كتاب Design of Brushless Permanent-Magnet Motors

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Design of Brushless Permanent-Magnet Motors
J.R. Hendershot Jr. TJE Miller
General Manager Lucas Professor in Power Electronics
Magna Physics Tridalta Director, SPEED Consortium
Hillsboro, OHIO 45133 University of Glasgow, UK

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Contents
1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION
J.R Hendershot Jr.
1.1 Definitions and types of brushless m o to r . 1-1
1.2 C om m utation 1-5
1.3 Performance characteristics 1-12
1.4 Shaft position se n sin g 1-19
2. MOTOR AND CONTROLLER TYPES
J.R. Hendershot Jr. and TJE Miller
2.1 Intro d u ctio n 2-1
2.2 Interior-rotor motors . 2-2
2.3 Exterior-rotor motors 2-8
2.4 Pancake or disc-type brushless m o to r s 2-10
2.5 Slodess m o to rs 2-12
2.6 Controllers - basic principles 2-14
2.7 The single phaseleg - the basic power electronic switch . 2-15
2.8 Power semiconductor devices . 2-18
2.9 Voltage PWM and current regulation . 2-21
2.10 Full-bridge circuits for 1- and 2-phase drives 2-23
2.11 Three-phase full-bridge circu it . 2-27
2.12 Three-phase squarewave control strateg ies 2-31
2.13 Maximum AC sinewave voltage 2-38
2.14 Provision of DC supply voltage 2-39
2.15 Controller arch itectu re . 2-39
2.15.1 Cost issues . 2-39
2.15.2 Squaretuave drives .2-40
2.15.3 Sinewave drives . 2-46
2.15.3 Unipolar d rive 2-47
2.16 Commutation test circu it 2-47
3. BASIC DESIGN CHOICES
J.R. Hendershot Jr.
3.1 Introduction 3-1
3.2 Interior rotor, exterior rotor, or axial gap configuration? 3-3
3.3 Number of phases . 3-3
3.4 Number of stator slots and p o le s 3-4
3.5 Caution with the basic laws of electromagnetism 3-14
viiC o n t e n t s
3.6 Simplified motor design . S-18
3.6.1 Simple design formulas for the EMF and torque constants . 3-18
3.6.2 Simple calculation of the f l u x 3-20
3.6.3 Basic sizing-rules .3-23
3.7 Lamination and stator stack design 3-27
3.8 Winding arrangements . 3-34
3.8.1 Coil span . 3-34
3.8.2 Coils per p o le 3-35
3.8.3 Winding configurations - fractional and integral slot 3-38
3.8.4 Wire size calculations . 3-68
3.8.5 Basic winding calculations
3.9 Examples of m otor construction 3-69
4. MAGNETIC DESIGN
TJE Miller
4.1 In troduction .4-1
4.2 Perm anent magnets and magnetic circ u its 4-3
4.3 Approximate calculation of the flux 4-10
4.4 Nonlinear calculation o f the magnetic circu it .4-16
4.5 Armature reaction and demagnetization . 4-18
4-6 Calculation of rotor leakage perm ean ce . 4-23
4.7 Cogging 4-26
4.9 Retaining can losses 4-28
5. ELECTRICAL DESIGN
TJE Miller
5.1 In troduction .5-1
5.2 Basic windings 5-1
5.2.1 Squarewave m otor . 5-1
5.2.2 Effect of additional coils . 5-6
5.2.3 Lap windings and concentric w in d in g s 5-9
5.2.4 MuUiple-pole machines 5-11
5.2.5 ConsequentJ>ole windings and m agnets .5-12
5.2.6 Computer-aided design of w indings 5-13
5.3 Wye and delta co n n e c tio n s 5-14
5.3.1 Wye connection, with 120? trapezoidal phase EMF 5-14
5.3.2 Delia connection 5-21
5.3.3 Flux/pole and magnet utilization 5-31
viiiC o n t e n t s
5.4 Unipolar 3-phase connection . 5-32
5.5 Two-phase and single-phase co n n ectio n s . 5-32
5.6 The EMF constant fcj 5-35
5.7 The torque constant fcj 5-36
5.7.1 Basi* of torque production - coenergy . 5-36
5.7.2 Torque linearity 5-38
5.7.3 Demagnetization . 5-38
5.8 Calculating the number of t u r n s 5-38
5.9 Winding inductances and armature reaction .5-39
5.9.1 Importance of inductance 5-39
5.9.2 Inductance components 5-42
5.9.3 Airgap self-inductance of single coil . 5-44
5.9.4 Airgap mutual inductance between two c o ils . 5-46
5.9.5 Examples of inductance calculations . 5-48
5.9.6 General case of airgap inductance 5-51
5.9.7 Slot-leakage inductance : self and m u tu a l .5-55
5.9.8 End-winding inductance .5-59
5.10 Slotless w indings 5-61
5.10.1 General . 5-61
5.10.2 Design theory for slotless windings 5-63
6. SINEWAVE MOTORS
TJE Miller
6.1 In troduction 6-1
6.1.1 The ideal sinewave m otor 6-1
6.1.2 Practical motors designed to approximate the sinewave motor 6-2
6.2 Properties of sine-distributed w indings 6-4
6.2.1 Conductor and ampere-conductor distributions . 6-4
6.2.2 Airgap flu x produced by sine-distributed w in d in g . 6-4
6.2.3 Self flux-linkage and inductance of sine-distributed witiding 6-6
6.2.4 M utual inductance between sine-distributed windings . 6-8
6.2.5 Generated E M F 6-9
6.2.6 Torque .6-10
6.2.7 Rotating flux and ampereconductors 6-10
6.2.8 Vector control or "field-oriented" control 6-11
6.2.9 Synchronous reactance . 6-12
6.3 Real w indings . 6-13
6.3.1 Full-pitch coil .6-13
6.3.2 Shortjntch c o il . 6-14
ixC o n t e n t s
6.3.3 Distribution or spread . 6-17
6.3.4 General case . 6-19
6.3.5 Shew . 6-21
6.3.6 Design formulas for practical windings 6-21
6.4 Salient-pole m o to rs 6-23
6.4.1 Calculation of Xd .6-23
6.4.2 Calculation of X 6-31
6.4.3 Demagnetizing effect of d-axis flu x due to Id 6-33
6.4.4 Cross-magnetizing effect of q-axis flu x due to I' . 6-33
6.4.5 Significance of rotor leakage 6-33
6.5 Phasor diagram . 6-35
6.5.1 Non-salient-pole machines .6-35
6.5.2 Salient-pole machines 6-36
6.5.3 Operation as a generator .6-39
6.6 Circle diagram and speed/torque characteristic 6-42
6.6.1 Non-salient-pole motors with Xd ~ . 6-42
6.6.2 Salient-pole motors with Xd ^ X^ 6-47
7. K r AND Kg
TJE Miller
7.1 Introduction . 7-1
7.2 Squarewave and sinewave m o to rs 7-2
7.3 Definition and measurement of fcj- and k¥ .7-3
7.3.1 DC commutator motors 7-3
7.3.2 Three-phase squarewave brushless DC motors . 7-4
7.3.3 Two-phase squarewave brushless DC motors . 7-7
7.3.4 Two-phase sinewave brushless DC m otors 7-7
7.3.5 Three-phase sinewave brushless DC motors . 7-8
7.3.6 Summary .7-10
7.4 Calculation of k j and 7-10
7.4.1 Squarewave three-phase brushless DC m otors .7-11
7.4.2 Two-phase sinewave brushless DC m otors 7-13
7.4.3 Three-phase sinewave brushless DC motors .7-15
7.5 Example calcu latio n 7-16
8. THE BACK-EMF WAVEFORM
TJE MiUer and R. Rabinovici
8.1 Introduction . 8-1
8.2 The flLVmethod . 8-4
xC o n t e n t s
8.3 Airgap flux-density d istrib u tio n 8-5
8.4 Skew 8-7
8.5 Slotting 8-9
8.6 Calculating back-EMF from tooth flux 8-11
8.6.1 Single-tooth flux and E M F . 8-11
8.6.2 Accumulation of tooth f l u x .8-13
8.6.3 Direct construction of tooth-EAlF waveform 8-14
8.7 Construction of the phase EMF from the Sj. waveform . 8-17
8.8 Development of yoke waveform from (J)T waveform . 8-18
8.9 Cogging torque . 8-19
9. CORE LOSSES
TJE Miller and R Rabinovici
9.1 In troduction 9-1
9.2 Nonsinusoidal Steinmetz eq u a tio n .9-3
9.3 Core-loss formulas 9-3
9.4 Waveform m ethod 9-5
9.5 Augmentation of tooth w eight 9-6
9.6 Comparison with test d a ta . 9-8
10. ELECTRONIC COMMUTATION OF SQUAREWAVE MOTORS
TJE Miller
10.1 Introduction 10-1
10.2 Basic principles . 10-2
10.3 Circuit equations - wye . 10-7
10.3.1 Commutation 10-7
10.3.2 Period A and period B 10-9
10.3.3 Chopping (regulation) .10-10
10.3.4 State-space averaged voltage.f .10-10
10.3.5 Euler form of voltage equations 10-11
10.3.6 Initial conditions 10-13
10.4 Circuit equations - d e lta . 10-14
10.4.1 Commutation . 10-14
10.4.2 Period A and period B .10-17
10.4.3 Chopping (regulation) .10-18
10.4.4 State-space averaged voltages .10-18
10.4.5 Euler form of voltage equations 10-19
10.4.6 Initial conditions .10-20
xiC o n t e n t s
10.5 Unipolar half-bridge controller . 10-23
10.5.1 Commutation . 10-23
10.5.2 Period A and period B 10-24
10.5.3 Chopping (regulation) 10-24
10.5.4 State-space averaged va lu es . 10-25
10.5.6 Initial conditions and final DC values 10-26
10.6 O ver-running . 10-27
10.7 Practical examples and comparison with test d a ta . 10-28
10.7.1 Comparison of measured and computed waveforms 10-28
10.7.2 Accurate calculation of no-load speed .10-30
11. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION BY TEST
J.R. Hendershot Jr.
11.1 Introduction 11-1
11.2 Testing of PM brushless m o to rs 11-1
11.2.1 Bach-EMF testin g . 11-2
11.2.2 Resistance and inductance 11-4
11.2.3 Speed/torque curve and load te sts 11-6
11.2.4 Thermal resistance 11.7
11.2.5 Torque linearity 11-8
11.2.6 Torque ripple . 11-10
11.3 Magnetization testing . 11-11
11.4 Precision dynamometer 11-12
12. COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN
TJE MiUer, D.A. Staton and R.P. Deodhar
12.1 The m odern design environment 12-1
12.2 Basic sizing guidelines . 12-2
12.3 Computer-aided design with PC-BDC 12-6
12.4 Finite-element analysis . 12-13
12.4.1 Introduction . 12-13
12.4.2 Pre-processing 12-15
12.4.3 Field solution 12-18
12.4.4 Post-processing 12-19
12.5 Example : armature reaction in brushless DC motor . 12-20
12.5.1 Open-circuit flu x distribution 12-21
12.5.2 Armature reaction field alone . 12-22
12.5.3 Cross-magnetization .12-25
12.5.4 Demagnetization 12-25
xiiC o n t e n t s
13. EXAMPLES CALCULATED BY HAND
J.R Hendershot Jr.
13.1 In troduction . 13-1
13.2 Interior-rotor motor designed from AC induction motor . 13-2
13.3 Exterior-rotor disc drive m otor d e s ig n . 13-16
13.4 Summary 13-26
14. CONTROL SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE
G. Gray
14.1 Introduction 14-1
14.2 Basic modelling tools for linear control system s . 14-1
14.2.1 Laplace transform s 14-1
14.2.2 Transfer Junctions 14-5
14.2.3 Example of a DC or brushless DC motor 14-5
14.3 Modelling drive com ponents . 14-7
14.3.1 Brushless PM motor model including inductance . 14-7
14.3.2 Mechanical and electrical time constants 14-8
14.3.3 Transducers 14-10
14.3.4 Load effects 14-10
14.4 Control systems . 14-10
14.4.1 Feedback and closed-loop control . 14-10
14.4.2 Speed controls and servo systems . 14-12
14.4.3 Speed control 14-13
14.4.4 Position control .14-13
14.4.5 Torque control . 14-14
14.4.6 Incremental motion control system s 14-14
14.5 Characteristics of closed-loop control system s . 14-15
14.5.1 Frequency response .14-15
14.5.2 Bandwidth 14-18
14.5.3 Step response 14-18
14.5.4 Stability; gain and phase margins .14-20
14.5.5 Steady-state error . 14-21
14.5.6 Integral gain compensation .14-22
14.5.7 Root locus .14-22
14.5.8 Second-order systems: critical dam ping . 14-24
14.6 Control systems - design 14-25
14.6.1 Lead/lag compensation 14-26
14.6.2 Pole placem ent 14-28
xiiiCo n t e n t s
14.6.3 Robustness 14-30
14.7 PID Controllers . 14-31
14.7. J Design of a PID controller .14-31
14.7.2 Tuning a PID controller . 14-32
14.7.3 Auto-tuning .14-33
14.8 Digital control . 14-34
14.8.1 Discrete system theory 14-34
14.8.2 Z-transforms .14-36
14.8.3 Z transforms and difference equations . 14-38
14.8.4 Stability of discrete systems .14-38
14.8.5 Digital control system design 14-38
14.8.6 Deadbeat controller .14-39
14.8.7 Digital P ID 14-39
14.8.8 PID control example 14-41
14.9 Advanced control techniques 1443
14.9.1 Adaptive control 14-43
14.9.2 Optimal control 14-46
14.9.3 Observers 14-46
15. COOLING
TJE Miller
15.1 Introduction . 15-1
15.2 Heat re m o v a l . 15-3
15.2.1 Conduction . 15-3
15.2.2 Contact resistance .15-4
15.2.3 R adiation 15-6
15.2.4 Convection . 15-6
15.2.5 Natural convection 15-7
15.2.6 Forced convection .15-7
15.2.7 Some rules of thumb for "calibration" 15-8
15.3 Internal temperature distribution 15-9
15.3.1 The diffusion equation . 15-9
15.3.2 Thermal equivalent circuit 15-10
15.3.3 Current Density . 15-12
15.4 Interm ittent operation 15-14
15.4.1 Duty-cycle . 15-14
15.4.2 Temperature rise during ON-time 15-15
15.4.3 Temperature fa ll during OFF-time 15-17
15.4.4 Steady-state . 15-18
15.4.5 Maximum overload fa c to r . 15-18
xivCONTENTS
15.4.6 Maximum overload far a single puke . 15-19
15.4.7 Required cool-down p erio d 15-19
15*4.8 Maximum, on-time, for a given overbad factor 15-19
15.4.9 Maximum duration of single pulse . , 15-20
15.4.10 Graphical transient heating curves 15-20
15)5 Thermal modelling by com puter 15-22
15.5.1 Computer model of thermal equivalent ckcu.it . 15-22
15.5.2 Determination o f equivalent-circuit parameters by test . 15-23
16. MAGNETIC MATERIALS
D.A. Staton
16.1 Introduction . ,, 16-1
16.2 Perm anent magnets . 16-1
16.2.1 The hysteresis loop and demagnetization characteristic . 16-1
16.2.2 Permanent inagnetmaterials . : 3 . „ . 16-4
16-2.3 Temperature effects . 16-8
16.2.4 Magnet energy product . 16-9
16.2.5 M agnetization 16-10
16.2.6 Mechanical properties and han d lin g 16-10
16.2.7 The latest trends in magnet technology . 16-13
16.3 Soft magnetic iron . 16-13
16.3.1 The DC magnetization cu rve .16-15
16.3.2 Core losses . 16-16
16.3.3 Calculation of coefficients for use in core-loss formulas 16-17
16.3.4 Work hardening . 16-18
16.3.5 Special steels 16-19
16-4 Measurement of material characteristics . 16-19
16.5 Copper w ir e 16-20
xv INDEX
Index
AC 1.1-1.4, 1.12, 1.24, 2.2, 2.6, 2.7, 2.20, 2.38-2.40, 2.46, 2.47, 2.49, S.2, 3.3. 3.5, S.12,
3.14, S.29-3.31, 3.33, 3.35, 4.18, 5.9, 5.18, 5.31, 5.63, 6.1-6.4, 6.9, 6.12,
6.13, 6.29, 6.40, 6.47, 7.1, 7.7, 7.8, 7.13, 7.15, 9.1, 11.6, 11.14,11.16,
12.2, 12.3, 13.1-13,3, 13.6. 13.7, 13.11. 13.14, 15.9, 16.14
AC induction motor 1.1
see induction motor
AC servomotor 1.2
Accuracy 1.21, 1.25, 2.47, 3.24, 4.26, 10.32, 12.14, 14.13, 14.18
Adaptive control 14.1, 14.31, 14.33, 14.43, 14.45
Air cooling 12.5
Airflow 15.7, 15.9
Air-over 12.5, 13.14, 15.7
Airgap 1.1,1.19, 2-5, 2.6, 2.11,2.12, 3.1, 3.8, 3.19, 3.20, 3.21,3.23, 3.24.3.25. 3.26,3.51,
3.71, 4.2, 4.5, 4.7, 4.8, 4.10, 4.12-4.16, 4.23, 4.25, 4.28, 4.30, 4.32, 5.1,
5.12, 5.19, 5.21, 5.35, 5.42-5.55, 5.61,6.1, 6.3-65, 6.12, 6.13, 6.17, 6.24,
6.25,6.28-6.33, 6.37, 6.46, 7.3. 7.12, 8.4-8.10, 8.12, 8.13,8.16, 9.2,10.2,
12.2-12.4,12.6,12.12,12.15-12.17,12.19-12.23,12.25-12.28, 13.4,13.6,
13.9, 13.-11, 13.14, 13.19-13.22, 16.4, 16.7, 16,8, 16.11, 16.12, 16.14
Airgap flux 2.5, 3.24, 4.2, 4.10,4.14, 4.16. 4.30, 4.32, 5.1, 5.12, 5.21, 5.35, 5.43. 6.4, 6.5,
6.12, 6.25, 6.28, 6.3M.33, 6.46, 7.12, 8.&4.10, 8.13, 9.2, 12.12,
12.19-12.21, 12.25-12.28, 16.12, 16.14
Airgap length 3.24, 4.2, 4.13-4.15, 4.25, 4.28. 5.61, 6.3, 13.9, 16.8
Airgap shear stress 12.2, 12.4, 12.6
Alger 5.58, 5,66
Aliasing 14.35
Alnico 2.19, 3.23, 4.5, 16.7, 16.8
Ampere 1.1-1.3, 1.17, 2.15, 2.20, 2.46. 3.4, 3.6, 3.26, 4.9, 4.19, 4.20, 4.22, 5.18-5.21,
5.25, 5.28, 5.31, 5.36, 5.56, 6.4-6.7. 6.1M.13, 6.16, 6.20, 6.23, 6.24,
6.28, 6.31,6.35,6.39,6.42-6.44, 7.1, 7.14,7.15,11.2,12.21-12.23,12.26,
12.27, 16.7, 16.8
Ampere-conductors 3.6, 4.19, 4.20, 4.22, 5.18, 5.19, 5.21, 5.25, 5.31, 6.4, 6.6, 6.7, 6.10.
6.16, 6.20, 6.28, 12.22, 12.23
Amplifier 2.43, 2.44, 6.43, 14.11, 14.12, 14.22
Analog converter 14.34, 14.41
Annealing 13.22-13.24, 16.15, 16.16
Anti-windup 14,32, 14,34
Applications 1;1, 1.3, 1.23, 1.25, 2.1, 2.5-2 6, 2.9-2.11, 2.13, 2.18, 2 20. 2.39, 2.43, 2.45,
2.47, 2.49, 3.1-3.3, 3.5, 3.9, 3.25-3.28. 3.33, 3.71, 3.76, 4.33, 5.18, 5.32,
6.47, 6.48, 8.3, 8.19, 8.20, 9.9, 10.35, 11.1, 12.5, 12.14, 12.18, 13.1,
13.19, 14.1, 14.9, 14.13, 14.14, 14.19, 14.21, 14.46, 15,2, 15.14, 15.22,
16.4, 16.6-16.8, 16.11, 16.16
Arc 2.3, 3.8, 3.12, 3.19-3.21. 3.25, 3.33, 3.45, 3.47, 3.50, 3.51, 4.12, 4.24, 4.25, 5.1, 5.5,
5.8, 5.14, 5.19-5.21, 5.24-5.26, 5.28-5.32, 5.35,5.60, 5.65, 6.3, 6.29,7.12,
8.1, 8.2, 8.5-8.7, 8.11, 8.12, 8.15, 9.5, 9.6, 10.15, 13,4, 13
Arc magnets 3.25Armature 1.4, 2.8, 3.3. 5.20, 3.23, 3.35, 4.12,4.18, 5.39, 5.40, 5.46, 5.55, 5.63, 6.3, 6.12,
6.13, 6.23, 6.24, 6.28, 6.90-6.34, 6.38, 6.40, 7.S-7.5, 8.20, 11.2, 11.9,
12.20-12.28, 14.5, 15.9, 16.2. 16.8, 16.11
Armature reaction 3.20, 4.18, 5,39,5.40, 5.46, 5.55, 5.63, 6.3, 6.12, 6.13, 6.23-6.24, 6.28,
6.30-6.34, 6,40. 7.4, 7.5, 11.2, 11.9, 12.20-12.22, 12.24-12.28, 16.2
Armature-reaction flux 5.55, 6.23, 6.24, 6.33, 6.34
Augmentation of stator teeth 9.6, 9.7
Auto-tuning 14.33
Axial gap 1.4
Axially laminated motor 18.1 IT
Axis 1.7, 2.46, 3.21, S.42, 3.43, 3.45, 4.6-4.8, 4.23, 5.1-5.3, 5.5, 5.35, 5.47. 5.63. 6.2, 6.3,
6.8-6.10. 6.17, 6.18,6.20,6.22-6.25, 6.2M .38,6.40,6.42-6.44.6.46, 7.15,
8.5, 8.9,8.16, 11.4,12.21, 12.25-12.27, 13.19, 14.16, 14.23-14.25.14.32,
16.10, 16.11, 16.14
Back-EMF1.2,1.7-1.9,1.13,1.14,1.23, 2.14, 2.15, 2,17, 2.22, 2.23, 2.30, 2.33, 2.34, 2.43,
2.44, 2.46-2.48, 3.6, 3.15, 3.16, 3.18, 3.19, 3.33, 3.38, 3.45-3.47,
3.49-3.51, 3.71, 3.74, 4.18, 4.28, 5.3, 5.5, 5.8, 5.9, 5.12, 5.21, 5.25, 5.35,
5.36, 5.40-5.42. 5.63, 5.65, 6.2, 6.4, 6.36, 6.42, 6.46, 7.1-7.5, 7.7, 8.1-8.3,
8.11-8.13, 8.20, 9.2, 9.9, 10.1, 10.28-10.32, 11.2,11.3,11.9, 12.9,12.12,
12.20, 13.8, 13.9, 13.11, 13.13, 13.19, 13.25, 14.7
Back-EMF constant 3.18, 3.19, 5.12, 5.42, 7.1, 7.3, 8.1, 10.1, 10.30, 13.19
Back-iron 2.11, 3.6, 3.25, 3.34, 4.2
Bandwidth 1.19, 2.22, 2.47, 3.2, 11.12, 14.12, 14.15, 14.18, 14.26, 14.32, 14.35
Bare wire 13.13, 13.26
Base interval 2.31-2.33, 10.1, 10.2, 10.4, 10.13, 10.20, 10.22, 10.24
Base speed 1.12
Bearings 1;17,1.20, 1.22, 2.2, 2.6, 2.8, 3.8,3.17,4.33, 5.39, 11.6,13.2,13.15,13.25.15.1,
15.2
Bekey-Robinson 2.5
Bifilar-wound 3.4
Bifurcated teeth 4.27, 4.28, 8.14
B1L 3.16
BJT 2.20
Blocking 2.18, 2.19, 3.35
Black body 15.5
BLV 5.19, 5.36, 8.3^.5, 8.9-S.ll
Bode diagram 14.16, 14.17, 14.21, 14.26, 14.27
Bonded ferrite 2.3
Bonded ring magnet 2.3, 2.8, 3.8
Bonding 3.28, 3.29, 16.10, 16.11
Boules 5.64, 5.66, 8.3, 8.19, 8.20
Boundaryelemcnt method 5.38, 5.42, 5.61, 5.66, 8.2
Brake 11.6, 11.9
Braking 2.17, 2.44, 2.45, 3.2, 6.47, 14.1, 14.12
Brushes 1.1
’C’ 14.34
Carbon steel 2.2, 3.25, 13.21, 15.13
Carter coefficient 3.21, 4.13, 5.44, 8.12
Centrifugal blower 2.9
xviiiIn d e x
Centrifugal loading 4.28
Centrifugal pump 1.12
Centrifuges 1.17
Ceramic 4.5, 15.13, 16.8
Ceramic magnets 4.5
Chamfer 3.8, 4.28
Characteristic equation 14.22
Charge 2,17
Chemicals S.2, 3,32, 16,10
Chopping 1.17, 1.19, 2.15, 2.21, 2.23, 2.24, 2.26, 2.27, 2.30, 2.32-2.35, 2.37, 2.41, 2.43,
3.25,4,18,5.32, 5.39,5.41,7.5.8.1,10.7-10.14,10.16-10.18,10.22-10.24,
10.26-10.28, 16.13
Chording 3.36, 5.29, 5.30, 6.3, 6.14, 6.16, 6.18, 6.19
Circle diagram 17,11 et waj.
Circuit 1.10, 1.14, 1.19, 1.24, 1.25, 2.1, 2.9-2.11, 2.15-2.17, 2.22-2.28, 2.30, 2.31, 2.41,
2.45, 2.47, 2.48, 3.4,3.14, 3.15, 3.17, 3.20,3.21,3.23, 3.29,3.S0,4.S4.9,
4.11-1.16, 4.19, 4.254.27, 4.32, 5.14, 5.21. 5.32, 5.33, 5.38, 5.40, 5.41,
5.43, 5.58, 5.61, 6.3,6.12, 6.22, 6.24, 6.25, 6.3W.35, 6.45.6.47, 7.4, 7.8,
8.2. 8.4, 9.2, 10.2, 10.3, 10.7, 10.8, 10.10, 10.12-10.15. 10.20, 10.21.
10.23, 10.24, 10.27, 10.28, 11.2, 11.5, 11.9, 12.21, 12.22, 12.26, 13.3,
13.4, 13.16, 14.1, 14.7, 14.9, 14.11, 14.14, 14.18, 14.34, 14.41,
15.10-15.12, 15.15, 15.21-15.23, 16.1, 16.4, 16.8, 16.10, 16.12
Cleat 3.29. 13.25
Closed-loop control 3.2, 14.10, 14.15, 14.20
Closed-loop transfer function 14.25, 14.26
Cobalt 3.8, 3.28, 4.3, 4.9, 6.47, 6.48, 15.13, 16.4, 16.16
Cobali-Sainarium 4.3, 4.9
Coefficient2.3,3.17,3.19-3.21,3.23,3.24,3.27,4.8-4.11,4.13-4.15,4.24,4.25, 5.1S, 5.44,
5.55-5.59, 6.9, 6.34, 8.12, 12.2, 13.4, 15.2, 15.5-15.8, 16.7, 16.8, 16.17
Coenergy 3.17, 4.27, 5.36, 5.37
Coercive force 16.8
Coercivity 3.23, 3.25, 3.27, 4.6, 4.8, 4.9, 4.15, 4.16, 4.18, 5.64, 6.12, 12.22, 13.4, 16.2,
16.3, 16.7, 16.8, 16.11
Cogging 1.19, 2.1, 2.3, 2.11, 2.13, 2.47, 3.3, 3.7, 3.8, 3.10, 3.12, 3.13, 3.24, 3.34, 3.51,
3.74.4.26-4.28,4.33,5.57,5.62,6.21,8.10,8.19,12.14,13.7,13.9,13.18,
13.22, 13.23
Coil 1.7,1.9,1.10,1.14, 2.1,2.6, 2.10-2.12, 3.1, 3.5, 3.10,3.12, 3.14-3.15,3.20, 3.23,3.28,
3.30, 3.31-3.36, 3.39-3.51, 3.70, 3.71, 4.1, 4.5, 4.10, 4.20, 4.21, 5.2, 5.3,
5.5, 5.6, 5.8, 5.9, 5.11-5.14, 5.20, 5.21, 5.29, 5.30, 5.35, 5.36, 5.43-5.49,
5.51-5.55, 5.59, 5.60, 5.64, 5.65, 6.1, 6.3, 6.5-fi.8, 6.13-6.21, 6.25. 7.11,
7.12, 8.1, 8.2, 8.4, 8.5, 8.9-8.11, 8.17, 9.7,10.15,11.12, 12.9,13.1, 15.2,
13.6, 13.8, 13.11-15.13, 13.15, 13.16, 13.22, 13.23,13.25, 13.26, 14.18,
15.4, 15.5, 15.24, 16.8, 16.15
Coil pitch 5.3. 5.9, 5.20, 5.29, 8.1, 8.4, 10,15
Coil span 3.14, 3.35. 3.36, 3.39, 3.41, 3.42, 3.49, 3.51, 5.20, 6.16, 8,2
Coil winding 5.9
Coils per phase 3.36, 3.42, 3.44, 5.12, 5.60, 13.8, 13.13, 13.26
xixCoils per pole 3.36, 3.39, 3.49, 6.13, 6.17, 6.25, 13.8
Combinatorial logic 2.45
Commutation 1.2, 1.5,1.12,1.18-1.23, 2.15, 2.19, 2.20, 2.32-2.35. 2.42, 2.43, 2.45, 2.47,
3.1, 3.4, 3.6.3.32, 3.50,3.51, 3.71,5.5, 5.15,5.17, 5.19,5.31, 5,32. 6.41,
7.2, 7.6, 8.1,10.1,10.2, 10.4,10.7-10.9, 10.13-10.17,10.20,10.23,10.24,
10.28, 10.30,10.31, 10.33,11.1,11.2, 11.6.11.7, 11.9,11.11,13.6,13.7,
13.11, 13.16, 13.25, 16.13
Comparator 2.22
Compensator 14.11, 14.12, 14.25-14.27
Complex frequency 14.2
Compressors 1.12, 15.1, 15.2
Computer disc 3.71, 3.73, 3.74, 13.16, 13,18
Concencrated winding 6.18, 7.14
Concentric winding 3.39, 3.40, 5.9, 6.17, 13.8
Conduction 1.13,1.19,2.13, 2.17-2.19.2.24,2.25. 2.32,2.33, 2.35,2.38, 2.41,2.44, 3.32,
4.22, 5.5, 5.17-5.19, 5.24. 5.25, 5.41, 7.2, 10.9, 10.16, 10.24, 10.27,
10.28, 10.30, 11.9, 15.1, 15.2, 15.4, 15.5, 15.8-15.11
Conductivity 3.15, 15.3-15.6, 15.10, 15.11, 15.23, 15.24, 16.17
Conductor 1.1-1.4,1.7,1.17, 2.12,2.13, 2.15,2.46,3.1,3 4-3.6,3.16-3.18, 3.21,3.26,3.27,
3.30,3.32, 3.33,3.38,3.70,4.2,4.19,4.20,4.22, 5.5, 5.9, 5.18-5-21,5.25,
5.28, 5.31, 5.35, 5.36, 5.39, 5.43, 5.44, 5.46, 5.48, 5.49, 5.51, 5.53-5.65,
6;1, 6.M .7, 6.10-6.13, 6.15, 6.16, 6.20. 6.23-6.25, 6.28, 6.31, 6.35, 6.44,
7.11, 7.12, 7.14, 7.15, 8;4, 8.9, 8.10, 12.6, 12.15, 12.22, 12.23, 12.26,
12.27, 13.11, 13.13, 13.15, 13.25, 15.1, 15.4, 15;5, 15.11, 15.12, 15.23,
16.8, 16.16
Consequent-pole 2.3, 3.24, 3.36, 4.21, 5.11-5.13, 13.8
Constant power operation 1.12, 2.3, 6.4, 6.46, 17.1 et seq.
Constant-power speed range
see CPSR
Contact resistance 15.1, 15.4, 15.5
Continuous 1.16, 1.17, 2.10, 3.2. 3.21, 3.31, 3.76, 5.18, 5.31, 5.32, 6.42, 6.47, 7.2,11.7,
13.13, 13.14, 14.34, 14.36-14.38, 14.40, 15.15, 15.17, 16
Control 1.1, 1.2, 1.5, 1.11, 1.12, 1.18, 1.23, 1.25, 2.9, 2.11, 2.14, 2.15, 2.19, 2.23, 2.24,
2.30-2.36, 2.38-2.47, 2.49, 3.2, 3.4, 3.5, 3.25, 3.31, 3.76, 5.18, 6.2, 6.3,
6.11, 6.12, 6.43, 6.48, 7.1, 7.3, 8.1, 10.10, 10.28, 11.6, 11.7, 11.9, 12.7,
12.10, 13.16, 14.1, 14.7, 14.9-14.16, 14.18, 14.20, 14.22, 14.23, 14.25,
14.26, 14.28-14.36, 14.38-14.43, 14.45, 14.46, 15.1, 15.14, 16.11, 16.15
Convection 12.5, 15.1, 15.2, 15.6-15.12
Converter 1.19, 1.25, 2.43, 6.38, 6.43, 10.16, 10.18, 10.28, 14.34, 14.41
Conveyors 1.12
Cooling 1.17, 2.2, 2.13, 3.3, 3.33, 4.32, 11.1, 11.8, 12.4-12.6, 13.1, 13.14, 15.1-15.2,
15.5-15.9, 15.11, 15.12, 16,7, 16.16
Copper 1.17,1.20, 2.12, 2.47, 3.5, 3.15-3.17, 3.28. 3.32, 3.70, 4.31,5.11, 5.12, 5.21, 5.31,
5.39, 5.61, 5.63, 6.3, 9.1. 13.13, 13.14, 13.17, 13.26, 15.1, 15.4, 15.5,
15.8, 15.10, 15.12-15.14, 15.23, 15.24, 16.8, 16.16, 16.17
Copper losses 2.12, 3.32, 5.31, 5.39, 9.1, 13.14, 13.26, 15.10
Core 1.17, 2.1, 2.1S, 3.25, 3.28, 3.33, 3.34, 3.71, 3.73, 4,1. 4.2, 4.33, 5.60, 8.3. 8.4, 8.10,
8.20, 9.1-9.3, 9.6-9.9,11.4,12.15,12.20, 12.21,12.27, 13.3, 1S.7,13.14,
13.15, 13.23, 13.24, 15.4, 15,5, 15.10, 16.11-16.16
XXIndex
Core losses 1.17, 2.1, 3.28, 3.35, 3.34, 4.2, 4.33, B.3-8.4, 8.10, 8.20, 9.1, 9.2, 9.7. 9.9,
12.20, 12.21, 13.3, 13.7, 13.14, 13.15, 13.23, 13.24, 15.10, 16.12-16.14,
16.16
Core plate 3.28, 3.33, 16.15
Core steel 15.15, 15.5, 16.11
CPSR 17.2 et seq., 18.7 tt *eq.
Critical damping 14.24
Cross-inagnetizing 6.33, 12.24, 12.25, 12.27
Cuffs 3.29
Current 1.1, 1.2, 1.4, 1.8, 1.9, 1.11-1.16, 1.18, 1.19, 1.22, 2.3, 2.6, 2.11, 2.12, 2.14-2.27,
2.29-2.35, 2.37-2.48, 3.1, 3.4, 3.6, 3.8, 3.15-3.17, 3.19, 3.20, 3.23,
3.25-3.27, 3.32, 3.33, 3,50, 3.71, 4.M .4, 4.7-4.9, 4.12, 4.1&4.20, 4.22,
4.26-4.29, 4.31,4.33, 5,4,5.5, 5.9, 5.12,5.17, 5.18, 5.21, 5.23-5.27,5.29,
5.31-5.34,5.36-5.41,5.43,5.44,5.46,5.47, 5.54,5.61,5.63-5.65,6.1,6.4,
6.8, 6.12, 6.14, 6.16, 6.28, 6.30, 6.32, 6.36^.44, 6.46, 6.47, 7.1-7.4,
7.6-7.10,7.12,7.13,7.15,7.16, 8.1-8.3, 8.11, 8.16, 8.19, 8.20,9.1,9.5-9.7.
10.1,10.2,10.4,10.7-10.11,10.13-10.16,10.18,10.21-10.25,10.27-10.35,
11.1, 11.2, 11.5, 11.6, 11.8, 11.9, 11.12-11.14, 12.2-12.5, 12.12, 12.15,
12.18-12.21, 12.23, 12.25-12.27, 13.4, 13.8, 1S.13-1S.16, 13.19, 13.25,
13.26,14.1,14.5, 14.7,14.14,14.31,14.45,15.2,15.4,15.8-15.10,15.12,
15.17, 15.18, 15.24, 16.6, 16.8, 16.13
Current density 3.1, S.32,4.31, 5.61, 5.63,5.64. 6.4,12.2,12.4, 12.5,12.19, 12.23, 13.13,
13.14, 1S.26, 15.4, 15.8, 15.9, 15.12
Current regulator 2.15, 2.38, 2.46
Current transducer 2.22, 11.6
Current-regulated 2.43
Curve 1.12,1.13, 1.15-1.18, 2.47, 3.20, 3.21, 3.23, 3.25-3.27, 3.51, 3.71, 4.16, 4.17, 4.33,
5.35, 11.1, 11.2, 11.5, 11.7,12.17, 12.20,13.4-1S.6, 13.14, 13.15, 13.19,
13.20, 14.45, 15.7, 16.1-16.4, 16.12, 16.16
Cutting 3.28, 5.36, 14.14, 15.24
Cycle 2.15, 2.17, 2.21, 2.22, 2.24, 2.26, 2.27, 2.34, 2.37, 2.43-2.45, 3.18, 4.31, 5.5, 6.43,
9.1, 9.3, 10.11, 10.13, 10.18, 10.22, 10.27, 10.28, 10.32, 10.33, 14.24,
15.14-15.16, 15.18-15.20, 15.22
d-axis 5.1-5.3, 5.35, 6.23-6.25, 6.28-6.30, 6.33-6.38, 6.40, 6.44, 6.46. 12.21, 12.25, 12.27
Damping 10.24, 14.7, 14.9, 14.13, 14.24, 14.25, 14.38, 14.43
dB 8.7, 9.2, 9.3, 9.6, 14.16, 14.18, 14.21
DC 1.1-1.12, 1.14-1.20, 1.25, 2.6, 2.8, 2.10, 2.15, 2.19, 2.23, 2.27, 2.30, 2.32, 2.33, 2.35,
2.38-2.41, 2.44, 3.1-3.6, 3.19, 3.26, 3.29, 3.33, 3.35, 3.71-3.76, 4.4, 4.5,
4.18,4.22, 4.24, 4.33,5.1, 5.2,5.6,5.18, 5.25-5.27,5.32, 5.33, 5.36,5.39,
5.40, 5.57, 5.66, 6.12, 6.41, 6.47, 7.1-7.11, 8.1, 8.19, 8.20, 9.1, 9.2, 9.9,
10.1, 10.2, 10.13, 10.14, 10.20-10.22. 10.26,10.28, 10.30, 10.34, 10.35.
11.1,11.2, 11.4-11.7,12.17, 12.20,12.21, 1S.1,13.3,13.4,13.11,13.14,
13.19, 14.5, 14.7, 14.16-14.18, 14.28, 14.31, 14.41, 14.42, 14.46, 15.2,
15.9, 15.24, 16.11, 16.12, 16.16
DC commutator motor 1.2-1.9, 5.18, 7.3, 7.7
Deadbeat response 14.40
Decibcl 14.16
xxiDemag current 3.26, 3.27
Demagnetization 1.16, 1.17, 1.18, 2.3, 3.1, 3.23-3.27, 3.74, 4.54.9, 4.12, 4.14-4.16, 4.1&.
4.20, 4.22, 4.27, 4.28, 5.3&-5.40. 5.62, 5.64, 6.33, 16.4, 16.7,6.37-6.38,
6.40,6.44,6.47,11.4,11.5,12.20,12.21,18.25,12.27,12.28.13.4,13.15,
13.16, 13.19, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3, 16.4, 16.7, 16.8
Demand signal 10.28, 14.10, 14.11, 14.14, 14.18, 14.20, 14.21, 14.31
Design 1.2, 1.3, 1.5. 2.1-2.3, 2.5, 2.6, 2.9, 2.11, 2.13, 2.47, 3.1, 3.3. 3.7, 3.8, 3.10, 3.14,
3.17-3.21, 3.23-3.26, 5.28, 3.32, 3.34, 3.36,3.71, 4.1, 4.2, 4.9, 4.15, 4.22,
4.29, 4.30, 5.1, 5.13, 5.33, 5.38, 5.39, 5.42, 5.58, 5.63, 5.66, 6.21, 6.33,
6.42, 6.47, 7.1, 8.1-8.S, 8.20, 9.3, 11.1, 12.1, 12.2, 12.6-12.10, 12.13,
12.14,12.19,12.20,12.28,13.1-13.4,13.6-13.9,13.14,13.16-13.19.13.22,
13.23, 13.25-13.27, 14.1, 14.7, 14.9, 14.10, 14.16, 14.18, 14.23-14.26,
14.30, 14.31, 14.33, 14.34, 14.38-14.40, 14.43, 14.46, 15.1, 15.23, 16.8.
16.10. 16.16
Detent torque 3.34, 13.7, 13.18
Dielcctric strength 3.32. 15.13
Digital control 1.23, 2.19. 14.11, 14.34, 14.38
Digi(a 1-to-analog converter 14.41
Digital PID 14.34, 14.40, 14.41
Dimpled staclu 13.25
Diode 2.16, 2.17, 2.19, 2.21, 2.23, 2.26, 2.27, 2.30, 2.33-2.38, 6.41, 10.7, 10.8, 10.10,
10.15
Direct axis
see d-axis
Direct conductor cooling 12.6
Disc drive 3.73, 3.74. 11.7, 13.1, 13.16, 15.18, 13.19
Dissipation 6.42, 15.15, 15.17-15.20
Distribution factor 3.45, 6.18, 6.19
Dominant poles 14.24
Double-layer winding 3.36, 5.9, 5.21, 5.30, 13.23
Drive 1.2, 1.3, 1.11, 1.12,1.17, 1.20, 1.24, 2.1, 2.5, 2.9, 2.10, 2.19, 2.20, 2.23, 2.26, 2.27,
2.35, 2.37, 2.39, 2.40, 2.42, 2.43, 2.452.47, 2.49, 3.2, S.4-3.6, 3.15, 3.24,
3.26, 3.27, 3.46, 3.47, 3.49, 3.50, 3.71, 3.73. 3.74. 4.2, 4.8, 4.26-4.28,
4.33, 5.32, 7.4, 7.16, 9.1, 10.14, 10.22, 11.1, 11.2, 11.4, 11.5, 11.7.
11.11-11.14, 12.9, 13.1,13.4, 13.8, 13.9, 13.16, 13.18, 13.19. 14.1, 14.7,
14.9, 14.11, 14.17-14.19, 14.32, 15.9, 16.3
Driver 2.19, 13.25, 14.14
Dummy slots 4.27
see bifurcated teeth
Dust 1.23, 3.2, 3.32
Duty-cycle 2.15, 2.21, 2.22, 2.26, 2-27, 2.34, 2.37, 2.43, 2.44, 4.31, 6.43, 10.11, 10.13,
10.18.10.22,10.27,10,28, 10.32,10.33,15.14-15.16,15.1
Dynamic braking 2.17, 2.44, 2.45, 14.1
Dynamics 14.9, 14.12, 14.22. 14.26, 14.30, 15.7
Dynamometer 1.13, 4.33, 7.4, 11.2, 11.6, 11.7, 11,9, 11.12-11.16
ECM 2.6
Eddy current losses 16.13
Eddy-currents 1.4. 1.17. 2.6. 2.11, 2.12, 3.25. 3.33, 4.2, 5.61. 9.1, 9.5-9.7, 11.6, 12.27,
13.14
XXllIn d e x
EDM 3.28
Effective airgap 3.21. 5.52. 5.61, 6.30, 8.10, 8.12
Efficiency 1.1, 2.6, 2.9, 2.45, 3.28, 5.31, 5.32, 5.39, 8.2,10.1-10.2,11.7,11.12,12.1,12.3,
12.5, 13.15, 14.46, 15.2, 15.14
Electric 1.12, 2.6, 2.12, 3.6, 3.14, 3.15, 3.17, 4.3, 5.36, 5.40, 5.61, 7.1, 10.34, 12.2-12.5,
12.28, 14.14, 14.40, 15.5, 15.10, 15.21, 16.8, 16.12
Electric loading 2.12, 3.6, 5.61, 12.2-12.5
Electric vehicles 1.12, 14.14
Electrical degrees 2.15, 2.17, 2.30, 2.45, 3.4, 3.18, 3.43, 3.48, 3.50, 3.51, 3.71, 4.12, 5.6,
5.11, 5.20, 5.28, 5.32, 5.46, 6.16, 6.21, 6.22, 6.31, 7.6, 7.12, 7.15, 8.13,
10.1, 10.3, 12.26
Electrical radians 3.18, 4.12, 5.65, 6.3, 6.4, 6.6, 6.&6.10, 6.17, 6.20, 8.5. 8.10, 8.12, 9.7
Electrical steel 9.1, 12.10, 16.1, 16.11-16.13, 16.15, 16.16
Electro-discharge 3.28
Electromagnetic 1.1
Electronic 1.20, 1.22, 1.23, 1.25, 2.9, 2.14-2.16, 2.18-2.20. 2.27, 2.39-2.41, 3.15, 3.19,
3.26, 5.1, 10.1, 10.2, 11.13, 11.14, 14.5, 14.18, 16.9
Electronic wattmeter 11.14
Electronically commutated motor 2.6
Ellipse diagram 17.11 et v.q.
Embedded 2.5, 3.3, 3.7, 3.8, 3.24, 15.24
EMC 3.2, 12.1
EMF 1.2.1.7-1.9,1.11,1.13,1.14,1.22,1.23, 2.14,2.15, 2.17, 2.22, 2.23, 2.30, 2.33. 2.34,
2.43, 2.44, 2.46-2.48,3.6, 3.15-3.20, 3.33,3.38,3.45-3.51,3.71, 3.74, 4.1,
4.18, 4.28, 5.1, 5.S-5.9, 5.12-5.21, 5.24-5.26. 5.28-5.30, 5.32, 5.34-5.36,
5.38, 5.40-5.42, 5.63, 5.65, 6.1-6.4, 6.9, 6.12,6.13, 6.16, 6.19, 6.22, 6.36,
6.42, 6.46,7.1-7.5,7.7,7.10-7.13, 7.15, 7.16, 8.1-8.6, 8.9-8.17, 8.19, 8.20,
9.1-9.3, 9.6, 9.7, 9.9, 10,1, 10.2, 10.12, 10.15, 10.22, 10.25-10.33, 11.2,
11.3,11.9,11.12,12-3,12.9,12.10,12.12,12.20,13.8,13.9,13.11,13.13,
13.19, 13.25, 14.5, 14.7
EMF constant 1.2, 1.13, 3.18, 3.19, 5.12, 5.35, 5.38, 5.42, 7.1, 7.3, 8.1, 10.1, 10.30,
13.11, 13.19, 14.5
EMI 2.39
Encapsulation 15.5, 16.6
Encoder 1.19, 1.21, 1.22, 1.24, 1.25, 2.45, 6.11, 11.5, 11.7, 14.10, 14.13, 14.14, 14,34,
14.41
End turns 3.12, 3.32, 3.35, 13.6, 13.22
End-windings 2.12, 5.9, 5.11, 5.60, 6.3, 15.24
Energy product 3.23-3.25, 4.15, 16.1, 16.4, 16.7
Epoxy 2.8, 3.28-3.31, 11.7, 12.6, 13.6, 13.19, 13.23, 13.25, 15.13
Error amplifier 2.43, 14.11, 14.12, 14.22
Error signal 2.41-2.43, 14.12, 14.20, 14.21, 14.31, 14.41
Exterior rotor 1.3, 1.4, 2.1, 2.2, 2.8-2.10, 3.1, 3.3, 3.6, 3.10, 3.25, 3.35, 3.73, 3.74, 5.21,
12.6, 15.2, 13.16, 13.18, 13.26
Faraday 3.15
Fault 2.41, 3.2, 3.36, 10.2, 11.12, 16.8
Feedback 1.1, 1.18-1.20, 1.24, 2.22, 2.30, 2.43, 2.47, 6.11, 11.6, 11.7, 11.9, 13.1,
xxiii14.10-14.14,14.19,14.20,14.22,14.23,14.26,14.28,14.31,14.32,14.36.
14.46
Fertile 2.3, 2.5, 2.6, 2.8, 2.10, 2.13, 3.3, 3.8, 3.23, 3.24, 3.26, 3.27, 3.74, 4.3, 4.9, 4.16,
11.7, 12.4, 12.9, 12.22, 13.2, 13.4, 13.11, 16.4, 16.6-16.8
Fiberglass 3.35
Field-oriented control 1.12, 2.46, 6.2, 6.11
Field-weakening 6.46, 17.1 ft vq., 18.1 ft vq.
Finite element method 8.17, 8.20, 12.13, 12.14, 12.27, 12.28
Finite maximum speed 17.11
Finned 1.17, 15.9
Firmware 14.34
First-order hold 14.35
Floppy disc 2.1, 13.16
Flux 1.7-1.9, 1.11, 1.13, 1.17, 1.22, 2.5, 2.6, 2.11-2.14, 2.46, 3.1, 3.3, 3.7, 3.8, 3.15-3.21,
3.25-3.26,3.33, 3.34, 3.71,3.74,4.1-4.17,4.19,4.23-1.33,5.1-5.4,5.6-5.9,
5.12, 5.13, 5.19, 5.21, 5.28, 5.29, 5.31, 5.32, 5.35-5.37, 5.39, 5.42-5.56,
5.61-5.63,5.65,5.66, 6.1-6.10, 6.12-6.17, 6.19, 6.22-6.25,6.28-6.34, 6.37,
6.38, 6.40, 6.42, 6.46, 7.11-7.15, 8.2-8.11, 8.13-8.20, 9.1-9.3, 9.5-9 7,
10.28.11.2, 11.9,11.12, 12.3-12.5,12.12,12.13,12.18-12.28,13,2, 13.4,
13.6,13.9-13.11,15.14, 13.19-13.23, 13.25,13.26,15.9, 16.1,16.2,16.4,
16.7, 16.8, 16.10-16.14
Flux concentration 2.5
Flux distribution 5.1, 5.4, 5.19, 5.21, 5.28. 5.29, 5.35, 5.46, 5.47, 5.49, 5.50, 5.54, 5.62,
6.2, 6.13-6.16, 6.22, 6.24, 6.25, 6.31. 7.15, 8.5, 8.7, 9.2. 12.
12.20-12.23, 12.25-12.27, 13.11
Flux linked 3.15, 5.8, 6.6
Flux-linkage 1.7-1.9, 1.11, 1.13, 3.15, 3.15, 3.17, 3.18, 5.3, 5.4, 5.6-5.9, 5.35-5.37, 5,43,
5.44, 5.46, 5.47, 5.51, 5.52, 5.54-5.56, 5.65, 5.66, 6.1, 6.2, 6.4, 6.6«.9,
6.16, 6.17, 6.22, 6.23, 6.31, 6.32, 8.4, 8.9, 12.19, 12.20
Flux-weakening 17.2 ft seq.
Fly winder 13.18
Forced cooling 1.17, 11.8
Four-quadrant 2.17, 14.1
Fracdonal-slot 3.10, 3.12, 5.34, 3.40, 3.41, 3.44, 3.48, 6.17, 6.19, 12.9
Frequency 1.1,1.19,1.21, 2.15, 2.18, 2.20-2.23, 2.34, 2.38,2.43, 2.45, 2.47,3.2, 3.6, 3.33,
3.51, 4.27,5.5,5.9,6.11, 6.42,6.43,6.4M.47, 9.1,9.2,9.5,10.11,10.28,
11.4, 13.6, 13.7, 13.14, 14.1-14.3, 14.6, 14.8, 14.15-14.18, 14.20, 14.21,
14.24-14.26, 14.32, 14.35, 14.3&44.41, 15.9, 16.11, 16.14
Frequency response 14,1, 14.15, 14.16, 14.20
Friction brake 11.6
Full-bridge 2.16, 2.23-2.27, 2.39, 3.4, 5.32
Function 1.10, 1.12, 2.41, 2.46, 4.2, 4.10, 4.27, 4.33, 5.1, 5.3, 5.32, 5.64. 5.65, 6.2, 7.1,
8.5, 8.6, 8.9, 8.12, 8.15, 9,3, 11.8, 12.14, 12.18, 14.2, 14.3, 14.5-14.10,
14.12,14.14,14.16,14.18-14.26,14.28,14.29,14.35,14.36,14.40,14.43,
14.46, 15.4, 15.12, 15.15, 15.19, 16.1, 16.7, 16.11, 16.14
Fundamental 1.5,1.11, 2.1, 2 22, 2.38, 2.46, 3.14, 3.17, 3.33,3.45, 5.1, 5.5.5.8, 5.9, 5.18,
5.24, 5,33. 5.36, 5.61, 5.62, 6.1-6.3, 6.9, 6.10, 6.13, 6.1
6.21-6.24, 6.3^6.32, 6.46, 7.2, 7.13-7.16, 8.9, 9.1, 9.2, 9.5, 12.3, 12.24
Fundamental ampere-conductor distribution 2.46
xxivIn d e x
Fundamental winding factor 6.22
Gain 1.12, 1.19, 2.41-2.43, 2.47, 7.1, 10.12, 14.6, 14.9-14.12, 14.16-14.18, 14.20-14.26,
14.28, 14.29, 14.31, 14.32, 14.41, 14.42
Gain margin 14.20, 14.21, 14.26
Gap 1.4,1.7, 1.19, 2.1, 2.6,2.10-2.13, 3.1,3.3, 3.6, 3.10, 3.20, 3.25, 3.74, 4.16, 5.44. 5.61,
5.62, 6.27, 6.28, 8.10, 9.5, 13.6, 13.16, 13.22, 13.25
Gauss 3.23, 4.7, 4.8, 13.19, 16.12
Cear 3.5, 14.7, 14.14
Geaimotor 11.2, 11.10
Generator 3.15, 3.71, 4.18, 6.39-6.41, 6.47, 7.4, 7.5, 7.7, 10.34, 14.17
Glassfibre 3.71, 4.28
"Go" coilside 3.42
Gramme 2.12, 5.65
Hague 5.64-5.66, 8.3, 8.20
Hall 1.19, 1.22, 1.24, 1.25, 2.45, 3.4, 3.16, 3.17, 3.30, 7.2, 11.7, 11.11, 11.12, 13.16
Hall effect 1.22, 3.16
Hall switch 1.22, 1.25, 3.4
Hard chopping 2.21
Hard disc 13.1
"Hard” magnet 3.20
Hanmonic 1.11, 2.13, 2.23, 2.38-2.39, 3.2, 3.4, 3.45, 3.51,4.26, 4.27, 4.33, 5.8, 5.9, 5.26,
5.28-5.30, 5.33, 5.55, 5.61-5.65, 6.1-6.2, 6.9-6.10, 6.16-6.22, 7.13, 7.14,
8.2, 9.2, 11.13-11.14, 12.10, 12.24, 12;27, 13.8, 13.25
Heat 1.1, 1.17, 2,9, 2.13, 2.40, 3.28, S.32, 3.33, 3.73, 5.61, 6.42, 11.7, 11.8, 12.5, 12.6,
15.1, 15.2, 15.4-15.13, 15.22-15.24
Heat transfer 3.73, 12.5, 15.1. 15,5-15,8. 15.12, 15.22-15.24
Heat treatment 3.33
Henry 3.15
Hi-pot 3.31
High-energy magnet 2.3, 2.5, 5.61
Hoists 1.12
Hub 1.4, 4.2, 13.16, 13.18, 13.24
Hysteresis 1.17, 2.17, 2.22, 2.23, 3.25, 3.33, 4.2, 4.6, 4.7, 9.1. 10.13, 10.15, 10.21, 11.6,
12.27, 13.14, 14.14, 14.45, 16.1-16.3, 16.11-16.13, 16.16
Hysteresis brake 11.6
Hysteresis losses 3.25, 9.1, 12.27, 13.14, 16.11
IC 1.23, 2.30, 2.32, 2.46, 5.14, 5.24, 6.42, 6.44-6.46, 10.4, 10.16
Ideal drive 17.2
Identification 14.16
IEEE488 3.2, 11.15
IGBT 2.19, 2.20
Incremental encoder 1.22, 2.45
Incremental motion control 14.14, 14.15
Incremental permeability 4.2
Induced current 4.29
Inductance 1.17, 2.13, 2.16, 2.22, 2.32, 2.34, 2.43, 3.1, 3.6, 3.15-3.17, 3.33, 3.51, 3.71,
4.30, 5.13, 5.14, 5.25, 5.39-5.46, 5.48-5.51, 5.53-5.60, 5.62, 5.64. 5.65,
XXV6.3, 6.4, 6.6-6.9, 6.13, 6.23, 10.9, 10.24, 10.25, 11.2-11.4, 11.6, 11.9,
12.19, 12.20, 12.23, 12.24, 13.2, 14.5, 14.7
Induction motor 1.1,1.2, 1.4, 1.12, 2-2, 2.6, 2.20, 2.46, 3.14, 5.29, 3.31, 3.35, 5.55, 5.58,
9.2, 13.1-13.3, 13.6, 13.7, 13.14, 13.15, 17.3
Inertia 1.4,1.19, 2.1, 2.2, 2.5, 3.2, 3.3, 3.6, 3.73, 6.46,11.2,13.1.13.2, 13.16, 14.5, 14.7,
14.8, 14.10, 14.14, 14.18
Infinite maximum speed 17.11
Inset 2.3
Inside rotor
see interior rotor
Instantaneous 1.9, 2.23, 2.34, 2.35, 2.46, 5.24, 5.32, 7.10, 7.12, 10.2
Insulation 1.16, 3.2, 3.28, 3.31, 3.32, 3.35, 3.70, 4.2,13.13,13,23,13.26,15.1,15.1,15.5,
15.10, 15.13, 16.15, 16,17
Integral gain 2.43, 14.22, 14.31
Integral slot 3.40
Integral-slot 3.10, 3.12, 3.34, 3.40, 3.48, 13.7
Interconnections 3.31
Interference 1.23, 2.39, 14.18, 14.32
Interior permanent-magnet motor
see IPM
Interior rotor 3.1, 3.3
Interior-rotor motor 1.4, 2.1, 2.2, 2.12, 4.11, 13.2
Interphase fault 3.36
Intrinsic 3.26, 3.27, 16.1, 16.2, 16.7, 16.8
Intrinsic coercivity 3.27, 16.2, 16.7, 16.8
Intrinsic demagnetization curve 3.26, 3.27
Inverter 1.10, 1.19, 2.39-2.41, 3.4, 4-33, 5.32, 7.2, 11.1, 11.6, 11.10, 15.4, 13.11, 13.15,
13.16, 16.13
Inverter utilization 17.2
IPM 17.8 et <*q., 18.1 et teq.
IPM parameter plane 17.16 et vq.
Iron 1.1, 1.17,1.20,1.22, 2.2, 2.3, 2.5,2.8, 2.11, 2.13,2.47, 3.4-S.6, 3.16, 3.24, 3.25, 3.28,
3.34, 4.2-4.5, 4.9, 4.18, 5.61, 5.66, 6.3, 8.3. 8,20, 9.3, 9.9, 13.15, 13.17,
13.21, 13,24, 15.13, 15.14, 16.6, 16.11, 16.13, 16.15, 16.1
Iron losses 2.13, 3.6, 8,3, 8.20, 9.9, 16.16
Kalman filter 14.46
Kapton 15.13
kE 1.13, 1.14, 3.18-3.20, 3.23, 5.12, 5.35, 5.36, 5.38, 5.39, 5.42, 7.1-7.10, 7.12-7.16, 8.1,
10.30, 10.33, 13.11, 13.13, 13.19, 13.25, 14.5-14.7, 14.9,
Keeper 4.4, 4.5, 16.1, 16.9
Kelvin 11.15, 15.6
Kevlar 1.4, 2.3, 13.6, 16.10
loj. 1.13, 1.14, 1.17, 3.19, 3.20. 3.22, 3.23, 5.12, 5.36, 5.38, 5.42, 6.39, 6.42, 7.1-7.10,
7.12, 7.13, 7.15, 7.16, 8.1, 11.8, 11.9, 12.21, 13.11, 13-25, 14.5
Lacing 3.35
Lamination 1.17, 2.2-2.S, 2.5-2.6, 2.8, 2.12, 3.1, 3.3, S.4-3.5, 3.9-3.10, 3.12, 3.24,
3.28-3.35, 3.50, 3.70, 4.2, 5.62, 8.11, 9.1, 9.6, 12;1. 12.6, 12.15, 12.16,
13.2-13.4, 13.7,13.9,13.15, 13.19,13.20,13.22-13.25,15,1,15.5, 15;10-
15.11, 16.11-16.12, 16.13, 16.15-16.16
xxviINDEX
Lamination stack
bond 3.26
Lap winding 3.10, 3.31, 3.35, 3.39, 3.40, 3.43, 5.9, 5.10, 6.3, 6.17, 6.19, 12.9, 1S.6, 13.8
Laplace operator 14.2
Laplace transform 14.1-14.3, 14.8, 14.18, 14.29, 14.36, 14.38
Laser S.28, 3.73, 13.23
Lead/lag 14.1, 14.25
Leakage 1.22. 2.3, 2.6, 2.11, 2.18, 3.8, 3.18, 5.21, 3.71. 4.3, 4.104.12, 4.14, 4.16, 4.2S,
4.25, 5.14. 5.25, 5.42, 5.43, 5.55, 5.57-5.59, 5.62, 6.13, 6.23, 6.29,
6.31-6.34. 6.41, 8.16, 12.18, 12,19, 13.9, 13.22, 13.25, 16.8
Leakage flux 1.22, 3.71, 4.10, 4.14, 4.16. 4.23, 5.43, 5.55, 8.16, 12.18, 12.19
Leakage inductance 5.14, 5.25, 5.55, 5.57, 5.62, 6.13, 6.23
Leakage permeance 4.3, 4.11, 4.12, 4.23, 4.25, 6.29, 6.33, 6.34
Leakage reactance 5.58, 6.23, 6.31, 6.32, 6.41
Line 1.3, 1.15, 1.18, 2.26, 2.27 , 2.29-2.35, 2.37-2.40, 2.45, 2.46, 3.12, 3.21. 3.23, 3.2
3.27, 3.29, 3.33, 3.45-3.48, 3.71, 4.7, 4.8, 4.22-4.24,4.26, 5.5, 5.B, 5.14,
5.17-5.21, 5.24, 5.25, 5.29, 5.30, 5.32, 5.35, 5.37, 5.38, 5.43, 5.44, 6.4,
6.16, 6.29, 6.39, 6.41, 6.47, 7.2, 7.S-7.7, 7.9, 7.10, 7.13, 7.16. 8.1, 8.13,
10.2, 10.4. 10.7-10.11, 10.13, 10.15, 10.16, 10.18, 10.21, 10.22. 10.27,
10.28, 10.30, 10.31, 11.2, 11.4, 11.6, 11.9, 11.10, 11.14, 12.10, 12.25,
12.27,12.28,13.2,13.4,13.10,13.13,13.15. 13.19,13.22,13.26, 14.1
14.14, 14.31, 14.32, 15.9, 16.4
Line-line 2.31-2.33,2.38, 2.39,3.45-3.48, 3.71,5.14,5.17-5.21,5.24,5.30,5.35, 6.16, 6.41,
7.5, 7.7, 7.10, 7.13, 7.16, 8.1, 10.10, 10.27, 10.30, 11,4, 12.10, 13.13,
13.26
Linear 1.2, 1.11, 1.12, 1.15. 2.15, 2.38. 2.39, 4.16, 4.17, 4.19, 5.18, 5.36, 6.42, 8.5, 11.6,
12.2. 12.13, 12.14, 12.17, 12.19, 12.21, 14.1, 14.7, 14.16, 14.20, 14.34,
14.43, 15.12, 16.3, 16.4, 16.7, 16.14
Linearity 1.11, 2.41, 3.74, 5.38, 11.2, 11.8-11.10, 15.12
Liquid cooling 1.17, 2.13, 3.33, 15.8
Load 1.12, 1.14-1.16, 1.18, 1.19, 2.1, 2.6, 2.16, 2.17, 2.20-2.26, 2.39, 2.44, 3.15, 3.21,
3.23, 3.27, 3.33, 4.1, 4.7, 4.8, 4.18, 4.22, 4.33, 5.39, 5.66, 6.36, 6.41,
6.46. 7.4, 8.19, 10.1, 10.27, 10.28. 10.30-10.35. 11.2, 11.5-11.7, 11.9,
12.20, 12.21, 13.4, 13.11, 13.15, 13.19, 14.1, 14.5, 14.7-14.10, 14.14.
14.30, 14.31, 14.41, 15.7, 15.8, 15.17, 15.20, 16.8, 16.10,
Load line 3.21, 3.23, 3.27, 4.7, 4.8, 13.4, 13;15, 13.19
Locked rotor 1,14-1.16, 4.18-4,22. 11.7, 12.26, 13.15
Locate 2.8, 3.28, 3.29, 16,10
Lorentz 3.16, 3.17, 12.20
Losses 1.1, 1.4, 1.9, 1.17, 2.1, 2.6, 2.9, 2.11-2.13, 2.18, 2.19, S.5-3.6, 3.10, 3.25, 3.28,
3.32-3.34,4.2, 4;8. 4.284.33, 5.25, 5.26, 5.31, 5.39, 5.61, 6.41,6.46, 7.2,
8.3-8.4, 8.10, 8.20, 9.1-9.S. 9.5-9.9, 10.22, 10.30, 10.31. 10.34, 11.7,
11.12,12.20,12.21,12;27,13.7,1S.11,13.14,13.15,13.19, 13.22,13;2S,
13.24, 13.26, 14; 20, 15.1, 15.2, 15.4, 15.8, 15.9, 15.10, 15.12, 15.17,
16.11, 16.12-16.16
LowMachine tools 1.11, 1.12, 3.3, 3.76, 14.14
xxviiMagnequench 13.19, 13.20
Magnet 1.1, 1.2, 1.4, 1.7, 1.9, 1.11, 1.16-1.17, 1.20, 1.22, 1.23, 1.25, 2.1-2.8, 2.10-2.15,
2.19-2.20, 2.40, 2.41, 2.46, 2.47, S.l-3.8, 3.15, 3.16-3.21, 3.23-3.27,
3.30-3.35,3.47, 3.50,3.51, 3.71,3.73-3.74,3.76,4.1-4.20,4.22,4.25-4.29,
4.32, 4.33, 5.1, 5.3-S.5, 5.8, 5.11-5.14, 5.17, 5.19-5.21, 5.24-5.26,
5.28-5.32, 5.35, 5.38-5.39, 5.44, 5.52, 5.55, 5.61-5.66, 6.1-6.4, 6.9, 6.10,
6.12, 6.16. 6.21, 6.22, 6.24, 6.26, 6.28. 6.29. 6.31, 6.33-6.35, 6.37-6.40,
6.42-6.44, 6.46-6.48, 7.10-7.16, 8.2-8.13, 8.15, 8.16, 8.19, 8.20, 9.5, 9.9,
10.15,11.4,11.5,11.7-11.9,11.11,11.12,11.16,12.6,12.9-12.10, 12;15,
12.17, 12.18, 12.20-12.28, 13.1, 13.2, 13.4-13.11, 13.15-13.22, 13.25-
13.26, 14.1, 14.41, 15.13-15.14, 16.1-16.12, 16.16, 16.17
bonded ring 3.8
embedded slab 3.8
ferrite 3.24
Magnet length 3.21, 4.12, 4.14, 8.2, 8.6, 13.22, 16.8
Magnet thickness 3.24-3.26,4.18,12.6,12.22,13.4,13.6,13.9,13.10,13.16,13.19.13.20
Magnet wire 3.30-3.32, 13.18, 16.17
Magnetic 1.1,1.2,1.4,1.6,1.7,1.14,1.17,1.19,1.22, 2.1, 2.3, 2.6, 2.11-2.13, 3.1, 3.6, 3.8,
3.15, 3.16-3.18, 3.21, 3.26, 3.29, 3.32, 3.33, 4.1-4.6, 4.8, 4.9, 4.11-4.13.
4.15-4.18, 4.23-4.29, 4.32, 5.1, 5.32, 5.36, 5.38, 5.39, 5.42-5.44, 5.52,
5.61, 5.63-5.65, 6.9, 6.12. 6.24, 6.25, 6.28, 6.34, 6.36, 8.2-8.4, 8.9, 8.16,
8.20,9.1, 9.2,10.2,10.34,11.6,11.9,12.2-12.4,12.6, 12.13,12.19-12.21.
12.28, 13.3, 13.4, 13.6, 13.17, 13.19, 15.22, 14.7, 14.9, 16.1, 16.8-16.13,
16.15, 16.16
Magnetic loading 2.12, 3.1, 12.2-12.4, 12.6
Magnetic short circuit 16.1
Magnetization 3.20, 3.21, 3.25, 4.6, 4.9, 4.12, 4.28, 6.2, 6.3, 11.11, 11.12, 12.18, 12.21,
12.25, 13.7, 13.9, 16.1, 16.3, 16.7. 16.8. 16.11, 16.12, 16.
Magnetizing fixture 3.8, 4.5, 13.9, 16.8
Maximum energy product 4.15, 16.4, 16.7
Maxwell’s equations 12.13
Mean length of turn 5.60, 13.13
MGOe 5.23, 4.8, 4.15
Micro-controller 14.11
MLT 3.70, 5.60, 13.13, 13.26
Model reference adaptive control 14.43, 14.45
Modulation 1.17, 2.15, 2.21, 2.22, 2.38, 2.39, 2.44, 6.2, 9.1
Moisture 3.32
MOSFET 2.19, 2.20
Motion control 3.76, 14.14, 14.15, 15.14
Motor 1.1-1.25, 2.1-2.3, 2.5, 2.6-2.20, 2.22, 2.23, 2.27, 2.28, 2.30, 2.32, 2.34, 2.37-2.47,
5.1-3.6, 3.8-3.19, 3.21, 3.23, 3.24, 3.26-3.36, 3.39-3.48, 3.50, 3.51,
3.71-3.76, 4.1-4.5, 4.9-4.11, 4.1M.16, 4.1&4.20, 4.22, 4.23, 4.26, 4.28-
4.29, 4.32, 4.33, 5.1-5.4, 5.6-5.12, 5.14-5.16, 5.18-5.26, 5.28-5.33,
5.35-5.41,5.43, 5.44,5.52, 5.55, 5.57, 5.58, 5.60-5.63, 5.66, 6.1-6.4, 6.11,
6.12, 6.16, 6.23, 6.25, 6.29, 6.35, 6.37, 6.39, 6.40, 6.42-6.44, 6.46, 6.46,
6.47, 7.1-7.16, 8.1-8.3, 8.5, 8.6, 8.10. 8.12, 8.19, 8.20, 9.1, 9.2, 9.9,
10.1-10.6, 10.9, 10.16, 10.18, 10.20, 10.22, 10.27, 10.28, 10.30-10.33,
10.35, 11.1, 11.2,11.4-11.14, 11.16,12.1, 12.2-12.9, 12.13-12.21, 12.24,
xxviiiIn d e x
13.1-13.4,13.6-13.11,13.14-13.16,13.18,13.19,13.22,13.24-13.26,14.1,
14.5, 14.7-14.10, 14.12-14.19, 14.28, 14.31, 14.32, 14.34, 14.40-14.46,
15.1, 15.2, 15.4, 15.5, 15.7-15.17, 15.19, 15.21-15.22, 16.1, 16.4,
16.6-16.16
AC induction 1.1
AC servo 1.2
stepping 1.1
velocity servo 11.9
Motor-in-hub 18.16, 13.18, 13.24
Motoring 2.44, 3.2, 3.15, 6.37, 10.1, 10.34, 10.35, 14.12
Muitiple-strand 3.32, 16.16
Mutual inductance 3.15, 3.71, 5.13, 5.42-5.44, 5.46, 5.48-5.51, 5.53-5.55, 5.57-5.59, 5.65,
6.8, 6.9, 11.4, 12.23
NdFeB
see Neodymium Iron Boron
Needle 3.12, 3.31, 5.21, 11.12, 13.18
Negative feedback 14.11, 14.31
Neodymium-Iron-Boron 3.24, 3.27, 4.3, 4.5, 4.9, 11.7, 12.4, 13.19, 15.13, 16.6
Nested 3.29, 3.70, 14.32
Noise 1.1,1.19,1.22,1.25,3.2, 3.34,12.1,13.18,13.22,14.18,14.31,14.32,14.34,14.41,
14.46
audible 1.19
Nomex 15.13
Nonlinear 2.37, 4.16, 4.25, 8.16, 11.8, 12.19, 14.7, 14.20, 14.41, 14.43, 15.1
Non-salient 17.6
Nyquisi 14.35
Observer 6.12, 6.23, 14.46
OD 2.3, 3.35, 6.44, 12.5, 12.6, 13.3, 13.6, 13.9, 13.20, 13.21
Oflset 3.5, 3.48, 6.42
Op-amp 2.43, 14.11
Open-circuit 3.15, 3.20, 3.21, 3.23, 4.5, 4.7, 4.8, 4.12, 4.14-4.16, 4.19, 6.3, 6.12, 6.22,
6.33, 6.35, 6.45, 7.4, 11.5, 12.21, 12.22, 12.26, 16.8
Open-loop transfer function 14.21, 14.22
Operating region 1.16, 1.18
Optical interrupter 1.25
Optimal control 14.1, 14.46
Oscilloscope 3.19, 7.7, 11.2, 11.5, 11.11, 11.14
Output 1.17,1.19, 2.16, 2.39, 3.3, 3.5, 3.51,4.18,6.41,11.1,11.2,11.7,11.11,12.2,12.5,
12.7, 12.10, 12.13, 12.19, 13.14, 13.19, 14.2, 14.5, 14.10-14.13, 14.16,
14.20-14.22,14.26,14.31,14.33,14.34,14.36,14.40,14.41,14.43,14.45,
14.46, 15.8, 15.15
Output coefficient 12.2
Output equation 12.2, 14.36
Outside rotor 3.25
see exterior rotor
Overcurrent 2.16, 2.30, 2.41, 3.2, 4.28, 5.38, 6.46, 6.47
Overload factor 15.15-15.20
x x ixOvertemperature S.2, 4.28, 5.38
Pack 3.28, 3.30, 3.31
Pancake motor 2.1, 2.10, 2.11
Pancake resolver 1.20
Parallel 2.19, 3.18, 3.26, 3.71. 4.3, 4.12, 4.204.22, 5.12. 5.24, 5.35, 5.39, 5.46, 5.47. 5.59,
5.60, 5.63, 5.64, 6.2, 6.7, 6.14, 6.28, 6.29, 6.33, 6.35, 7.12, 7.13, 7.15,
7.16,10.13, 10.15, 10.16,10.20,10.21,13.11, 13.15,14.12, 15.7,1
15.15, 16.10
Parallel paths 3.18, 3.26, 4.20, 4.21, 5.12, 5.35, 5.39, 5.46. 5.47, 5.59, 6.7, 6.14, 6.28,
7.12, 7.13, 7.15, 7.16, 13.11, 13.15
PC-BDC 5.13, 5.30, 5.51,5.59, 8.1, 8.3, 8.13.8.17, 9.2, 9.7,10.1,10.26,12.6-12.14,13.27,
14.41, 15.23
PC-SRD 9.2
Performance 1.2, 1.5, 1.12. 2.10, 2.11. 2.13, 2.20, 2.43, 3.1, 3.3, 3.17, 3.22, 3.28, 4.9,
5.33, 5.66, 6.1, 6.3, 6.42, 8.3, 8.20, 11.1, 11.2, 11.7, 12.1, 12.4,
12.7-12.10, 12.14, 13.1, 13.19, 13.23, 13.26, 14.1. 14.9, 14.10, 14.12,
14.18, 14.25, 14.26, 14.40, 14.43, 16.4, 16.6, 16.11, 16.15
Permanent magnets 1.1
Permeability 4.2, 4.6, 4.7, 4.18, 5.36, 8.6, 8.16, 11.4, 12.20, 12.22, 16.2, 16.4, 16.7, 16.11
Pcrmeance 2.3,3.20, 3.23. 3.24,4.3, 4.8,4.11, 4.12,4.14, 4.15,4.23-4.27, 5.13, 5.55-5.59,
6.24, 6.28, 6.29, 6.33, 6.34, 13.4, 16.4, 16.7, 16.8
Phase 1.2, 1.9-1.11, 1.13, 1.17-1.19, 1.21-1.23, 2.1, 2.2, 2.12, 2.14-2.17, 2.19, 2.23-2.31,
2.35-2.41,2.44-2.47, 3.1,3.3-S.5,3.9-3.13,3.18-3.20,3.26-3.28, 3.31-3.36.
3.38,3.41-3.51,3.70.3.71,4.1,4.5,4.7-4.10,4.12,4.15,4.184.22,5.1-5.3,
5.5, 5.6, 5.9, 5.11-5.14, 5.17-5.21, 5.23-5.26, 5.2&-5.30, 5.32-5.35,
5.38-5.41, 5.43, 5.44, 5.46-5.50, 5.54, 5.55, 5.58-5.60, 6.2-6.4, 6.7, 6.8,
6.11-6.14, 6.16, 6.19-6,23, 6.27, 6.28, 6.31, 6.32, 6.35, 6.38, 6.41. 6.43.
6.46, 6.47, 7.1, 7.4, 7.6-7.16, 8.1, 8.9, 8.10, 8.16, 8.17, 10.1, 10.3, 10.4,
10.8,10.12,10.15,10.16,10.22-10.26,10.28,11.2-11.7,11.9,11.14,12.3.
12.10, 12.13, 12.22, 12.24, 13.2, 13.6, 13.8, 13.11, 13.13-13.15, 13.25,
13.26, 14.9,14.16,14.18,14.20, 14.21,14.25,14.26,15.14
Phase displacement 3.42, 3.43, 3.45, 5.5
Phase margin 14.20, 14.21, 14.26
Phase sequence 10.4
Phaseleg 2.15-2.17, 2.26, 5.32
Phasor 2.38, 2.46, 6.3. 6.4. 6.22, 6.28, 6,30, 6.32, 6.35-6.37, 6.3M.46, 7.15, 11.4, 11.5,
12.24
Phasor diagram 2.38, 2.46, 6.3, 6.4, 6.22, 6.28, 6.30, 6.32, 6.35-6.37, 6.39-6.42, 6.44-6.46,
11.4, 11.5, 12.24
PID control 14.30, 14.31, 14.41, 14.43
Pitch 1.21, 3.10, 3.12, 3.14, 3.31, 3.35, 3.36, 3.40, 3.42, 3.45, 3.48. 3.50. 3.51, 4.12, 4.17,
4.30, 4.32, 5.2, 5.3, 5.5, 5.6, 5.8, 5.9, 5.11, 5.14, 5.20. 5.28-5.30, 5.35,
5.36, 5.44, 5.45, 5.53, 5.58, 6.1, 6.3. 6.6, 6.7, 6.1^6.17. 6.19-6.21. 7.11,
7.12, 7.14. 8.1, 8.4, 8.5, 8.9-8.12, 8.17. 10.15, 12.5, 12.16-12.18,
13.6-13.9, 13.13, 13.18, 13.20, 13.22, 13.25
Pitch factor 3.45, 5.29, 6.16, 6.17, 6.21
Plant 14.7, 14.11, 14.12, 14.14, 14.20, 14.26, 14.30. 14.31, 14.34, 14.36. 14.39, 14.40,
14.43
Platen 13.16
XXXIndex
Polarization 16.1, 16.2
Pole-pieces 2.5, 3;7, 3.24, 3.74, 4.23, 4.25, 6.3. 6.2W.29, 6.33
Poles 1.1, 1.2, 1.23, 2.3, 2.5, 2.6, 2.10, 3.1, 5.6-3.13, 3.20, 3.23, 3.25, 3.33-3.36, 3.41,
3.43-3.45, 3.48, 3.50,3.71,4.4,4.5,4.21.4.27.4.28,4.32, 5.5,5.12,5.17,
5.18, 5.21, 5.35, 5.46. 6.4, 6.7, 6.1S, 6.25, 8.6. 8.7, 8.16, 12.21, 13.1,
13.6-13.10, 13.18, 13.21, 13.22, 13.26, 14.5, 14.8, 14.12, 14.16,
14.22-14.26, 14.30, 14.38, 16.15
Position control 1.1, 1.11, 2.45, 14.13-14.15, 14.18, 14.28-14.30. 14.32
Power 1.2.1.9, 1.10,1.12, 1.15-1.17, 1.19, 1.25, 2.3, 2.5, 2.6, 2.11, 2.14-2.24, 2.27, 2.80,
2.39-2.42, 2.44, 2.45, 2.47, S.2-3.6, 3.15, 3.25, 3.26, 3.28, 3.32, 5.1, 5.5,
5.17.5.32, 5.33, 5.39, 6.4,6.38, 6.44, 6.46,6.47, 7.4,7.7-7.10, 7.15, 8.19,
9.1, 9.9, 10.1, 10.2, 10.30, 10.31, 10.34, 11.1, 11.2, 11.6. 11.7, 11.13.
11.14, 12.3, 13.13, 13.14, 13.18, 13.19, 14.2. 14.18. 14.46, 15.1, 15.5,
15.8, 15.15, 15.17, 15.24, 16.8, 16.16
Power density 2.6, 3.28, 13.18, 15.1, 15.5
Power factor 2.6, 2.20, 2.39, 6.38, 6.44, 6.46, 7.15
Power transistor 1.2, 1-10, 1.16, 1.19, 2.14, 2.15, 2.18, 2.19, 2.21, 2.23, 2.30, 2.41, 2.42,
3.4, 5.5, 5.17, 5.32, 5.33. 5.39. 10.1
PPR 14.13
Precision dynamometer 11.12-11.16
Prime mover 10.34, 16.10
Principle of virtual work 3.17
Progressive die 3.28
Properties 2.18, 4.6, 4.9, 4.12, 6.1, 6.4, 7.10, 13.4, 14.7, 14.12, 15.1, 15.6, 15.13, 16.1,
16.3-16.5, 16.7, 16.8, 16.11, 16.12, 16.15, 16.17
Proportional gain 2.42, 14.31, 14.41, 14.42
Pulse-width modulation 1.17, 2.15, 6.2, 9.1
Pulses per revolution (PPR) 14.13
Punch press 3.28
Punching 2.3, 3.28, 3.29, 4.27, 9.1, 9.2, 13.2, 13.23-13.25, 16.15, 16.16
PWM 2.21, 2.23, 2.30, 2.35, 2.38, 2.39, 2.41, 2.43-2.46, 3.25, 4.33, 5.32, 6.2, 6.43, 7.2,
10.10, 10.28, 10.33, 11.12, 14.34. 16.11, 16.13
q-axis 2.46, 4.23. 6.2, 6.3, 6.9, 6.22-6.24, 6.28, 6.29, 6.31-6.33. 6.35-6.38, 6.40, 6.42-6.44,
6.46, 7.15. 8.5, 11.4, 12.21. 12.26
Quadrant 2.17, 4.6-4.9, 4.16, 5.64, 6.38, 14.1, 14.12, 14.13, 16.3, 16.4
Quadrants 2.44, 14.12, 16.16
Radiation 15.1, 15.2, 15.5, 15.8-15.12
Rated currcnt 17.1 et xeq.
Rated speed 17.1 rt vq.
Rated torque 17.1 et vq.
Rated voltage 17.1 et vq.
Recoil line 4.8, 16.4
Recoil permeability 4.6, 4.7, 8.6, 8.16, 12.22, 16.2, 16.4, 16.7
Rectifier 2.17, 2.39, 2.40, 2.44, 6.41, 6.47, 7.5, 7.7, 10.28
Reference 1.7, 1.21, 1.25, 2.15, 2.22, 2.23, 2.38, 2.41, 2.43. 2.46, 2.47, 3.1, 3.19, 3.45,
4.32, 5.1, 5.2, 6.2, 6.10, 6.35, 7.2, 7.9, 7.10, 10.35, 12.28, 13.6, 13.8
13.25, 14.11-14.13, 14.22, 14.43, 14.45, 15.24, 16.16. 16.17
XXXIReference frame 2.23, 2.46, 7.10
Reference signal 2.43, 14.11-14.13
Regenerative 2.44, 2.45
Regenerative braking 2.44, 2.45
Regulation 2.20-2.2S, 2.S4. 2.39, 2.42, 2.43, 2.45. 5.32, 10.10, 10.18, 10.24, 10.28
Regulator 2.15, 2.23, 2.38, 2.46, 10.9, 10.13, 10.14, 10.18. 10.21, 10.23, 10.24. 10.27,
14.43, 14.45
Reluctance 1.12, 1.19.1.25, 2.3, 2.13, 4.3, 4.12, 4.24, 5.55, 5.66, 6.29, 6.36, 6.38, 7.16,
8.2, 8.4, 8.16, 10.35, 12.22
Reluctance network 8.16
Remanence 3.23-3.25, 13.4, 16.1-16.3, 16.7, 16.8
Remanent 3.21, 4.S4.9, 4.13-4.15, 11.9, 11.12. 16.11
Remote sensing 1.23, 2.47, 13.18
Resistivity 1.4, 1.17, 3.33, 4.32, 15.2, 15.4, 15.12, 16.11. 16.17
Resistor 2.44, 2.45, 6.47, 10.24
Resolution 1.19, 1.21, 1.25. 11.13, 14.13, 14.14, 14.35
Resolver 1.19-1.22, 1.25, 2.45, 6.11, 14.10, 14.13, 14.34
Resolver-todigital converter 1.19, 1.25, 14.34
Resonance 1.11, 14.5, 14.9
Retaining can 1.4, 2.3, 4.28-4.30, 6.41
Retention 2.1-2.3, 2.8. 3.24, 13.4, 13.6
Retrogressive 3.42
"Return" coilside 3.42
Reversal 1.2, 5.17
Reverse 1.2, 2.17-2.19, 2.24, 2.25, 2.43, 2.44, 2.46, 3.2, 5.4, 4.8, 4.22, 5.3, 6.29, 10.9,
10.15, 10.27, 10.28, 14.1
Reverse commutation 2.43
Reverse recovery 10.9
Ripple 1.11, 1.17-1.19, 2.6, 2.13, 2.22, 2.23, 2.30, 2.46, 2.47, 2.49, 3.5, 3.6, 3.19, 3.50,
3.51, 4.26-4.28, 4.33, 5.19, 5.20, 5.25, 5.26, 5.29-5.31, 5,62, 5.63, 6.21,
11.2, 11.10, 11.11, 14.1
Robust 12.14, 14.10, 14.26, 14.30, 14.40, 14.43, 14.46
Robustness 14.1, 14.11, 14.12, 14.25, 14.30, 14.43, 14.46
Root locus 14.22-14.26, 14.38
Rotation 1.19, 2.3, 2.11, 2.43, 2.45, 3.4-3 6, 3.15, 3.31, 4.26, 4.27, 4.31. 5.32, 5.41, 6.2,
6.10, 6.11, 8.9, 8.11, 9.2, 11.7, 12.16. 13.7, 13.16, 13.22
Rotational voltage 3.15, 3.16
Rotor 1.1-1.7,1,9,1.14-1.16,1.19,1.20,1.22-1.24,2.1-2.6. 2.8-2.10, 2.12, 2.20, 2.30, 2.32,
2.41, 2.4S, 2.44, 2.46, 3.1, 3.3, 3.4, S.6-3.8, 3.10, 3.17, 3.18, 3.20,
3.24-3.26.3.28,3.33-3.36,3.51,3.71,3.73-3.75,4.2,4.11,4,12,4.17-4.23,
4.25-4.31,4.33,5.1-5.3,5.14.5.19,5.21,5.25,5.31,5.33, 5.
5.55,5.61,6.2,6.9-6.12,6.23, 6.25,6.28.6.29,6.33-6.35,6.41, 6.44,7.11,
7.12, 8.3, 8.4, 8.9, 8.11, 8.13, 8.15, 8.16, 9.2, 9.3, 9.6, 9.7, 10.2. 10.24,
11.1, 11.2, 11.4, 11.7, 11.9, 11.12, 12.2-12.7, 12.12, 12.15-12.17,
12.19-12.21, 12.23-12.26, 13,2, 13.4, 13.6-13.11, 13.15, 13.16,
13.18-13.23, 13.26, 14.5, 15.2, 15.9, 15.11, 16.9, 16.10. 16.13, 16,15
axial 3.6
inside 1.4, 3.6
outside 1.4, 3.6In d e x
Roving 3.71, 4.28
Saliency ratio 18.4
S.I. Units 7.1
Samarium cobait 3.8
Sampling rate 14.35. 14.36, 14.41
Screening 14.18
Second-order system 14.24, 14.28, 14.29
Self-inductance 3.15, 3.71, 5.42-5.46, 5.48-5.51, 5.55. 5.59, 5.65, 6.7, 6.9, 11.4, 12.23
Self tuning regulators 14.43
Sensor 1.20, 1.22, 2.30, 2.33-2.35, 3.5, 3.71, 5.14, 6.11, 7.7, 11.2, 11.6, 11.7, 14.13
Sensorless control 1.23
Separately-excited DC motor 17.1
Sequence 1.22, 1.23, 1.25, 2.27, 2.32, 2.33, 2.35, 3.43, 3.44, 5.5, 5.14, 5.15, 5.21, 5.23,
5.26, 5.28-5.31, 10.2, 10.4, 10.13, 10.20, 10.24, 11.9, 14.36, 15.14, 16.4
Servo 1.2, 1.4, 1.11, 1.12, 1.24. 2.1, 2.5, 2.41, 2.44, 2.49, 3.3. 3.4, 3.32. 3.76, 4.33, 5.38,
7.1, 13.1, 13.2, 13.26, 14.7, 14.9, 14.12, 14.18, 14.46,
Servo motor 1.12, 3.71, 3.72, 3.76, 4.26. 5.38, 11.9, 13.1, 13.2, 15.14, 15.17
Servo system 14.7, 14.9, 14.12
Settling rime 14.19, 14.25, 14.28, 14.29, 14.39
Shaft coupling 14.9
Shaft flux 3.8
Shaft position transducer 1.19, 1.22, 1.23, 1.25
Short-pitching 3.36, 3.51, 6.3, 6.16
Short-time operation 1.16, 15.22
Shunt 1.22
SI Units 3.19, 4.6, 15.10
Signal 1.19-1.22, 1.25, 2.11. 2.19, 2.22, 2.30, 2.41-2.45, 3.32, 7.2, 10.28, 14.2, 14.5.
14.10-14.18, 14.20-14.22, 14.31, 14.32, 14.34-14.36. 14.40, 14.41
Silicon 2.19, 2.47, 3.4, 3.5, 3.33, 4.2, 5.33, 13.23, 15.13. 16.11
Silicon steel 3.33. 13.23. 15.13. 16.11
Simulation 5.26, 5.29.5.30,5.58, 8.1, 10.1,10.11,10.28,10.31, 10.33,12.1,12.10,12.24,
14.9, 14.34, 14.41, 15.22
Sine 1.19,2.38, 2.39,3.4,5.47, 6.1-6.10,6.13, 6.14, 6.19,6.21-6.25. 6.27, 7.2, 7.14,12.24,
14.34
Sinewave 1.2, 1.3, 2.5, 2.15, 2.28-2.30, 2.37, 2.38, 2.40, 2.45-2.47. 3.4, 3.5, 3.36, 3.39,
3.45, 3.48, 3.50, 3.74, 4.26, 4.30, 4.31. 5.1, 5.3, 5.9, 5.14, 5.18, 5
5.24, 5.31, 5.33, 5.36, 5.39, 5.58, 5.62, 6.1-6.4, 6.35, 6.37, 6.40, 6
6.44, 7.1, 7.2, 7.7-7.10, 7.13-7.16, 8.1, 9.1, 9.3, 11.1, 11.4, 11.5, 12.9.
12.10, 12.24, 13.8, 13.9
Sinewave drive 2.5, 2.37, 2.40, 2.45, 2.46, 3.5, 3.50, 3.74, 11.1, 11.4, 11.5, 12.9, 13.8
Single phase 2.26, 3.4, 5.32, 13.8, 13.11
Single-quadrant 14.1, 14.12
Skew 3.34, 3.35, 3.50, 3.51, 4.27, 4.28, 5.9, 5.29, 5.63, 6.3, 6.21, 7.14, 8.2, 8.3, 8.7, 8.8,
8.11, 8.14, 13.9, 13.11, 13.25
Sliding mode 14.43, 14.45
Slip rings 1.1
Slot 2.3, 2.6, 2.13, 3.1, 3.4, 3.6, 3.9-3.14, B;16, 3.20, 3.21, 3.29-3.32, 3.34-3.36, 3.38-3.45,
xxxiii5.4651, 5.70, 5.71, 4.2, 4.264.30, 4.32, 5.2, 5.3, 5.5, 5.6, 5.9, 5.11, 5.12,
5.14, 5.20, 5.21, 5.31, 5.36, 5.39, 5.42-5.44, 5.47-5.51, 5.55-5.59, 5.61-
5.62, 6.13, 6.16-6.19, 6.21, 6.31, 6.32, 8.1-8.3, 8.9-8.12, 8.15, 8.17, 8.19,
10.31,11.12,12.4-12.6,12.9,12.16,12.18,12.22,12.23,15.2,15.3,15.6
15.8, 15.10-15.13, 15.18, 15.22, 15.23, 15.25, 15.26, 15.1, 15.5, 15.23,
15.24
Slot fill 5.70, 12.4, 12.5
Slot liner 5.30, 5.70, 15.1, 15.24
Slot opening 5.34, 4.30, 4.32, 8.1, 8.2, 8.12, 15.3, 15.13, 13.22
Slot-fill 3.70, 5.39
Slotless 1.4, 2.1, 2.12-2.14, 3.16, 5.1, 5.61-5.63, 8.3
Slots/pole 3.10, 5.12, 5.14, 3.34, 5.40, 5.41, 5.44, 3.45, 3.50, 4.264.28, 5.2, 5.11, 5.36,
5.48, 5.50, 8.19, 12.18, 15.7, 15.8
Slotting

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كتاب Design of Brushless Permanent-Magnet Motors 761752

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