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عدد المساهمات : 18928 التقييم : 35294 تاريخ التسجيل : 01/07/2009 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب AutoCAd 2016 3D Modeling Munir M. Hamad Autodesk Approved Instructor
![كتاب AutoCAd 2016 3D Modeling A_2_0_21](https://i.servimg.com/u/f61/15/36/74/14/a_2_0_21.jpg) و المحتوى كما يلي :
CONTENTSvi • Contents 1.4.6 Look Command 12 1.4.7 Up/Down Command 12 1.4.8 Walk Command 12 1.5 Visual Styles 12 Practice 1-2: Orbit, Steering Wheel, and Visual Styles 15 1.6 What Is the User Coordinate System (UCS)? 16 1.7 Creating a New UCS by Manipulating the UCS Icon 16 1.8 Creating a New UCS Using UCS Command 19 1.8.1 3-Point Option 20 1.8.2 Origin Option 20 1.8.3 X / Y / Z Options 20 1.8.4 Named Option 21 1.8.5 The Rest of the Options 23 1.8.6 UCS Icon 25 1.9 DUCS Command 26 1.10 Two Facts About UCS and DUCS 27 Practice 1-3: User Coordinate System 28 Chapter Review 30 Chapter Review Answers 31 Chapter 2: Creating Solids 33 2.1 Introduction to Solids 33 2.2 Creating Solids Using Basic Shapes 34 2.2.1 Box Command 34 2.2.2 Cylinder Command 35 2.2.3 Cone Command 36 2.2.4 Sphere Command 36 2.2.5 Pyramid Command 37 2.2.6 Wedge Command 37 2.2.7 Torus Command 38Contents • vii 2.3 Editing Basic Solid Shapes Using Grips 39 2.4 Editing Basic Solid Shapes Using Quick Properties and Properties 42 2.5 3D Object Snap 43 Practice 2-1: Basic Solid Shapes and 3D Object Snap 46 2.6 Using Boolean Functions 47 2.6.1 Union Command 47 2.6.2 Subtract Command 47 2.6.3 Intersect Command 48 2.6.4 Solid History 48 2.7 Using the Presspull Command 50 Practice 2-2: Boolean Functions and Presspull 53 2.8 Subobjects and Gizmo 55 2.8.1 Culling 56 2.8.2 Selection Cycling 57 2.8.3 Selecting Using Preset Views 58 2.8.4 Using Gizmo 59 Practice 2-3: Subobjects and Gizmo 62 Project 2-1-M: Mechanical Project Using Metric Units 63 Project 2-1-I: Mechanical Project Using Imperial Units 64 Project 2-2-M: Architectural Project Using Metric Units 65 Project 2-2-I: Architectural Project Using Imperial Units 69 Project 2-3-M: Mechanical Project Using Metric Units 74 Project 2-3-I: Mechanical Project Using Imperial Units 75 Chapter Review 77 Chapter Review Answers 79 Chapter 3: Creating Meshes 81 3.1 What Are Meshes? 81 3.2 Mesh Basic Shapes 82viii • Contents 3.3 Manipulating Meshes Using Subobjects and Gizmo 83 3.4 Increase/Decrease Mesh Smoothness 84 Practice 3-1: Mesh Basic Objects, Subobjects, and Gizmo 85 3.5 Converting 2D Objects to Meshes 87 3.5.1 Revolved Surface Command 87 3.5.2 Edge Surface Command 88 3.5.3 Ruled Surface Command 89 3.5.4 Tabulated Surface Command 90 Practice 3-2: Converting 2D Objects to Meshes 91 3.6 Converting, Refining, and Creasing 92 3.6.1 Converting Legacy Surfaces or Solids to Meshes 92 3.6.2 Refining Meshes 94 3.6.3 Add or Remove Crease 95 Practice 3-3: Converting, Refining, and Creasing 96 3.7 Mesh Editing Commands 98 3.7.1 Split Mesh Face 98 3.7.2 Extrude Face 99 3.7.3 Merge Faces 100 3.7.4 Closing a Hole in a Mesh 100 3.7.5 Collapse a Face or Edge 101 3.7.6 Spin Triangular Face 102 Practice 3-4: Mesh Editing Commands 103 Project 3-1-M: Project Using Metric Units 105 Project 3-1-I: Project Using Imperial Units 108 Chapter Review 112 Chapter Review Answers 114 Chapter 4: Creating Surfaces 115 4.1 Introduction to Surfaces 115 4.2 Creating Planar Surface and Network Surface 116Contents • ix 4.2.1 Planar Surface 116 4.2.2 Network Surface 117 Practice 4-1: Creating Planar and Network Surfaces 119 4.3 Using Blend, Patch, and Offset Commands 120 4.3.1 Blend Command 120 4.3.2 Patch Command 122 4.3.3 Offset Command 123 Practice 4-2: Blend, Patch, and Offset Commands 125 4.4 How to Edit Surfaces 126 4.4.1 Fillet Command 126 4.4.2 Trim Command 127 4.4.3 Untrim Command 129 4.4.4 Extend Command 130 4.4.5 Sculpt Command 131 4.4.6 Editing Surfaces Using the Grips 131 Practice 4-3: How to Edit Surfaces 134 Practice 4-4: Fillet and Grips Editing 136 4.5 Project Geometry 137 4.5.1 Using Project to UCS 137 4.5.2 Using Project to View 138 4.5.3 Using Project to 2 Points 138 Practice 4-5: Project Geometry 140 4.6 Creating NURBS Surfaces 141 Practice 4-6: NURBS Creation and Editing 150 Chapter Review 153 Chapter Review Answers 155 Chapter 5: Creating Complex Solids and Surfaces 157 5.1 Introduction 157 5.2 3D Polyline as a Path 158x • Contents 5.3 Helix as a Path 158 5.3.1 Axis Endpoint Option 159 5.3.2 Turns Option 160 5.3.3 Turn Height Option 160 5.3.4 Editing Helix Using Grips 160 Practice 5-1: Drawing 3D Polyline and Helix 162 5.4 Using Extrude Command 163 5.4.1 Create an Extrusion Using Height 164 5.4.2 Create an Extrusion Using Direction 164 5.4.3 Create an Extrusion Using Path 164 5.4.4 Create an Extrusion Using Taper Angle 166 Practice 5-2: Using Extrude Command 167 5.5 Using Loft Command 168 5.5.1 Lofting Using Guides 170 5.5.2 Lofting Using Path 170 5.5.3 Lofting Using Cross Sections Only 171 Practice 5-3: Using Loft Command 173 5.6 Using Revolve Command 174 Practice 5-4: Using Revolve Command 176 5.7 Using Sweep Command 177 5.7.1 Alignment Option 178 5.7.2 Base Point Option 179 5.7.3 Scale Option 180 5.7.4 Twist Option 180 Practice 5-5: Using Sweep Command 181 5.8 Editing Solid and Surfaces Using the Four Commands 182 5.8.1 Using Grips 182 5.8.2 Using Quick Properties 183 5.8.3 Using Properties 184 5.9 DELOBJ System Variable 184Contents • xi Project 5-1-M: Project Using Metric Units 185 Project 5-1-I: Project Using Imperial Units 188 Chapter Review 192 Chapter Review Answers 193 Chapter 6: Solid Editing Commands 195 6.1 Introduction 195 6.2 Extruding Solid Faces 196 6.3 Tapering Solid Faces 197 Practice 6-1: Extruding and Tapering Solid Faces 199 6.4 Moving Solid Faces 200 6.5 Copying Solid Faces 201 Practice 6-2: Moving and Copying Solid Faces 202 6.6 Offsetting Solid Faces 203 6.7 Deleting Solid Faces 204 Practice 6-3: Offsetting and Deleting Solid Faces 205 6.8 Rotating Solid Faces 206 6.9 Coloring Solid Faces 207 Practice 6-4: Rotating and Coloring Solid Faces 209 6.10 Extracting Solid Edges 210 6.11 Extract Isolines 210 6.12 Imprinting Solids 212 6.13 Coloring Solid Edges 212 6.14 Copying Solid Edges 213 6.15 Offsetting Solid Edges 214 Practice 6-5: All Solid Edges Functions 216 6.16 Separating Solids 217xii • Contents 6.17 Shelling Solids 218 Practice 6-6: Separating and Shelling Solid 219 6.18 Finding Interference Between Solids 220 Practice 6-7: Finding Interference Between Solids 222 Chapter Review 224 Chapter Review Answers 225 Chapter 7: 3D Modifying Commands 227 7.1 3D Move, 3D Rotate, and 3D Scale and Subobjects and Gizmo 227 7.1.1 3D Move Command 228 7.1.2 3D Rotate Command 228 7.1.3 3D Scale Command 229 7.2 Mirroring in 3D 229 7.2.1 XY, YZ, and ZX Options 230 7.2.2 3 Points Option 230 7.2.3 Last Option 230 7.2.4 Object, Z-axis, View Options 230 Practice 7-1: Mirroring in 3D 231 7.3 Arraying in 3D 232 Practice 7-2: Arraying in 3D 234 7.4 Aligning Objects in 3D 235 7.5 Filleting Solid Edges 236 7.5.1 Chain Option 237 7.5.2 Loop Option 237 7.6 Chamfering Solid Edges 238 Practice 7-3: Aligning, Filleting, and Chamfering 240 Project 7-1-M: Project Using Metric Units 242 Project 7-1-I: Project Using Imperial Units 247Contents • xiii Chapter Review 253 Chapter Review Answers 254 Chapter 8: Converting and Sectioning 255 8.1 Introduction to Converting 3D Objects 255 8.2 Converting 2D and 3D Objects to Solids 256 8.2.1 Thicken Command 256 8.2.2 Convert to Solid Command 256 8.3 Converting 2D and 3D Objects to Surfaces 259 8.3.1 Convert to Surface Command 259 8.3.2 Explode Command 260 8.4 Conversion Between Objects—Conclusion 261 Practice 8-1: Converting Objects 262 8.5 Introduction to Sectioning in 3D 263 8.6 Sectioning Using the Slice Command 263 Practice 8-2: Slicing Objects 264 8.7 Sectioning Using the Section Plane Command 265 8.7.1 Select a Face Method 265 8.7.2 Draw Section Option 265 8.7.3 Orthographic Option 266 8.7.4 Type Option 267 8.7.5 Section Plane Type Options 267 8.7.6 Section Plane Grips 268 8.7.7 Adding Jog to an Existing Section Plane 269 8.7.8 Live Section Command 271 8.7.9 Generate Section Command 273 Practice 8-3: Using Section Plane Command 277 8.8 Sectioning Using the Flatshot Command 278 Practice 8-4: Using the Flatshot Command 280xiv • Contents Chapter Review 282 Chapter Review Answers 283 Chapter 9: Printing in 3D and 3D DWF 285 9.1 Named Views and 3D 285 9.2 3D and Viewport Creation 288 Practice 9-1: View and Viewport with 3D 291 9.3 Model Documentation—Introduction 293 9.4 Model Documentation—Create Base View 293 9.5 Model Documentation—Create Projected View 295 9.6 Model Documentation—Create Section View 297 9.7 Model Documentation—Section View Style 300 9.7.1 Identifier and Arrows Tab 302 9.7.2 Cutting Plane Tab 303 9.7.3 View Label Tab 304 9.7.4 Hatch Tab 304 9.8 Model Documentation—Create Detail View 305 9.9 Model Documentation—Detail View Style 306 9.9.1 Identifier Tab 307 9.9.2 Detail Boundary Tab 308 9.9.3 View Label Tab 309 9.10 Model Documentation—Editing View 309 9.11 Model Documentation—Editing Components 311 9.12 Model Documentation—Updating Views 312 9.13 Model Documentation—Drafting Standards 314 9.14 Model Documentation—Annotation Monitor 315 Practice 9-2: Model Documentation 317 9.15 3D DWF Creation and Viewing 319 9.15.1 3D DWF Command 319 9.15.2 Batch Plot Command 320Contents • xv 9.15.3 Move and Rotate Commands 323 9.15.4 Sectioning 324 9.15.5 Taking a Snapshot 325 Practice 9-3: Producing and Viewing 3D DWF 327 Chapter Review 329 Chapter Review Answers 330 Chapter 10: Cameras and Lights 331 10.1 Introduction 331 10.2 How to Create a Camera 331 10.3 How to Control a Camera 333 10.3.1 Camera Preview Dialog Box 333 10.3.2 Grips 334 10.3.3 Front and Back Clipping Planes 335 10.3.4 Camera Display and Camera Tool Palette 336 Practice 10-1: Creating and Controlling Cameras 337 10.4 Introducing Lights 338 10.5 Inserting Point Light 339 10.5.1 Name 339 10.5.2 Intensity Factor 340 10.5.3 Status 340 10.5.4 Photometry 340 10.5.5 Shadow 341 10.5.6 Attenuation 341 10.5.7 Filter Color 342 10.5.8 Exit 342 10.5.9 Target Point Light 342 10.6 Inserting Spot Light 342 10.6.1 Hotspot Option 343 10.6.2 Falloff Option 344xvi • Contents 10.7 Inserting Distant Light 344 10.8 Dealing with Sunlight 345 10.9 Inserting Web Light 347 10.9.1 Web Option 348 10.10 Editing Lights 350 10.11 Dealing with Premade Lights 351 10.12 What Is “Lights in Model”? 351 Practice 10-2: Creating and Controlling Lights 354 Chapter Review 356 Chapter Review Answers 357 Chapter 11: Material, Rendering, Visual Style, and Animation 359 11.1 Introducing Materials in AutoCAD 359 11.2 Material Browser 360 11.3 Methods to Assign Material to Objects and Faces 361 11.3.1 Using Drag-and-Drop 362 11.3.2 After Selecting an Object, Right-Click Material 362 11.3.3 Using Attach by Layer Command 362 11.3.4 Removing Assigned Materials 363 11.4 Material Mapping 364 11.4.1 Planar Mapping 364 11.4.2 Box Mapping 366 11.4.3 Cylindrical and Spherical Mapping 367 11.4.4 Copying and Resetting Mapping 367 Practice 11-1: Dealing with Materials 368 11.5 Create New Material Library and Category 370Contents • xvii 11.6 Create Your Own Material 371 11.6.1 Reflectivity 375 11.6.2 Transparency 375 11.6.3 Cutouts 376 11.6.4 Self-Illumination 376 11.6.5 Bump 376 11.6.6 Tint 376 Practice 11-2: Creating Your Own Material 378 11.7 Render in AutoCAD 380 11.7.1 Render Preset 382 11.7.2 Render Duration 383 11.7.3 Lights and Materials 383 11.8 Render Environment and Exposure 384 11.8.1 Environment 384 11.8.2 Exposure 386 11.8.3 Render Window 386 Practice 11-3: Dealing with Rendering 387 11.9 What Visual Style Is and How to Create It? 388 11.9.1 Face Settings 390 11.9.2 Lighting 391 11.9.3 Environment Settings 392 11.9.4 Edge Settings 392 Practice 11-4: Creating Visual Styles 395 11.10 Animation 396 Practice 11-5: Creating Animation 398 Chapter Review 400 Chapter Review Answers 401 Index 403 A Add Crease command, 95 adding jog to existing section plane, 269–271 Alignment option, 178–179 American lighting units, 338 animation, 396–397 annotation monitor, 315–316 apex point, 334 Appearance panel, 295 array in 3D, 232–233 Arrows Tab, 302–303 Attach by Layer command, 362–363 attenuation, 341–342 Autodesk Library, 370 Axis Endpoint option, 159 B back clipping planes, 335–336 Base Point option, 179 Batch Plot command, 320–323 Blend command, 120–122 Body command, 196 Boolean functions Intersect command, 48 solid history, 48–49 Subtract command, 47 Union command, 47 Box command, 34–35 box grip, 39 box mapping, 366–367 bump, 376 C camera control of, 333–336 creation of, 331–333 Camera Display, 336 Camera Preview dialog box, 333 Camera Tool Palette, 336 Center command, 11 Chain option, 237 chamfer solid edges, 238–239 Close Hole Mesh command, 100–101 Collapse Edge command, 101–102 Collapse Face command, 101–102 Color command solid edges, 212–213 solid faces, 207–208 Color selection, 390 Cone command, 36 cone grip, 39 Constraint option, 60–61 Continuous Orbit command, 9–10 Control Show, 392 conversion between objects, 261 Convert to Solid command, 256–259 Convert to Surface command, 259–260 Copy command INDEX404 • Index solid edges, 213–214 solid faces, 201 copy mapping, 367 Create Base View, 293–295 Create Detail View, 305–306 Create Projected View, 295–296 Create Section View, 297–300 cross sections, lofting using, 171–172 culling, Subobjects, 56–57 curvature analysis, 149 cutouts controls, 376 Cutting Plane Tab, 303 Cylinder command, 35–36 cylinder grip, 39 cylindrical mapping, 367 D default offset direction, 124 Default view, 295 Delete command, 204 DELOBJ system variable, 184 Detail Boundary Tab, 308 Detail View Style, 306–309 Distance option, 239 distance values, 239 distant light, insert, 344–345 Down command, 12 draft analysis, 149 drafting standards, 314–315 drag-and-drop methods, 362 Draw Section option, 265–266 DUCS command, 26–27 UCS and, 27 E Edge command, 196 Edge Modifiers control, 393 edge settings, visual style, 392–394 Edge surface command, 88–89 Editing command, meshes, 98–102 editing components, 311–312 editing helix, using grips, 160–161 editing lights, 350 editing view, model documentation, 309–311 edit surfaces, 126–133 commands Extend, 130 Fillet, 126–127 Sculpt, 131 Trim, 127–129 Untrim, 129 using grips, 131–133 environment controls, 384–385 environment settings, visual style, 392 Exit option, 342 Explode command, 260–261 exposure controls, 386 Extend command, 130 extend mode, 130 Extract command, 210 Extract Isolines command, 210–211 Extrude command creating extrusion using direction, 164 height, 164 path, 164–165 taper angle, 166 solid faces, 196–197 using, 163–166 Extrude Mesh Face command, 99 F face method, 265 Face option, 24 faces materials methods of, 361–363 solid, 201, 207–208 face settings, visual style, 390–391 Face Style selection, 390 Falloff option, 344 Field-of-View (FOV), 332 Fillet command, 126–127 fillet solid edges, 236–238 filter color, 342 Flatshot command, 278–279 FOV. See Field-of-View Free Orbit command, 8–9 front clipping planes, 335–336Index • 405 G Generate Section command, 273–276 generic lighting units, 338 Gizmo, 55–56, 59–61, 227–229 manipulation of meshes using, 83 grips, 334 editing helix using, 160–161 edit surfaces using, 131–133 solid shapes using, editing, 39–42 solid using, 182–183 H Hatch Tab, 304–305 helix button, 158 as path, 158–161 Axis Endpoint option, 159 editing helix using grips, 160–161 Turn Height option, 160 Turns option, 160 Highlight intensity, 391 Hotspot option, 343 I identifier tab, 302–303, 307–308 Imprint command, 212 Incremental Elevation, 233 intensity factor, 340 interfere in solid, 220–221 international lighting units, 338 Intersect command, 48 Intersection Edges control, 393 L Last option, 230 legacy solids/surfaces, conversion of meshes, 92–93 Lighting quality selection, 390 lighting settings, visual style, 391 lights in model, definition of, 351–353 overview, 338–339 render in AutoCAD, 383–384 Live Section command, 271–273 Loft command, solid tab, 168–172 lofting using cross sections, 171–172 lofting using guides, 170 lofting using path, 170 Look command, 12 Loop option, 237–238 M Material Browser, 360–361 material library, and category, creation of, 370–371 material mapping, 364–367 materials creation of, 371–377 render in AutoCAD, 383–384 using in AutoCAD, 359 Merge Faces command, 100 meshes, 81 basic shapes of, 82–83 conversion of 2D objects, 87–90 Edge Surface command, 88–89 Revolved Surface command, 87–88 Ruled Surface command, 89 Tabulated Surface command, 90 converting, refining, and creasing, 92–95 Editing commands, 98–102 Close Hole, 100–101 Collapse Face or Edges, 101–102 Extrude Face, 99 Merge Faces, 100 Spin Triangular Face, 102 Split Mesh Face, 98–99 levels of, 84 refine, 94 using Subobjects and Gizmo, manipulation, 83 model documentation annotation monitor, 315–316 Create Base View, 293–295 Create Detail View, 305–306 Create Projected View, 295–296 Create Section View, 297–300 Detail View Style, 306–309 drafting standards, 314–315 editing components, 311–312406 • Index Editing View, 309–311 overview of, 293 Section View Style, 300–305 Updating Views, 312–314 monochrome color, 391 Move command, 323–324 solid faces, 200 Move Gizmo, 59–60 N Named option, 21–22 name, point light, 339 network surfaces, 117–118 NURBS surface, 115 creation of, 141–149 O Object options, 24, 230 objects conversion between, 261 materials methods of, 361–363 3D align, 235 convert to, 255 to solids, convert, 256–259 to surfaces, convert, 259–261 2D conversion of, 87–90 to solids, convert, 256–259 to surfaces, convert, 259–261 Occluded Edges control, 393 Offset command, 123–124 solid edges, 214–215 solid faces, 203 opacity, 391 Orbiting command, 8, 11 in AutoCAD, 8–10 Origin option, 20 Orthographic option, 266 OSNAP, 27, 332 P Pan command, 11 Patch command, 122–123 path 3D Polyline as a, 158 helix as a, 158–161 photometric lights, 339, 351 Photometric Web, 349 photometry, 340–341 planar mapping, 364–366 planar surface, 116–117 point light, insert, 339–342 Points option, 230 Polyline Edit command, 158 premade lights, 351 Preset views AutoCAD, 2–4 Subobjects, 58–59 Presspull command, 50–52 Previous option, 24–25 procedural surfaces, 115 project geometry, 137–139 2 points, 138–139 UCS, 137 view, 138 Properties command, editing solid shapes using, 42–43 Properties palette, 184 for light, 349 Pyramid command, 37 pyramid grip, 40 Q Quick Properties, 183–184 Quick Properties command, 42–43 R Rebuild command, 142 refine mesh, 94 reflectivity properties, 375 Remove Crease command, 95 Remove Materials command, 363 Render command, 380 render duration, 383 render environment, and exposure, 384–386 Render in AutoCAD, 380–384 Render Preset, 382 render window, 386 reset mapping, 367Index • 407 Revolve command, 174–175 Revolved Surface command, 87–88 Rewind command, 11 Right-Click Material, 362 Rotate command, 323–324 solid faces, 206–207 Rotate Gizmo, 60, 61 Ruled Surface command, 89 S scale Gizmo, 60, 61 Scale option, 180 Sculpt command, 131 Sectioning command, 324–325 Section Plane command, 265–276 add jog to existing section plane, 269–271 face method, 265 Generate Section command, 273–276 Live Section command, 271–273 Orthographic option, 266 Section option, 265–266 section plane grips, 268–269 Section Plane Type options, 267–268 Type option, 267 section plane grips, 268–269 Section Plane Type options, 267–268 Section View Style, 300–305 selection cycling, Subobjects, 57–58 self-illumination, 376 Separate command, 217 shadow, 341 Shadow display, 391 shapes, meshes, 82–83 Shell command, 218 Silhouette Edges control, 393 Sky effect, 346 Slice command, 263 snapshot, 325–326 solid edges Color command, 212–213 Copy command, 213–214 Extract command, 210 Offset command, 214–215 Solid Editing command, overview of, 195–196 solid faces Color command, 207–208 Copy command, 201 Delete command, 204 Extrude command, 196–197 Move command, 200 Offset command, 203 Rotate command, 206–207 Taper command, 197–198 solids convert 2D and 3D objects to, 256–259 DELOBJ system variable, 184 editing shapes using grips, 39–42 Quick Properties and Properties, 42–43 Extract Isolines command, 210–211 Extrude command, 163–166 finding interfere in, 220–221 grips, 182–183 helix as a path, 158–161 history of, 48–49 Imprint command, 212 Loft command, 168–172 overview of, 33, 157–158 properties, 184 quick properties, 183–184 Revolve command, 174–175 Separate command, 217 Shell command, 218 Subobjects and Gizmo, 55–61 Sweep command, 177–180 3D Object Snap, 43–45 3D Polyline as path, 158 using basic shapes, 34–38 using Boolean functions, 47–49 using Presspull command, 50–52 Sphere command, 36–37 sphere grip, 40 spherical mapping, 367 Spin Triangular Face, 102 Split Mesh Face, 98–99 spot light, insert, 342–344 Steering Wheel, 10–12 stretch mode, 130 Subobjects, 55–56, 227–229 culling, 56–57408 • Index manipulation of meshes using, 83 Preset views, 58–59 selection cycling, 57–58 Subtract command, 47 sunlight effect in 3D model, 345–347 surface. See solids surfaces align, 235 in AutoCAD, 92 Blend, Patch, and Offset commands, 120–124 convert 2D and 3D objects to, 259–261 convert to, 255 edit surfaces, 126–133 NURBS surface, 141–149 overview of, 115–116 planar and network, 116–118 project geometry, 137–139 to solids, convert, 256–259 to surfaces, convert, 259–261 Sweep command, using, 177–180 Alignment option, 178–179 Base Point option, 179 Scale option, 180 Twist option, 180 T Tabulated Surface command, 90 Taper command, solid faces, 197–198 Target Point Light, 342 Thicken command, 256 3D array, 232–233 creation, 288–290 named views and, 285–288 section in, 263 and viewport creation, 288–290 3D DWF command, 319–320 3D DWF creation, and viewing, 319–326 3D environment AutoCAD orbiting, 8–10 DUCS command, 26–27 model in, 2–6 recognization of, 1–2 Steering Wheel, 10–12 User Coordinate System (UCS), 16, 19–26 and DUCS, 27 icon, 16–19 visual styles, 12–14 3D mirror, 229–230 3D Modify command, 227 align 3D objects, 235 array in 3D, 232–233 chamfer solid edges, 238–239 fillet solid edges, 236–238 mirror in 3D, 229–230 3D Move command, 228 3D Rotate command, 228 3D Scale command, 229 3D Move command, 227–229 3D objects. See surfaces 3D Object Snap, 43–45 3D Polyline as a path, 158 3D Rotate command, 227–229 3D Scale command, 227–229 3-Point option, 20 tint material, 376–377 Torus command, 38 torus grips, 41 transparency properties, 375 Trim command, 127–129 Turn Height option, 160 Turns option, 160 Twist option, 180 2D objects conversion of, 87–90 to solids, convert, 256–259 to surfaces, convert, 259–261 2D orthographic views, 3 2 points, using project geometry to, 138–139 Type option, 267 U UCS. See User Coordinate System Union command, 47 Untrim command, 129 Up command, 12 Update views, 312–314 User Coordinate System (UCS), 5, 16 command, 19–26Index • 409 and DUCS, 27 icon, manipulation, 16–19 using project geometry to, 137 V ViewCube, AutoCAD, 4–6 View Label Tab, 304, 309 View option, 23, 230 viewport creation, 288–290 views, using project geometry to, 138 visual styles, 12–14 overview and creation of, 388–394 W Walk command, 12 WCS. See World Coordinate System web light, insert, 347–349 Web option, 348–349 Wedge command, 37–38 wedge grip, 40 World Coordinate System (WCS), 5 World option, 23 X X option, UCS, 20–21 XY options, 230 Y Y option, UCS, 20–21 YZ options, 230 Z Z-Axis option, 230 Z-Axis Vector option, 23 Zebra analysis, 148 Zoom command, 11 Z option, UCS, 20–21 ZX options, 230404 • Index solid edges, 213–214 solid faces, 201 copy mapping, 367 Create Base View, 293–295 Create Detail View, 305–306 Create Projected View, 295–296 Create Section View, 297–300 cross sections, lofting using, 171–172 culling, Subobjects, 56–57 curvature analysis, 149 cutouts controls, 376 Cutting Plane Tab, 303 Cylinder command, 35–36 cylinder grip, 39 cylindrical mapping, 367 D default offset direction, 124 Default view, 295 Delete command, 204 DELOBJ system variable, 184 Detail Boundary Tab, 308 Detail View Style, 306–309 Distance option, 239 distance values, 239 distant light, insert, 344–345 Down command, 12 draft analysis, 149 drafting standards, 314–315 drag-and-drop methods, 362 Draw Section option, 265–266 DUCS command, 26–27 UCS and, 27 E Edge command, 196 Edge Modifiers control, 393 edge settings, visual style, 392–394 Edge surface command, 88–89 Editing command, meshes, 98–102 editing components, 311–312 editing helix, using grips, 160–161 editing lights, 350 editing view, model documentation, 309–311 edit surfaces, 126–133 commands Extend, 130 Fillet, 126–127 Sculpt, 131 Trim, 127–129 Untrim, 129 using grips, 131–133 environment controls, 384–385 environment settings, visual style, 392 Exit option, 342 Explode command, 260–261 exposure controls, 386 Extend command, 130 extend mode, 130 Extract command, 210 Extract Isolines command, 210–211 Extrude command creating extrusion using direction, 164 height, 164 path, 164–165 taper angle, 166 solid faces, 196–197 using, 163–166 Extrude Mesh Face command, 99 F face method, 265 Face option, 24 faces materials methods of, 361–363 solid, 201, 207–208 face settings, visual style, 390–391 Face Style selection, 390 Falloff option, 344 Field-of-View (FOV), 332 Fillet command, 126–127 fillet solid edges, 236–238 filter color, 342 Flatshot command, 278–279 FOV. See Field-of-View Free Orbit command, 8–9 front clipping planes, 335–336Index • 405 G Generate Section command, 273–276 generic lighting units, 338 Gizmo, 55–56, 59–61, 227–229 manipulation of meshes using, 83 grips, 334 editing helix using, 160–161 edit surfaces using, 131–133 solid shapes using, editing, 39–42 solid using, 182–183 H Hatch Tab, 304–305 helix button, 158 as path, 158–161 Axis Endpoint option, 159 editing helix using grips, 160–161 Turn Height option, 160 Turns option, 160 Highlight intensity, 391 Hotspot option, 343 I identifier tab, 302–303, 307–308 Imprint command, 212 Incremental Elevation, 233 intensity factor, 340 interfere in solid, 220–221 international lighting units, 338 Intersect command, 48 Intersection Edges control, 393 L Last option, 230 legacy solids/surfaces, conversion of meshes, 92–93 Lighting quality selection, 390 lighting settings, visual style, 391 lights in model, definition of, 351–353 overview, 338–339 render in AutoCAD, 383–384 Live Section command, 271–273 Loft command, solid tab, 168–172 lofting using cross sections, 171–172 lofting using guides, 170 lofting using path, 170 Look command, 12 Loop option, 237–238 M Material Browser, 360–361 material library, and category, creation of, 370–371 material mapping, 364–367 materials creation of, 371–377 render in AutoCAD, 383–384 using in AutoCAD, 359 Merge Faces command, 100 meshes, 81 basic shapes of, 82–83 conversion of 2D objects, 87–90 Edge Surface command, 88–89 Revolved Surface command, 87–88 Ruled Surface command, 89 Tabulated Surface command, 90 converting, refining, and creasing, 92–95 Editing commands, 98–102 Close Hole, 100–101 Collapse Face or Edges, 101–102 Extrude Face, 99 Merge Faces, 100 Spin Triangular Face, 102 Split Mesh Face, 98–99 levels of, 84 refine, 94 using Subobjects and Gizmo, manipulation, 83 model documentation annotation monitor, 315–316 Create Base View, 293–295 Create Detail View, 305–306 Create Projected View, 295–296 Create Section View, 297–300 Detail View Style, 306–309 drafting standards, 314–315 editing components, 311–312406 • Index Editing View, 309–311 overview of, 293 Section View Style, 300–305 Updating Views, 312–314 monochrome color, 391 Move command, 323–324 solid faces, 200 Move Gizmo, 59–60 N Named option, 21–22 name, point light, 339 network surfaces, 117–118 NURBS surface, 115 creation of, 141–149 O Object options, 24, 230 objects conversion between, 261 materials methods of, 361–363 3D align, 235 convert to, 255 to solids, convert, 256–259 to surfaces, convert, 259–261 2D conversion of, 87–90 to solids, convert, 256–259 to surfaces, convert, 259–261 Occluded Edges control, 393 Offset command, 123–124 solid edges, 214–215 solid faces, 203 opacity, 391 Orbiting command, 8, 11 in AutoCAD, 8–10 Origin option, 20 Orthographic option, 266 OSNAP, 27, 332 P Pan command, 11 Patch command, 122–123 path 3D Polyline as a, 158 helix as a, 158–161 photometric lights, 339, 351 Photometric Web, 349 photometry, 340–341 planar mapping, 364–366 planar surface, 116–117 point light, insert, 339–342 Points option, 230 Polyline Edit command, 158 premade lights, 351 Preset views AutoCAD, 2–4 Subobjects, 58–59 Presspull command, 50–52 Previous option, 24–25 procedural surfaces, 115 project geometry, 137–139 2 points, 138–139 UCS, 137 view, 138 Properties command, editing solid shapes using, 42–43 Properties palette, 184 for light, 349 Pyramid command, 37 pyramid grip, 40 Q Quick Properties, 183–184 Quick Properties command, 42–43 R Rebuild command, 142 refine mesh, 94 reflectivity properties, 375 Remove Crease command, 95 Remove Materials command, 363 Render command, 380 render duration, 383 render environment, and exposure, 384–386 Render in AutoCAD, 380–384 Render Preset, 382 render window, 386 reset mapping, 367Index • 407 Revolve command, 174–175 Revolved Surface command, 87–88 Rewind command, 11 Right-Click Material, 362 Rotate command, 323–324 solid faces, 206–207 Rotate Gizmo, 60, 61 Ruled Surface command, 89 S scale Gizmo, 60, 61 Scale option, 180 Sculpt command, 131 Sectioning command, 324–325 Section Plane command, 265–276 add jog to existing section plane, 269–271 face method, 265 Generate Section command, 273–276 Live Section command, 271–273 Orthographic option, 266 Section option, 265–266 section plane grips, 268–269 Section Plane Type options, 267–268 Type option, 267 section plane grips, 268–269 Section Plane Type options, 267–268 Section View Style, 300–305 selection cycling, Subobjects, 57–58 self-illumination, 376 Separate command, 217 shadow, 341 Shadow display, 391 shapes, meshes, 82–83 Shell command, 218 Silhouette Edges control, 393 Sky effect, 346 Slice command, 263 snapshot, 325–326 solid edges Color command, 212–213 Copy command, 213–214 Extract command, 210 Offset command, 214–215 Solid Editing command, overview of, 195–196 solid faces Color command, 207–208 Copy command, 201 Delete command, 204 Extrude command, 196–197 Move command, 200 Offset command, 203 Rotate command, 206–207 Taper command, 197–198 solids convert 2D and 3D objects to, 256–259 DELOBJ system variable, 184 editing shapes using grips, 39–42 Quick Properties and Properties, 42–43 Extract Isolines command, 210–211 Extrude command, 163–166 finding interfere in, 220–221 grips, 182–183 helix as a path, 158–161 history of, 48–49 Imprint command, 212 Loft command, 168–172 overview of, 33, 157–158 properties, 184 quick properties, 183–184 Revolve command, 174–175 Separate command, 217 Shell command, 218 Subobjects and Gizmo, 55–61 Sweep command, 177–180 3D Object Snap, 43–45 3D Polyline as path, 158 using basic shapes, 34–38 using Boolean functions, 47–49 using Presspull command, 50–52 Sphere command, 36–37 sphere grip, 40 spherical mapping, 367 Spin Triangular Face, 102 Split Mesh Face, 98–99 spot light, insert, 342–344 Steering Wheel, 10–12 stretch mode, 130 Subobjects, 55–56, 227–229 culling, 56–57408 • Index manipulation of meshes using, 83 Preset views, 58–59 selection cycling, 57–58 Subtract command, 47 sunlight effect in 3D model, 345–347 surface. See solids surfaces align, 235 in AutoCAD, 92 Blend, Patch, and Offset commands, 120–124 convert 2D and 3D objects to, 259–261 convert to, 255 edit surfaces, 126–133 NURBS surface, 141–149 overview of, 115–116 planar and network, 116–118 project geometry, 137–139 to solids, convert, 256–259 to surfaces, convert, 259–261 Sweep command, using, 177–180 Alignment option, 178–179 Base Point option, 179 Scale option, 180 Twist option, 180 T Tabulated Surface command, 90 Taper command, solid faces, 197–198 Target Point Light, 342 Thicken command, 256 3D array, 232–233 creation, 288–290 named views and, 285–288 section in, 263 and viewport creation, 288–290 3D DWF command, 319–320 3D DWF creation, and viewing, 319–326 3D environment AutoCAD orbiting, 8–10 DUCS command, 26–27 model in, 2–6 recognization of, 1–2 Steering Wheel, 10–12 User Coordinate System (UCS), 16, 19–26 and DUCS, 27 icon, 16–19 visual styles, 12–14 3D mirror, 229–230 3D Modify command, 227 align 3D objects, 235 array in 3D, 232–233 chamfer solid edges, 238–239 fillet solid edges, 236–238 mirror in 3D, 229–230 3D Move command, 228 3D Rotate command, 228 3D Scale command, 229 3D Move command, 227–229 3D objects. See surfaces 3D Object Snap, 43–45 3D Polyline as a path, 158 3D Rotate command, 227–229 3D Scale command, 227–229 3-Point option, 20 tint material, 376–377 Torus command, 38 torus grips, 41 transparency properties, 375 Trim command, 127–129 Turn Height option, 160 Turns option, 160 Twist option, 180 2D objects conversion of, 87–90 to solids, convert, 256–259 to surfaces, convert, 259–261 2D orthographic views, 3 2 points, using project geometry to, 138–139 Type option, 267 U UCS. See User Coordinate System Union command, 47 Untrim command, 129 Up command, 12 Update views, 312–314 User Coordinate System (UCS), 5, 16 command, 19–26Index • 409 and DUCS, 27 icon, manipulation, 16–19 using project geometry to, 137 V ViewCube, AutoCAD, 4–6 View Label Tab, 304, 309 View option, 23, 230 viewport creation, 288–290 views, using project geometry to, 138 visual styles, 12–14 overview and creation of, 388–394 W Walk command, 12 WCS. See World Coordinate System web light, insert, 347–349 Web option, 348–349 Wedge command, 37–38 wedge grip, 40 World Coordinate System (WCS), 5 World option, 23 X X option, UCS, 20–21 XY options, 230 Y Y option, UCS, 20–21 YZ options, 230 Z Z-Axis option, 230 Z-Axis Vector option, 23 Zebra analysis, 148 Zoom command, 11 Z option, UCS, 20–21 ZX options, 230 #أوتوديسك,#أتوكاد,#أوتوكاد,#Autodesk,#Autocad,#Auto_Cad,#Auto, #Cad,#أوتودسك,#أتوديسك,#أتودسك,
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