion scale, 368 lineweight settings, 369 priority for coordinate data entry, 369 undo/redo category, 369 windows standard behavior, 368, 368f 838 IndexV Value Set, 188 Verticals, 828 Viewcube, 8, 551e554, 553f View Manager, 714e716 View Objects, 5 pan, 18 regen, 18e19, 18f zoom, 17 Viewport (VP), 246e247, 252e253 freeze, 259 frozen, 260f hiding, 262 lock, 260, 261f modifying, 254e255 polygonal, 255, 256f Viewport scale, 260 Views, 714e716 Visibility, 188e194, 189f Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), 803 Visual LISP, 803 Visual styles, 547e550, 553f Vlide command, 803 Vports, 695e699, 696fe697f, 699fe700f .vsd file format, 787 W Walk and Fly, 735 2D apartment, 736f 3D apartment, 737f with windows, 738f navigation tools, 738f settings, 739f toolbar, 738f warning prompt, 738f Wedge primitive, 592e593, 593f What you see is what you get (WYSIWYG), 235 WHILE function, 803 Window, 28, 28f, 93e94, 236 elements, 358e360, 359f Lasso, 28, 29f standard behavior, 368, 368f tiling, 431 Wipeout command, 432e436 bus, building, and car in wireframe, 434f bus, building, and caresolid, 434f electrical gear on rack with wipeout, 434f electrical gear relocated, 435f electrical gear with no wipeout, 435f grips, 433f solid and wire fame images, 433f Wish list entries, 633 Workspace, 506e508 Write Block dialog box, 181e182, 182f Write blocks (Wblocks), 176, 181e183, 474 inserting, 182e183 X Xline, 292e293 .xls file format, 787 .xlsx file format, 787 Z Z-axis vector, 710 Zero suppression, 339 Zoom, 5, 17 #أوتوديسك,#أتوكاد,#أوتوكاد,#Autodesk,#Autocad,#Auto_Cad,#Auto Cad,#أوتودسك,#أتوديسك,#أتودسك,
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