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عدد المساهمات : 18928 التقييم : 35294 تاريخ التسجيل : 01/07/2009 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى
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أخوانى فى الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Mechanical Behavior of Materials Marc Andre Meyers University of California, San Diego Krishan Kumar Chawla University of Alabama at Birmingham
![كتاب Mechanical Behavior of Materials M_b_o_10](https://i.servimg.com/u/f61/15/36/74/14/m_b_o_10.jpg) و المحتوى كما يلي :
Contents Preface to the First Edition page xvii Preface to the Second Edition xxi A Note to the Reader xxiii Chapter 1 Materials: Structure, Properties, and Performance 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Monolithic, Composite, and Hierarchical Materials 3 1.3 Structure of Materials 15 1.3.1 Crystal Structures 16 1.3.2 Metals 19 1.3.3 Ceramics 25 1.3.4 Glasses 30 1.3.5 Polymers 31 1.3.6 Liquid Crystals 39 1.3.7 Biological Materials and Biomaterials 40 1.3.8 Porous and Cellular Materials 44 1.3.9 Nano- and Microstructure of Biological Materials 45 1.3.10 The Sponge Spicule: An Example of a Biological Material 56 1.3.11 Active (or Smart) Materials 57 1.3.12 Electronic Materials 58 1.3.13 Nanotechnology 60 1.4 Strength of Real Materials 61 Suggested Reading 64 Exercises 65 Chapter 2 Elasticity and Viscoelasticity 71 2.1 Introduction 71 2.2 Longitudinal Stress and Strain 72 2.3 Strain Energy (or Deformation Energy) Density 77 2.4 Shear Stress and Strain 80 2.5 Poisson’s Ratio 83 2.6 More Complex States of Stress 85 2.7 Graphical Solution of a Biaxial State of Stress: the Mohr Circle 89 2.8 Pure Shear: Relationship between G and E 95 2.9 Anisotropic Effects 96 2.10 Elastic Properties of Polycrystals 107 2.11 Elastic Properties of Materials 110 2.11.1 Elastic Properties of Metals 111 2.11.2 Elastic Properties of Ceramics 111 2.11.3 Elastic Properties of Polymers 116 2.11.4 Elastic Constants of Unidirectional Fiber Reinforced Composite 117viii CONTENTS 2.12 Viscoelasticity 120 2.12.1 Storage and Loss Moduli 124 2.13 Rubber Elasticity 126 2.14 Mooney--Rivlin Equation 131 2.15 Elastic Properties of Biological Materials 134 2.15.1 Blood Vessels 134 2.15.2 Articular Cartilage 137 2.15.3 Mechanical Properties at the Nanometer Level 140 2.16 Elastic Properties of Electronic Materials 143 2.17 Elastic Constants and Bonding 145 Suggested Reading 155 Exercises 155 Chapter 3 Plasticity 161 3.1 Introduction 161 3.2 Plastic Deformation in Tension 163 3.2.1 Tensile Curve Parameters 171 3.2.2 Necking 172 3.2.3 Strain Rate Effects 176 3.3 Plastic Deformation in Compression Testing 183 3.4 The Bauschunger Effect 187 3.5 Plastic Deformation of Polymers 188 3.5.1 Stress--Strain Curves 188 3.5.2 Glassy Polymers 189 3.5.3 Semicrystalline Polymers 190 3.5.4 Viscous Flow 191 3.5.5 Adiabatic Heating 192 3.6 Plastic Deformation of Glasses 193 3.6.1 Microscopic Deformation Mechanism 195 3.6.2 Temperature Dependence and Viscosity 197 3.7 Flow, Yield, and Failure Criteria 199 3.7.1 Maximum-Stress Criterion (Rankine) 200 3.7.2 Maximum-Shear-Stress Criterion (Tresca) 200 3.7.3 Maximum-Distortion-Energy Criterion (von Mises) 201 3.7.4 Graphical Representation and Experimental Verification of Rankine, Tresca, and von Mises Criteria 201 3.7.5 Failure Criteria for Brittle Materials 205 3.7.6 Yield Criteria for Ductile Polymers 209 3.7.7 Failure Criteria for Composite Materials 211 3.7.8 Yield and Failure Criteria for Other Anisotropic Materials 213 3.8 Hardness 214 3.8.1 Macroindentation Tests 216 3.8.2 Microindentation Tests 221 3.8.3 Nanoindentation 225 3.9 Formability: Important Parameters 229 3.9.1 Plastic Anisotropy 231CONTENTS ix 3.9.2 Punch--Stretch Tests and Forming-Limit Curves (or Keeler--Goodwin Diagrams) 232 3.10 Muscle Force 237 3.11 Mechanical Properties of Some Biological Materials 241 Suggested Reading 245 Exercises 246 Chapter 4 Imperfections: Point and Line Defects 251 4.1 Introduction 251 4.2 Theoretical Shear Strength 252 4.3 Atomic or Electronic Point Defects 254 4.3.1 Equilibrium Concentration of Point Defects 256 4.3.2 Production of Point Defects 259 4.3.3 Effect of Point Defects on Mechanical Properties 260 4.3.4 Radiation Damage 261 4.3.5 Ion Implantation 265 4.4 Line Defects 266 4.4.1 Experimental Observation of Dislocations 270 4.4.2 Behavior of Dislocations 273 4.4.3 Stress Field Around Dislocations 275 4.4.4 Energy of Dislocations 278 4.4.5 Force Required to Bow a Dislocation 282 4.4.6 Dislocations in Various Structures 284 4.4.7 Dislocations in Ceramics 293 4.4.8 Sources of Dislocations 298 4.4.9 Dislocation Pileups 302 4.4.10 Intersection of Dislocations 304 4.4.11 Deformation Produced by Motion of Dislocations (Orowan’s Equation) 306 4.4.12 The Peierls--Nabarro Stress 309 4.4.13 The Movement of Dislocations: Temperature and Strain Rate Effects 310 4.4.14 Dislocations in Electronic Materials 313 Suggested Reading 316 Exercises 317 Chapter 5 Imperfections: Interfacial and Volumetric Defects 321 5.1 Introduction 321 5.2 Grain Boundaries 321 5.2.1 Tilt and Twist Boundaries 326 5.2.2 Energy of a Grain Boundary 328 5.2.3 Variation of Grain-Boundary Energy with Misorientation 330 5.2.4 Coincidence Site Lattice (CSL) Boundaries 332 5.2.5 Grain-Boundary Triple Junctions 334x CONTENTS 5.2.6 Grain-Boundary Dislocations and Ledges 334 5.2.7 Grain Boundaries as a Packing of Polyhedral Units 336 5.3 Twinning and Twin Boundaries 336 5.3.1 Crystallography and Morphology 337 5.3.2 Mechanical Effects 341 5.4 Grain Boundaries in Plastic Deformation (Grain-size Strengthening) 345 5.4.1 Hall--Petch Theory 348 5.4.2 Cottrell’s Theory 349 5.4.3 Li’s Theory 350 5.4.4 Meyers--Ashworth Theory 351 5.5 Other Internal Obstacles 353 5.6 Nanocrystalline Materials 355 5.7 Volumetric or Tridimensional Defects 358 5.8 Imperfections in Polymers 361 Suggested Reading 364 Exercises 364 Chapter 6 Geometry of Deformation and Work-Hardening 369 6.1 Introduction 369 6.2 Geometry of Deformation 373 6.2.1 Stereographic Projections 373 6.2.2 Stress Required for Slip 374 6.2.3 Shear Deformation 380 6.2.4 Slip in Systems and Work-Hardening 381 6.2.5 Independent Slip Systems in Polycrystals 384 6.3 Work-Hardening in Polycrystals 384 6.3.1 Taylor’s Theory 386 6.3.2 Seeger’s Theory 388 6.3.3 Kuhlmann--Wilsdorf’s Theory 388 6.4 Softening Mechanisms 392 6.5 Texture Strengthening 395 Suggested Reading 399 Exercises 399 Chapter 7 Fracture: Macroscopic Aspects 404 7.1 Introduction 404 7.2 Theorectical Tensile Strength 406 7.3 Stress Concentration and Griffith Criterion of Fracture 409 7.3.1 Stress Concentrations 409 7.3.2 Stress Concentration Factor 409 7.4 Griffith Criterion 416 7.5 Crack Propagation with Plasticity 419 7.6 Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics 421 7.6.1 Fracture Toughness 422CONTENTS xi 7.6.2 Hypotheses of LEFM 423 7.6.3 Crack-Tip Separation Modes 423 7.6.4 Stress Field in an Isotropic Material in the Vicinity of a Crack Tip 424 7.6.5 Details of the Crack-Tip Stress Field in Mode I 425 7.6.6 Plastic-Zone Size Correction 428 7.6.7 Variation in Fracture Toughness with Thickness 431 7.7 Fracture Toughness Parameters 434 7.7.1 Crack Extension Force G 434 7.7.2 Crack Opening Displacement 437 7.7.3 J Integral 440 7.7.4 R Curve 443 7.7.5 Relationships among Different Fracture Toughness Parameters 444 7.8 Importance of K I c in Practice 445 7.9 Post-Yield Fracture Mechanics 448 7.10 Statistical Analysis of Failure Strength 449 Appendix: Stress Singularity at Crack Tip 458 Suggested Reading 460 Exercises 460 Chapter 8 Fracture: Microscopic Aspects 466 8.1 Introduction 466 8.2 Facture in Metals 468 8.2.1 Crack Nucleation 468 8.2.2 Ductile Fracture 469 8.2.3 Brittle, or Cleavage, Fracture 480 8.3 Facture in Ceramics 487 8.3.1 Microstructural Aspects 487 8.3.2 Effect of Grain Size on Strength of Ceramics 494 8.3.3 Fracture of Ceramics in Tension 496 8.3.4 Fracture in Ceramics Under Compression 499 8.3.5 Thermally Induced Fracture in Ceramics 504 8.4 Fracture in Polymers 507 8.4.1 Brittle Fracture 507 8.4.2 Crazing and Shear Yielding 508 8.4.3 Fracture in Semicrystalline and Crystalline Polymers 512 8.4.4 Toughness of Polymers 513 8.5 Fracture and Toughness of Biological Materials 517 8.6 Facture Mechanism Maps 521 Suggested Reading 521 Exercises 521 Chapter 9 Fracture Testing 525 9.1 Introduction 525 9.2 Impact Testing 525 9.2.1 Charpy Impact Test 526xii CONTENTS 9.2.2 Drop-Weight Test 529 9.2.3 Instrumented Charpy Impact Test 531 9.3 Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness Test 532 9.4 Crack Opening Displacement Testing 537 9.5 J-Integral Testing 538 9.6 Flexure Test 540 9.6.1 Three-Point Bend Test 541 9.6.2 Four-Point Bending 542 9.6.3 Interlaminar Shear Strength Test 543 9.7 Fracture Toughness Testing of Brittle Materials 545 9.7.1 Chevron Notch Test 547 9.7.2 Indentation Methods for Determining Toughness 549 9.8 Adhesion of Thin Films to Substrates 552 Suggested Reading 553 Exercises 553 Chapter 10 Solid Solution, Precipitation, and Dispersion Strengthening 558 10.1 Introduction 558 10.2 Solid-Solution Strengthening 559 10.2.1 Elastic Interaction 560 10.2.2 Other Interactions 564 10.3 Mechanical Effects Associated with Solid Solutions 564 10.3.1 Well-Defined Yield Point in the Stress--Strain Curves 565 10.3.2 Plateau in the Stress--Strain Curve and Luders Band ¨ 566 10.3.3 Strain Aging 567 10.3.4 Serrated Stress--Strain Curve 568 10.3.5 Snoek Effect 569 10.3.6 Blue Brittleness 570 10.4 Precipitation- and Dispersion-Hardening 571 10.5 Dislocation--Precipitate Interaction 579 10.6 Precipitation in Microalloyed Steels 585 10.7 Dual-Phase Steels 590 Suggested Reading 590 Exercises 591 Chapter 11 Martensitic Transformation 594 11.1 Introduction 594 11.2 Structures and Morphologies of Martensite 594 11.3 Strength of Martensite 600 11.4 Mechanical Effects 603 11.5 Shape-Memory Effect 608 11.5.1 Shape-Memory Effect in Polymers 614 11.6 Martensitic Transformation in Ceramics 614 Suggested Reading 618 Exercises 619CONTENTS xiii Chapter 12 Special Materials: Intermetallics and Foams 621 12.1 Introduction 621 12.2 Silicides 621 12.3 Ordered Intermetallics 622 12.3.1 Dislocation Structures in Ordered Intermetallics 624 12.3.2 Effect of Ordering on Mechanical Properties 628 12.3.3 Ductility of Intermetallics 634 12.4 Cellular Materials 639 12.4.1 Structure 639 12.4.2 Modeling of the Mechanical Response 639 12.4.3 Comparison of Predictions and Experimental Results 645 12.4.4 Syntactic Foam 645 12.4.5 Plastic Behavior of Porous Materials 646 Suggested Reading 650 Exercises 650 Chapter 13 Creep and Superplasticity 653 13.1 Introduction 653 13.2 Correlation and Extrapolation Methods 659 13.3 Fundamental Mechanisms Responsible for Creep 665 13.4 Diffusion Creep 666 13.5 Dislocation (or Power Law) Creep 670 13.6 Dislocation Glide 673 13.7 Grain-Boundary Sliding 675 13.8 Deformation-Mechanism (Weertman--Ashby) Maps 676 13.9 Creep-Induced Fracture 678 13.10 Heat-Resistant Materials 681 13.11 Creep in Polymers 688 13.12 Diffusion-Related Phenomena in Electronic Materials 695 13.13 Superplasticity 697 Suggested Reading 705 Exercises 705 Chapter 14 Fatigue 713 14.1 Introduction 713 14.2 Fatigue Parameters and S--N (Wohler) Curves ¨ 714 14.3 Fatigue Strength or Fatigue Life 716 14.4 Effect of Mean Stress on Fatigue Life 719 14.5 Effect of Frequency 721 14.6 Cumulative Damage and Life Exhaustion 721 14.7 Mechanisms of Fatigue 725xiv CONTENTS 14.7.1 Fatigue Crack Nucleation 725 14.7.2 Fatigue Crack Propagation 730 14.8 Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics Applied to Fatigue 735 14.8.1 Fatigue of Biomaterials 744 14.9 Hysteretic Heating in Fatigue 746 14.10 Environmental Effects in Fatigue 748 14.11 Fatigue Crack Closure 748 14.12 The Two-Parameter Approach 749 14.13 The Short-Crack Problem in Fatigue 750 14.14 Fatigue Testing 751 14.14.1 Conventional Fatigue Tests 751 14.14.2 Rotating Bending Machine 751 14.14.3 Statistical Analysis of S--N Curves 753 14.14.4 Nonconventional Fatigue Testing 753 14.14.5 Servohydraulic Machines 755 14.14.6 Low-Cycle Fatigue Tests 756 14.14.7 Fatigue Crack Propagation Testing 757 Suggested Reading 758 Exercises 759 Chapter 15 Composite Materials 765 15.1 Introduction 765 15.2 Types of Composites 765 15.3 Important Reinforcements and Matrix Materials 767 15.3.1 Microstructural Aspects and Importance of the Matrix 769 15.4 Interfaces in Composites 770 15.4.1 Crystallographic Nature of the Fiber--Matrix Interface 771 15.4.2 Interfacial Bonding in Composites 772 15.4.3 Interfacial Interactions 773 15.5 Properties of Composites 774 15.5.1 Density and Heat Capacity 775 15.5.2 Elastic Moduli 775 15.5.3 Strength 780 15.5.4 Anisotropic Nature of Fiber Reinforced Composites 783 15.5.5 Aging Response of Matrix in MMCs 785 15.5.6 Toughness 785 15.6 Load Transfer from Matrix to Fiber 788 15.6.1 Fiber and Matrix Elastic 789 15.6.2 Fiber Elastic and Matrix Plastic 792 15.7 Fracture in Composites 794 15.7.1 Single and Multiple Fracture 795 15.7.2 Failure Modes in Composites 796 15.8 Some Fundamental Characteristics of Composites 799 15.8.1 Heterogeneity 799CONTENTS xv 15.8.2 Anisotropy 799 15.8.3 Shear Coupling 801 15.8.4 Statistical Variation in Strength 802 15.9 Functionally Graded Materials 803 15.10 Applications 803 15.10.1 Aerospace Applications 803 15.10.2 Nonaerospace Applications 804 15.11 Laminated Composites 806 Suggested Reading 809 Exercises 810 Chapter 16 Environmental Effects 815 16.1 Introduction 815 16.2 Electrochemical Nature of Corrosion in Metals 815 16.2.1 Galvanic Corrosion 816 16.2.2 Uniform Corrosion 817 16.2.3 Crevice corrosion 817 16.2.4 Pitting Corrosion 818 16.2.5 Intergranular Corrosion 818 16.2.6 Selective leaching 819 16.2.7 Erosion-Corrosion 819 16.2.8 Radiation Damage 819 16.2.9 Stress Corrosion 819 16.3 Oxidation of metals 819 16.4 Environmentally Assisted Fracture in Metals 820 16.4.1 Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) 820 16.4.2 Hydrogen Damage in Metals 824 16.4.3 Liquid and Solid Metal Embrittlement 830 16.5 Environmental Effects in Polymers 831 16.5.1 Chemical or Solvent Attack 832 16.5.2 Swelling 832 16.5.3 Oxidation 833 16.5.4 Radiation Damage 834 16.5.5 Environmental Crazing 835 16.5.6 Alleviating the Environmental Damage in Polymers 836 16.6 Environmental Effects in Ceramics 836 16.6.1 Oxidation of Ceramics 839 Suggested Reading 840 Exercises 840 Appendixes 843 Index 85 Index abalone 41, 806--8 alpha-helix 49, 50 aorta 242 abductin 53 activation energy 657, 661, 662, 665, 666, 673 actin 4, 52 active materials 57 adhesion thin films to substrates 552, 553 adiabatic curve 394, 395 adiabatic heating 192 adiabatic shear bands 395, 396 amino acids 48--50 anelasticity 74, 120 anisotropy 96, 213, 396, 799 annealing point 197, 198 antiphase boundary 624, 625, 628, 631 ARALL see composites articular cartilage 137 atactic polymer see polymer atomic point defects 25; see also point defects barreling 185, 186 Bauschinger effect 187, 188 Berg-Barrett topography 270 beta sheet 49, 50 biaxial test 162, 203, 208, 210, 212, 213, 230 bicycle frame materials 11--15 biocompatibility 7 Bioglassr 7 bioimplants 42 biological materials 40--57, 241--5 biomaterials 40--56 biomimetics 42 blood vessels 134 blue brittleness 570 bone 242--5 cancellous 242--5 cortical 242--5 Brale indenter see hardness branched polymers see polymers Bravais lattices 16, 17 Bridgman’s correction 174, 175, 185 Brinell indenter see hardness brittle materials 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 41, 61, 205, 293, 412, 419 420, 422, 437, 443, 449--51, 474, 480--90, 494, 500--2, 507, 513 bubble raft 196 Budiansky and O’Connell equation 115, 118, 158 bulk modulus 101, 150--2 Burgers circuit see dislocation Burgers vector see dislocation cartilage 242 articular 137 cascade 262, 263 cavitation 472, 473, 657, 686, 687, 702, 70; see also void cellular materials 44--6, 639--45 cellulose 53 Charpy impact test 526--9 Charpy impact instrumented test 531, 532 Chevron notch test 547 chitin 46, 54 cleavage 406--8, 467, 480--5, 533 Coble creep see creep coincidence site lattice see grain boundaries cold working 369, 370, 385 collagen 51--5, 243 compliance 97, 99, 101, 111, 112, 118, 119, 145 composite(s) 7--9, 76, 117, 211 applications 803 aging response of matrix 785 anisotropic nature 783 applications 803 fracture 795 single and multiple 795 fundamental characteristics 799 heat capacity 775 importance of matrix 769 laminated 42, 121, 637, 806--9 abalone, 41, 806--8 aluminum/silicon carbide 809 aramid aluminum (ARALL) 807, 808 glass aluminum (GLARE) 807, 808 load transfer fiber and matrix elastic 789 fiber elastic and matrix plastic 792 matrix materials 7, 67, 765--8 reinforcements 765--8, 770 compressibility 101 compression testing 183--6 Considère’s criterion 172, 229 controlled rolling treatment 586 corrosion 815--19 crevice 817 electrochemical nature 815 erosion 819 galvanic 816, 817 intergranular 818 pitting 818 stress 819 uniform 817 Cottrell atmosphere 562, 564, 601--4 Cottrell theory 349 crack closure 748 extension force 434 nucleation 404, 468, 679 opening displacement 437 opening displacement testing 537 propagation 404, 730 propagation testing 75 propagation with plasticity 419 tip stress field 409, 423--7, 429, 444 crack extension force see crack crack-tip opening modes 405, 423 crazing 210, 508, 511, 734 creep 653 Coble 660--70 compliance 690--3 correlation and extrapolation methods 659 Larson-Miller 659--63 Manson-Haferd 661--3 Sherby-Dorn 659, 661--3 dislocation 670--3 diffusion coefficient 657, 661, 662, 666, 673, 686 electronic materials, in 695 fracture 678--80 mechanisms 665--70 Monkman-Grant equation661, 680, 681852 INDEX creep (cont.) Mukherjee-Bird-Dorn equation 657--9 Nabarro-Herring 666--70 polymers, in 688--93 Maxwell model 689, 690 Voigt model 689, 690 power law 670--3 rafting 683, 684 relaxation time 689, 690 rocks, in 654 stress relaxation 690--3 cross slip 288, 302, 384 crowdion(s) 262 crystal structures 16--30 DNA molecule 48, 140 optical trap 140 damage 262, 404 deep drawing 204, 229, 231 deformation energy density 77--9 deformation mechanism maps 676--8 density 3, 4, 8, 9, 27, 28, 30, 33, 36, 44, 45, 63, 768, 769, 775, 785, 803 diamond pyramid hardness see hardness diffusion coefficient 657, 661, 662, 666, 673, 686 dislocation (s) Argon mechanism 195, 196 behavior 273 Burgers circuit 267--9, 272, 273 Burgers vector 196, 252, 267--9, 272, 273, 275, 276, 283--288, 291, 294--6, 301--4, 307, 308, 310 cells 288, 385, 388--91 climb 259, 270, 293, 297, 305, 312 deformation produced by 306 density 281, 298, 300, 307, 308, 379, 384--7, 390, 769, 774 energy 278, 296 ceramics, in 296 intermetallics, in 296 edge 259, 267--71, 273, 278, 280, 282, 296, 302--8, 313, 314 experimental observation of 270--3 emission 420 forest 304, 305, 312 Frank partial 288, 302 Frank’s rule 296 Frank-Read source 301, 302, 672 force required to bow 282 Gilman model 196 glassy silica, in 196 glide 673 helical 270 intersection, of 304 Johnston-Gilman equation 313 jogs 259, 304--8 Kear-Wilsdorf lock kinks 304--7 line tension 283 Lomer-Cottrell lock 289, 671 loops 283, 274 misfit 313--5 Orowan’s equation 306--8 Peach-Koehler equation 282--4, 310 Peierls--Nabarro stress 309, 310, 312 pileup 302--4 screw 34, 259, 267, 270, 273, 275--7, 280, 282, 301--6, 313 sessile 288 sources 298--302 stair rod 290, 291, 298 stair way 290, 291 stress field 275, 278, 280, 282, 296 structures 624 ceramics 293 electronic materials 313 various structures 284 tangles 288, 385 velocity 313 dislocation-precipitate interaction 579 dispersion hardening 558, 559, 571--3, 576, 578, 588 dispersion strengthening see dispersion hardening draw ratio 127, 128 drop weight test 529--31 DS cast alloys 686 dual-phase steels 590 ductile material(s) 293, 421, 438, 443, 449, 450, 466, 469, 474, 480, 481, 484 ductile-brittle transition 481 temperature 272, 481, 485, 486 ductility 480, 634 earing 232 edge dislocation see dislocation elastic constants biological materials 134 ceramics 111 electronic materials 143 materials 110 metals 111 polymers 116, 119 polycrystals 107 unidirectional fiber reinforced composites 102, 119, 120 elastic constants and bonding 145--55 elastic interaction 560 elastic modulus 77, 102, 117, 126, 134, 144, 145, 148, 149, 775 biaxial 144, 145 elastic properties polycrystals 107--10 materials 110--120 elastic wave velocity 75, 77 elasticity 71 anisotropic 96--107 electronic materials 143--5 isotropic 99--101 nonlinear 126--33, 135, 136 rubber 126--33 elastin 53, 243 elastomer 121--8, 130--1 electronic materials 58, 59, 143--5, 695 electromigration 696, 697 interaction 147 environmental effects 404, 748, 815 ceramics 836--40 crazing 835, 836 intermetallics 638 metals 815--30 polymers 831--6 alleviating damage 836 Erichsen test 230, 232 extrusion(s) 161, 213, 231, 725--9 facture mechanism maps 521, 676--8; see also Weertman-Ashby maps failure criteria 199--214 failure modes in composites 796 fatigue biomaterials 744--6 crack closure 748, 749 cumulative damage 721 crack nucleation 725 crack propagation 730--4 damage cumulative 721--3 extrinsic mechanisms 744 intrinsic mechanisms 744 discontinuous crack growth 734 environmental effects 748 extrusions 725--9INDEX 853 frequency, effect of 721 hysteretic heating 746, 747 intrusions 725--9 linear elastic fracture mechanics 733--44 life 716, 721 life exhaustion 721--23 mechanisms 725--34 mean stress, effect of 719--21 Palmgren-Miner rule 723 Paris-Erdogan equation 736--46 parameters 714 persistent slip bands 725--9 residual stress, effect of 729, 730 S-N (Wohler) curves ¨ 714, 721 statistical analysis 753, 754 short crack problem 750, 751 shot peening 729, 730 strength 716 striations 731--4 two-parameter approach 749, 750 fatigue testing 751 conventional tests 751 rotating bending tests, 751, 752 servohydraulic machines 755, 756 flexure 454, 526, 540--4, 546 flexure test 540--4 flow criteria 169, 199 flow stress 161, 167, 174, 176, 177, 187, 188, 199--201, 204, 222--4 temperature, function of 312 fluidity 122 foams 621 syntactic 645 Focuson 262 forging 161, 369, 70, 395 formability 229--37 forming-limit curves 232 tests 230--7 Keeler-Goodwin diagrams 232--7 four-point bending 453, 542 fracture 794 biological materials 517 brittle 272, 466--9, 480, 484, 486, 507, 508 cleavage 480--6 ductile 421, 438, 443, 449, 466--8, 473--8, 481, 484, 487 environmentally assisted 820 Griffith criterion 406, 409, 410, 416--21, 443 intergranular 484, 522 mechanism maps 676--8 mechanisms and morphologies 467 ceramics, in 487--94 glass, in 490 metals, in 468--74 modes 405, 423, 424, 458 polymers, in 468--70, 507--16 fracture toughness 405, 422, 447 ceramics 446--7 metals 447 parameters 434--45 polymers 447 fracture toughness tests 532 chevron notch test 547 crack opening displacement test 537, 538 double cantilever beam test 546, 547 double torsion test 546, 547 indentation test 549--51 J-integral test 538, 539 plane strain fracture toughness tests 532--7 free volume 209, 210 Frenkel defects 255 friction hill 187 Fukui test 230, 231 functionally graded materials 803 geometry of deformation 369--84 GLARE see composites glass transition temperature 4, 30, 191, 194, 197 glasses 30, 193--6 metallic 193--6 Argon mechanism 196, 197 Gilman mechanism 196 plastic deformation 196 glassy polymers 189 graft copolymer 32, 33 grain boundary coincidence site lattice 331--3 energy 328--33 variation with misorientation 330--2 ledges 330, 334--6, 350, 351 packing of polyhedral units 336 plastic deformation 322, 340, 345--9, 351, 352 sliding 675, 676 tilt 326 twist 326 triple junctions 334 grain boundary dislocations 334 grain boundary sliding 358, 675 grain size ASTM 323--5 strengthening 260, 345--8, 355, 357, 358, 494, 627 Griffith criterion for crack propagation 409--21 failure criterion 206--8 habit plane see martensitic transformation Hall-Petch relationship 346--8, 355, 357, 358, 630 hardness 214--23 Brale indenter 215, 219 Brinell 216--18, 219 diamond pyramid 219, 220, 221 Knoop 222, 223 microindentation 221--3 nanoindentation 225--8 Rockwell 218--20 Vickers 219, 220--3 Harper-Dorn equation see creep heat resisting materials 681--8 high strength low alloy steels 586 Hooke’s law 75, 144, 407 generalized 85--7 hot working 369, 370 hydride formation 829 hydrogen damage metals 824--30 theories 825--30 hydroxyapatite 46, 48 hypotheses of LEFM 423 hysteretic heating 746, 747 impact testing 525 imperfections in polymers 361 imperfections, point and line defects 251 implants 5--7 indentation tests for toughness 549--51 independent slip systems in polycrystals 384 Inglis equation 410, 413, 418, 419 instrumented Charpy impact test 531 interfaces in composites 770 interfacial defects 321 interfacial bonding 772 interlaminar shear strength test 543 intermetallics 621 gold-based 621, 624854 INDEX intermetallics (cont.) ordered 622--7, 633 dislocation structure 624--7, 633 ductility 634 environmental effects 638 fatigue 631 Hall-Petch relationship 630 mechanical properties 627--34 macroalloying 636 microalloying 635 internal obstacles 353 interstitial defects 254--65, 295, 305, 558--62, 564, 565, 567--9 interstitial strengthening 564, 565, 567--9 intrusions 725--9 ion implantation 265 irradiation 263 voids due to 263 isotactic polymer 33 isotropic hardening 204 Izod test 526, 529 J-integral 439 testing 538 jogs see dislocations Johnson-Cook equation 167 Johnston-Gilman equation 313 Kear-Wilsdorf lock see dislocation Keeler-Goodwin diagrams see formability keratin 46, 52, 243 kinematic hardening 187, 204 kinks see dislocation knock-on 263 Knoop indenter 222, 223 Kuhlmann-Wilsdorf theory of work hardening 386, 388, 390, 391 ladder polymer 32 laminated composites 806; see also composites Larson-Miller parameter see creep ledges see grain boundary Li theory for grain size strengthening 350 limiting draw ratio 231 line defects see dislocation line tension see dislocation lineal intercept 323--5 linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) 404, 421--48, 735--46, 750, 821--4 linear polymers 32, 33 liquid metal embrittlement 830, 831 liquid crystal(s) 39--41 logarithmic decrement 125 Lomer-Cottrell lock see dislocation loops see dislocation loss modulus 124 loss tangent 125 low-cycle fatigue tests 756 Luders band ¨ 566, 567 Ludwick-Hollomon equation 166 macroindentation tests 216 Manson-Haferd parameter see creep martensite acicular 597, 598 lath 597, 598 lenticular 597 mechanical effects 603--8 morphologies 594--8 strength, of 600--3 structure 594--8 twinned 598, 599 see also martensitic transformation martensitic transformation 594--613 ceramics, in 614--18 habit plane 600 systems 595 undistorted and unrotated plane 600 materials biological 134 artery 134, 135, 137 blood vessels 134 vein 134, 135 cartilage 137--40 mechanical properties, of 140--3, 241--5 composite 3--11 monolithic 3--11 structure 15--56 matrix materials 767--9, 774, 778 maximum distortion energy criterion 201--4 maximum shear stress criterion (Tresca) 200--4 maximum stress criterion (Rankine) 200, 480 Maxwell model 689, 690 McClintock-Walsh criterion 207, 208 Meyers-Ashworth theory 351 microalloyed steels 585, 586 microalloying 586 microhardness see microindentation hardness microindentation hardness tests 221 Miller indices 15--18 misorientation of grain boundary 322, 323, 326--30; see also grain boundary modulus see elastic modulus Mohr circle 89--92 Mohr Coulomb failure criterion 206 molecular weight 36--8 Mooney-Rivlin equation 131, 132 Mukherjee-Bird-Dorn equation see creep muscle force 237--41 myosin 52, 54, 56 Nabarro-Herring creep see creep nano- and microstructure biological materials, of 45 nanocrystalline materials 355--8 nanoindentation 225 nanotechnology 60, 61 nanotubes 60--1 necking 164, 171--6, 189, 191, 371 Newtonian viscosity see viscosity NiTiNOL 608 octahedral sites 255, 256, 295, 570 Olsen test 230, 232 ordered alloys see intermetallics Orowan’s equation 306--8 orthotropic 98, 102, 117, 118, 784 oxidation ceramics 839, 840 metals 819, 820 polymers 833, 834 Palmgren-Miner rule see fatigue Paris-Erdogan equation see fatigue Peach-Koehler equation see dislocation Peierls-Nabarro stress see dislocation persistent slip bands 725--9 pileup see dislocation plane strain fracture toughness 405, 447 ceramics 447 metals 447 polymers 447 plastic anisotropy 231INDEX 855 plastic deformation compression, in 183 glasses, of 193 polymers, of 188 tension, in 163 plastic zone 534 plastic zone size correction 428--31 plasticity 161 point defects 254, 259 equilibrium concentration of 256 Poisson’s ratio 83--5, 87, 101, 121, 169, 170 pole figure 396 polygonization 390 polymers atactic 33 block copolymers 32, 33 branched 32, 33, 35 crosslinked 32 defects 361--4 graft copolymers 32, 33 homopolymers 32, 33 isotactic 33 ladder 32 linear 32, 33, 35, 41 random copolymers 32, 33 syndiotactic 33 thermoplastic 33 thermoset 33, 514 Porous materials 44, 639--50 plastic behavior 646--50 post-yield fracture mechanics 448 precipitation microalloyed steels, in 585 precipitation hardening 558, 559, 571--5, 577, 578, 581--6, 590 production of point defects 259 prostheses hip replacement 5--7 knee replacement 5--7 proteins 47, 48 pseudoelasticity 608--11 punch-stretch tests 232 quasicrystals 38, 39 R curve 443 radiation damage 261, 819, 834 radiation effects 264, 265 rafting 683, 684 Rankine criterion 200, 480 reduction in area 170, 172, 174 reinforcements 767 relationships among fracture toughness parameters 444 resilience 171 resilin 53, 243 Reuss average 107, 109, 110 Rockwell see hardness rolling 161, 162, 176, 199, 204, 214, 231, 233 temper 234 rotating bending machine 751 rubber elasticity 126--32 Salganik equation 115, 118, 158 Schmid factor 377, 381--4, 398 Schmid law 377 Schotky defects 255 Seeger model 262, 263 Seeger work hardening theory 388 semicrystalline polymers 190 sensitization 818 serrated stress-strain curve 340, 568 servohydraulic testing machine 163, 755 sessile dislocation see dislocation shape memory effect 595, 608--13 polymers, in 614 shear 80 banding 468, 511, 512 coupling 801 deformation 380 modulus 81, 102, 115, 154 pure 95, 96 yielding 210, 508 Sherby-Dorn parameter see creep silicides 621--3 silk 54, 243 single crystal 34, 35, 383--6, 391, 395, 684--6 skin 242 slip 341--4 bands 383 conjugate 381, 382 critical 381, 382 cross 302, 381--5, 388 direction(s) 375, 376, 378, 380, 395 lines 383 markings 383 planes 384, 395 primary 381, 382, 384, 385, 388 systems 377, 378, 381, 382, 384, 385. 393 smart materials 57 S-N curves see fatigue Snoek effect 569 softening mechanisms 392 softening point 197, 198 solid metal embrittlement 830, 831 solid solution strengthening 558--70 mechanical effects 564--70 spherulite(s) 35 sponge spicule 56 stacking fault 286--9, 291, 292, 297, 298, 303, 342, 343, 624, 626, 628, 634, 636 stair rod dislocation see dislocation stamping 204, 229, 233, 236, 237, 369, 370 statistical analysis failure strength, of 448 S-N curves, of 753 statistical variation in strength 802 stereographic projections 373, 375, 381--4, 398 stiffness 97, 99, 101, 111, 112, 118 storage modulus 124 strain engineering 164--6, 171, 185 plane 87, 162, 418, 480, 532 point 197, 198 rate 197 shear 197 true 164--6, 170, 185 strain aging 567 strain energy density 77--9 strain memory effect 608, 610--13 strain rate effects 176, 189, 197, 310 strain rate sensitivity 197 strength 780 strength of martensite 600 strength of real materials 61 stress 72--83 compressive 174 barreling 174 plastic deformation 174 concentration 409 concentration factor 409 engineering 164--6, 171, 185 hydrostatic 209--11 effect on yielding 209--11 plane 86, 418 residual 136, 137 tensile 174 true 164--6, 170, 185 uniaxial 86 stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 820--4 ceramics, in 837--9 glass, in 837--9856 INDEX stress relaxation 688--94 modulus 693 stress required for slip 374 stress singularity at crack tip 458 stress-strain curves idealized 165 tensile 171 parameters 171--6 polymers 188--91 strain rate effects 176--83 uniaxial 170, 171 stretching 229, 231, 235 striations see fatigue structure crystal 16--40 ceramics 25--30 hierarchical 3, 9--11, 45 liquid crystal 39, 40 metals 19--25 polymers 31--8 quasi-crystals 38, 39 subboundaries 389 subgrains 322, 389, 390 substitutional strengthening 564--6, 570 substitutional defects 558--61, 564--6, 570 superelasticity 608--13; see also shape memory effect superalloys 653, 654, 668, 681--4, 669 superplasticity 653--704 surface energy 360 swelling 832 Swift test 230, 231 SX cast alloys 636 syntactic foam 645, 646 Taylor work hardening theory 386 Taylor-Orowan equation 306 tendon 9--10, 44, 51, 52 tensile curve parameters 171--6 tensile test 525 tetragonal distortion 560, 561 tetrahedral sites 255, 256, 264 texture 390, 395--8 texture strengthening 395--8 theoretical cleavage strength 406--8 theoretical tensile strength 406--8 theoretical shear strength 252--4 thermal stress(es) 695, 696 thermoset see polymer three-point bending 162 test 541 tilt boundaries 326 tissue soft 9--11 torsion 81, 162 toucan beak 44--6 toughness 785 fiber reinforcement 787 microcracking 786 particle toughening 786 transformation toughening 786 importance in practice 445 polymers 513 transformation-induced plasticity 595 transformation toughening 595, 617, 618 Tresca criterion 201--4 tridimensional defects 358 TRIP steels 595, 606, 615 turbine 685 twin boundary(ies) 336 energy 332 twinning 341--4 direction(s) 332, 333, 339--41 plane(s) 332, 333, 349--51 plastic deformation 337, 339 serrated stress-strain curve 340 work-hardening 342 twist boundaries 326 two-parameter approach 749; see also fatigue ultimate tensile strength 171 uniform elongation 171 upper yield point see yield point vacancy 254--63, 305 vacancy loops 275, 276, 282 Vickers 219, 220--3 viscoelasticity 71, 75, 120--5 viscosity 121--5, 192, 197, 198 glasses 197, 198 Newtonian 122 temperature, function of 197--9 viscous flow 191--8 glasses, in 193--8 Voce equation 166 void(s) 26, 255, 258, 262--5 radiation 262--5 Voigt average 107, 109 Voigt model 689, 690 volumetric defects 321, 358--60 von Mises criterion 201--4, 480, 721 Wachtman-Mackenzie equation 113 Weibull statistical analysis 449--57 Weibull modulus 451 Weertman-Ashby maps 676--8 whiskers 61--3 Williams, Landel, and Ferry equation 691--3 wire drawing 174--6, 231, 345, 354 Wohler curves ¨ 714 work hardening 342, 369, 371, 381, 389 coefficient 197 polycrystals, in 384, 389 Kuhlmann-Wilsdorf theory 386, 388, 390, 391 Seeger theory 388 Taylor theory 386--8 work softening 173 working of metals cold 370, 371, 385 hot 370, 371 yield criteria 199--214 polymers 209, 210 composites 211--13 yield point 171, 565--8 lower 565 upper 565--7 yield strength orientation, function of 397 Young’s modulus 75, 79, 81, 101--4, 107, 110, 111, 113, 115--21, 131, 145, 149, 150--4 orientation, function of 396, 397 porosity, effect of 113, 117 temperature, function of 153, 312 Zachariasen model 196, 197 Zener anisotropy ratio 99 Zerilli-Armstrong equation 167 zirconia toughened alumina 617,
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